1-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-chloropropyl)piperazinium chloride

Endpoint summary

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Genetic toxicity in vitro

Description of key information

Ames assay:

The test chemical did not induce gene mutation in the Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100, TA1535, TA1537, TA98 both in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation system and hence the chemical is not likely to classify as a gene mutant in vitro.

In vitro mammalian chromosome aberration study:

The test chemical did not induce chromosome aberrations in the Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-W-B1) in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation system and hence is not likely to classify as a gene mutant in vitro.

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

data from handbook or collection of data

Remarks:

Experimental data from various test chemicals

Justification for type of information:

Data for the target chemical is summarized based on data from various test chemicals

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Principles of method if other than guideline:

WoE for the target CAS is summarized based on data from various test chemicals

GLP compliance:

not specified

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Target gene:

Histidine

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100

Remarks:

2

Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):

Not applicable

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

not specified

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium, other: TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 100 and TA 98

Remarks:

3

Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):

Not applicable

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

not specified

Cytokinesis block (if used):

No data

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

Male Sprague-Dawley rats and male Syrian hamsters were routinely used for the S9 preparation of the liver fractions

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

2. 0, 1, 3, 10, 33, 100 or 333 µg/plate
3. 1, 10, 100, 1000, 5000 mcg/plate

Vehicle / solvent:

1. - Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: Distilled water
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle:The test chemical was soluble in Distilled water

2. - Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: DMSO
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle:The test chemical was soluble in DMSO

Untreated negative controls:

not specified

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

Distilled Water

True negative controls:

not specified

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

9-aminoacridine

sodium azide

other: 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (TA98; -S9), 2-aminoanthracene (all strains, +S9)

Remarks:

2

Untreated negative controls:

not specified

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

True negative controls:

not specified

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

2-acetylaminofluorene

9-aminoacridine

sodium azide

Remarks:

3

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

2. METHOD OF APPLICATION: preincubation

DURATION
- Preincubation period: 20 mins
- Exposure duration: 48 hr
- Expression time (cells in growth medium): 48 hr
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent): No data
- Fixation time (start of exposure up to fixation or harvest of cells): No data

SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays): No data
SPINDLE INHIBITOR (cytogenetic assays): No data
STAIN (for cytogenetic assays): No data

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: At least five dose levels of the chemicals were tested, with three plates per dose level.

NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED: No data

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: mitotic index; cloning efficiency; relative total growth; other: No data

OTHER EXAMINATIONS:
- Determination of polyploidy: No data
- Determination of endoreplication: No data
- Other: No data

OTHER: No data

3. METHOD OF APPLICATION: in agar (plate incorporation assay)

DURATION
- Preincubation period: No data
- Exposure duration: 48 hr
- Expression time (cells in growth medium): 48 hr
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent): No data
- Fixation time (start of exposure up to fixation or harvest of cells): No data

SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays): No data
SPINDLE INHIBITOR (cytogenetic assays): No data
STAIN (for cytogenetic assays): No data

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: Duplicate

NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED: No data

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: mitotic index; cloning efficiency; relative total growth; other: No data

OTHER EXAMINATIONS:
- Determination of polyploidy: No data
- Determination of endoreplication: No data
- Other: No data

OTHER: No data

Rationale for test conditions:

No data

Evaluation criteria:

2. 1) mutagenic response: a dose-related, reproducible increase in the number of revertants over background, even if the increase was less than twofold;
2) nomutagenic response: when no increase in the number of revertants was elicited by the chemical;
3) questionable response: when there was an absence of a clear-cut dose-related increase in revertants; when the dose-related increases in the number of revertants were not reproducible; or when the response was of insufficient magnitude to support a determination of mutagenicity

3. The plates were observed for increase in number of revertants/plate

Statistics:

Mean and Standard error of mean

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium, other: TA100, TA1535, TA1537, TA98

Remarks:

2

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

not specified

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not specified

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium, other: TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 100 and TA 98

Remarks:

3

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

not specified

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not specified

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

2. TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Effects of pH: No data
- Effects of osmolality: No data
- Evaporation from medium: No data
- Water solubility: No data
- Precipitation: No data
- Other confounding effects: No data

RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES: The chemical was initially tested with strain TA100 in the presence and the absence of the metabolic activation systems, over a wide dose range with an upper limit of 10 mg/plate, or less when solubility problems were encountered. Toxicity was evidenced by one or more of the following phenomena: appearance of his+ pinpoint colonies, reduced numbers of revertant colonies per plate, or thinning or absence of the bacterial lawn. Nontoxic chemicals were tested in the initial experiment up to the 10 mg/plate dose level, or to a level determined by their solubility. Toxic chemicals were tested up to a high dose which exhibited some degree of toxicity.

COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA: No data

3. No data

Remarks on result:

other: No mutagenic potential

Conclusions:

The test chemical did not induce gene mutation in the Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100, TA1535, TA1537, TA98 both in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation system and hence the chemical is not likely to classify as a gene mutant in vitro.

Executive summary:

Data available for the various test chemicals was reviewed to determine the mutagenic nature of the test chemical. The studies are as mentioned below:

Gene mutation toxicity study was performed for the test chemical to evaluate its mutagenic nature. The study was performed as per the preincubation protocol using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100, TA1535, TA1537, TA98 both in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation system at doses of 0, 1, 3, 10, 33, 100 or 333 µg/plate. Distilled water was used at the vehicle. The plates were incubated for 48 hrs after 20 mins preincubation before the evaluation of the revertant colonies could be made. The test chemical did notinduce gene mutation in theSalmonella typhimurium strain TA100, TA1535, TA1537, TA98 both in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation system and hence the chemical is not likely to classify as a gene mutant in vitro.

In another study, gene mutation toxicity study was performed for the test chemical to evaluate its mutagenic nature. The study was performed as per the plate incorporation assay using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 100 and TA 98 both in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation system at doses of1, 10, 100, 1000, 5000 mcg/plate. DMSO was used at the vehicle. The plates were incubated for 48 hrs at 37°C before the evaluation of the revertant colonies could be made. The test chemical did notinduce gene mutation in theSalmonella typhimurium strain TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 100 and TA 98 both in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation system and hence the chemical is not likely to classify as a gene mutant in vitro.

Based on the data available, the test chemical did not induce gene mutation in the Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100, TA1535, TA1537, TA98 both in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation system and hence the chemical is not likely to classify as a gene mutant in vitro.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

in vitro cytogenicity / chromosome aberration study in mammalian cells

Remarks:

Type of genotoxicity: chromosome aberration

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

data from handbook or collection of data

Remarks:

Experimental data for various test chemicals

Justification for type of information:

Data for the target chemical is based on data from various test chemicals

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: as mentioned below

Principles of method if other than guideline:

WoE for the target CAS is summarized based on data from various test chemicals

GLP compliance:

not specified

Type of assay:

in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test

Target gene:

No data

Species / strain / cell type:

mammalian cell line, other: Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-W-B1)

Remarks:

5

Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):

- Type and identity of media: McCoy’s 5a medium with 10% fetal calf serum, L-glutamine, and antibiotics
- Properly maintained: No data available
- Periodically checked for Mycoplasma contamination: No data available
- Periodically checked for karyotype stability: No data available
- Periodically "cleansed" against high spontaneous background: No data available

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

not specified

Cytokinesis block (if used):

No data

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

The S9 mix consisted of 15 µl/ml liver homogenate (from male Sprague-Dawley rats, induced with Aroclor 1254), 2.4 mg/ml NADP, and 4.5 mg/ml isocitric acid in serum-free medium.

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

5.
0.5-5.0 µg/mL (in the absence of S9) and 1.6-16 µg/mL (in the presence of S9)

Vehicle / solvent:

5. - Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: The chemical was dissolved immediately before use in water, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol, or acetone, in that order of preference. Details are not available
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: No data available

Untreated negative controls:

not specified

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

True negative controls:

not specified

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

cyclophosphamide

mitomycin C

other: Triethylenemelamine

Remarks:

5

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

5. METHOD OF APPLICATION: in medium

DURATION
- Preincubation period: No data
- Exposure duration: Cells were exposed to the test chemical for 2 hr in the presence of S9 or throughout the incubation period without S9.
- Expression time (cells in growth medium): 18-26 hrs during the delayed harvest time
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent): No data
- Fixation time (start of exposure up to fixation or harvest of cells): the cell harvest time for the aberration test was 8-12 hr after the beginning of treatment. This yielded cells in their first mitosis. Depending on the amount of delay seen in the SCE test, later harvest times, eg, 18-26 hr, were used to allow delayed cells to reach mitosis.

SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays): Giemsa
SPINDLE INHIBITOR (cytogenetic assays): No data
STAIN (for cytogenetic assays): No data

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: No data

NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED: 100 cells were scored from each of the three highest dose groups having sufficient metaphases for analysis

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: mitotic index; cloning efficiency; relative total growth; other: No data

OTHER EXAMINATIONS:
- Determination of polyploidy: No data
- Determination of endoreplication: No data
- Other: No data

OTHER: No data

Rationale for test conditions:

No data

Evaluation criteria:

5. All types of aberrations were recorded separately, but for data analysis they were grouped into categories of “simple” (breaks and terminal deletions), “complex” (exchanges and rearrangements), “other” (includes pulverized chromosomes), and “total. ” Gaps and endoreduplications were recorded but were not included in the totals. We did not score aberrations in polyploidy cells but used metaphases with 19-23 chromosomes (the modal number being 21).

Statistics:

5.0 Linear regression analysis of the percentage of cells with aberrations vs the log-dose was used as the test for trend. To examine absolute increases over control levels at each dose, a binomial sampling assumption (as opposed to Poisson) was used, and the test was that described by Margolin et al. The P values were adjusted by Dunnett’s method to take into account the multiple dose comparisons. For data analysis, we used the “total” aberration category, and the criterion for a positive response was that the adjusted P value be < 0.05.

Species / strain:

mammalian cell line, other: Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-W-B1)

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

not specified

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not specified

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

5. TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Effects of pH: No data
- Effects of osmolality: No data
- Evaporation from medium: No data
- Water solubility: No data
- Precipitation: No data
- Other confounding effects: No data

RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES: Dose selection was based on a preliminary growth inhibition test in which cells that excluded trypan blue were counted 24 hr after treatment. The top doses selected for the cytogenetics assays were those estimated to reduce growth by 50%. This approach was subsequently modified such that toxicity estimates were made from observations of cell monolayer confluence and mitotic activity in the same cultures used for analysis of SCEs or aberrations. In some cases, test chemical precipitate was observed at the higher dose levels. Dose selection for repeat trials involved a range of doses based on observations from the first trial.

COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA: No data

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY: No data

Remarks on result:

other: No mutagenic potential

Conclusions:

The test chemical did not induce chromosome aberrations in the Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-W-B1) in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation system and hence is not likely to classify as a gene mutant in vitro.

Executive summary:

Data available for the various test chemicals was reviewed to determine the mutagenic nature of the target chemical. The studies are as mentioned below:

In vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test was performed to determine the mutagenic nature of the test chemical. The test chemical was studied at a dose level of 0.5-5.0µg/mL (in the absence of S9) and 1.6-16µg/mL (in the presence of S9) using Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-W-B1).Cells were exposed to the test chemical for 2 hr in the presence of S9 or throughout the incubation period without S9.100 cells were scored from each of the three highest dose groups having sufficient metaphases for analysis.All types of aberrations were recorded separately, but for data analysis they were grouped into categories of “simple” (breaks and terminal deletions), “complex” (exchanges and rearrangements), “other” (includes pulverized chromosomes), and “total”. Gaps and endo-reduplications were recorded but were not included in the totals. Polyploidcells were not scored but used metaphases with 19-23 chromosomes (the modal number being 21). Based on the results noted, thetest chemical did notinduce chromosome aberrations in the Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-W-B1) in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation system and hence is not likely to classify as a gene mutant in vitro.

Based on the data available, the test chemical is not likely to be mutagenic.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed (negative)

Genetic toxicity in vivo

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Additional information

Gene mutation in vitro:

Data available for the various test chemicals was reviewed to determine the mutagenic nature of the test chemical. The studies are as mentioned below:

Ames assay:

Gene mutation toxicity study was performed for the test chemical to evaluate its mutagenic nature. The study was performed as per the preincubation protocol using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100, TA1535, TA1537, TA98 both in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation system at doses of 0, 1, 3, 10, 33, 100 or 333 µg/plate. Distilled water was used at the vehicle. The plates were incubated for 48 hrs after 20 mins preincubation before the evaluation of the revertant colonies could be made. The test chemical did notinduce gene mutation in theSalmonella typhimurium strain TA100, TA1535, TA1537, TA98 both in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation system and hence the chemical is not likely to classify as a gene mutant in vitro.

In another study, gene mutation toxicity study was performed for the test chemical to evaluate its mutagenic nature. The study was performed as per the plate incorporation assay using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 100 and TA 98 both in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation system at doses of1, 10, 100, 1000, 5000 mcg/plate. DMSO was used at the vehicle. The plates were incubated for 48 hrs at 37°C before the evaluation of the revertant colonies could be made. The test chemical did notinduce gene mutation in theSalmonella typhimurium strain TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 100 and TA 98 both in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation system and hence the chemical is not likely to classify as a gene mutant in vitro.

Based on the data available, the test chemical did not induce gene mutation in the Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100, TA1535, TA1537, TA98 both in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation system and hence the chemical is not likely to classify as a gene mutant in vitro.

In vitro mammalian chromosome aberration study:

In vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test was performed to determine the mutagenic nature of the test chemical. The test chemical was studied at a dose level of 0.5-5.0µg/mL (in the absence of S9) and 1.6-16µg/mL (in the presence of S9) using Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-W-B1).Cells were exposed to the test chemical for 2 hr in the presence of S9 or throughout the incubation period without S9.100 cells were scored from each of the three highest dose groups having sufficient metaphases for analysis.All types of aberrations were recorded separately, but for data analysis they were grouped into categories of “simple” (breaks and terminal deletions), “complex” (exchanges and rearrangements), “other” (includes pulverized chromosomes), and “total”. Gaps and endo-reduplications were recorded but were not included in the totals. Polyploidcells were not scored but used metaphases with 19-23 chromosomes (the modal number being 21). Based on the results noted, thetest chemical did notinduce chromosome aberrations in the Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-W-B1) in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation system and hence is not likely to classify as a gene mutant in vitro.

Based on the data available and applying the weight of evidence approach, the test chemical does not exhibit gene mutation in vitro. Hence the test chemical is not likely to be mutagenic in vitro as per the criteria mentioned in CLP regulation.

Justification for classification or non-classification

Based on the data available and applying the weight of evidence approach, the test chemical does not exhibit gene mutation in vitro. Hence the test chemical is not likely to be mutagenic in vitro as per the criteria mentioned in CLP regulation.