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EC number: 800-696-3 | CAS number: 78605-96-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Basic toxicokinetics
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics in vivo
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- Two publications - one from 1961 and second from 1994
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- Amyl cinnamaldehyde is an alkyl-substituted cinnamaldehyde and therefore structurally similar enough to justify read-across from cinnamaldehyde. Additional read across justification is provided for a number of substances and is included as attachment to the "Assessment Reports" section. This is a published study which conformed to the basic requirements of the guideline, containing sufficient details to regard it as reliable for use in hazard assessment. Cinnamic acid is the initial metabolite of cinnamaldehyde. Further justification included as attachement within endpoint summary. One of the studies is very old and probably less reliable. Nevertheless they are included here as supporting data to the metabolism of cinnamaldehyde provided as weight of evidence in this endpoint.
Data source
Referenceopen allclose all
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Metabolism of trans-cinnamic acid in the rat and the mouse and its variation with dose
- Author:
- Nutley BP, Farmer P, Caldwell J
- Year:
- 1 994
- Bibliographic source:
- Fd. Chem. Toxic. 32, 877-886
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- La prova da carico di ac. cinnamico nel nefropaziente
- Author:
- Quarto di Palo FM; Bertolini AM
- Year:
- 1 961
- Bibliographic source:
- Atti. Accad. Med. Lombarada 16, 180-183
Materials and methods
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- No details provided
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Cinnamic acid
- EC Number:
- 210-708-3
- EC Name:
- Cinnamic acid
- Cas Number:
- 621-82-9
- IUPAC Name:
- 3-phenylacrylic acid
- Test material form:
- not specified
- Details on test material:
- No available information
Constituent 1
- Radiolabelling:
- yes
- Remarks:
- 14C label
Test animals
- Species:
- other: rat, mouse and human
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- not specified
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- No information
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- other: rats - oral; mice - i.p. and humans intravenous injection
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Details on exposure:
- The effect of dose on the disposition of [3-14C]-cinnamic acid in F344 rats and CD1 mice has been studied [Nutley et al., 1994]. Five dose levels of cinnamic acid in the range from 0.0005 mmol/kg bw (0.072 mg/kg bw) to 2.5 mmol/kg bw (370 mg/kg bw) were given orally to groups of F344 rats (4/group) or by intraperitoneal injection to groups of CD1 mice (4/group). After 24 hours, 73-88% of the radioactivity was recovered in the urine of rats and 78-93% in the urine of mice. After 72 hours, 84¬97% of the radioactivity was recovered from rats mainly in the urine. In mice, the recovery was 89-100% within 72 hours. Only trace amounts of radioactivity were present in the carcasses, indicating that cinnamic acid was readily and quantitatively excreted at all dose levels. In both species the main urinary metabolite was hippuric acid although in the mouse, the excretion of cinnamoylglycine was significant at lower doses.
Eleven adult volunteers received single intravenous doses of cinnamic acid, equivalent to 5 mg/kg bw (Quarto di Palo et al, 1961). Analysis of the blood plasma revealed cinnamic acid at 100% of the total dose within 2.5 minutes declining to 0% after 20 minutes. Ninety minutes after dosing, urinalysis revealed mainly the glycine conjugate of benzoic acid (hippuric acid), cinnamoylglucuronide, and benzoylglucuronide present in a ratio of 74:24.5:1.5 (Quarto di Palo and Bertolini, 1961). These data demonstrate that cinnamic acid is rapidly oxidized to benzoic acid metabolites, and excreted in the urine of humans. - Duration and frequency of treatment / exposure:
- Single administration to each species
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
rats and mice treated at a range of doses between 0.0005 to 2.5 mmol/kg bw (equivalent to 0.072 to 370 mg/kg bw).
humans dose was 5 mg/kg bw
- No. of animals per sex per dose / concentration:
- Numbers of rats and mice not specified. Eleven human volunteers used.
- Control animals:
- no
- Positive control reference chemical:
- No data
- Details on study design:
- The effect of dose on the disposition of [3-14C]-cinnamic acid in F344 rats and CD1 mice has been studied [Nutley et al., 1994]. Five dose levels of cinnamic acid in the range from 0.0005 mmol/kg bw (0.072 mg/kg bw) to 2.5 mmol/kg bw (370 mg/kg bw) were given orally to groups of F344 rats (4/group) or by intraperitoneal injection to groups of CD1 mice (4/group). After 24 hours, 73-88% of the radioactivity was recovered in the urine of rats and 78-93% in the urine of mice. After 72 hours, 84¬97% of the radioactivity was recovered from rats mainly in the urine. In mice, the recovery was 89-100% within 72 hours. Only trace amounts of radioactivity were present in the carcasses, indicating that cinnamic acid was readily and quantitatively excreted at all dose levels. In both species the main urinary metabolite was hippuric acid although in the mouse, the excretion of cinnamoylglycine was significant at lower doses.
Eleven adult volunteers received single intravenous doses of cinnamic acid, equivalent to 5 mg/kg bw (Quarto di Palo et al, 1961). Analysis of the blood plasma revealed cinnamic acid at 100% of the total dose within 2.5 minutes declining to 0% after 20 minutes. Ninety minutes after dosing, urinalysis revealed mainly the glycine conjugate of benzoic acid (hippuric acid), cinnamoylglucuronide, and benzoylglucuronide present in a ratio of 74:24.5:1.5 (Quarto di Palo and Bertolini, 1961). These data demonstrate that cinnamic acid is rapidly oxidized to benzoic acid metabolites, and excreted in the urine of humans. - Details on dosing and sampling:
- The effect of dose on the disposition of [3-14C]-cinnamic acid in F344 rats and CD1 mice has been studied [Nutley et al., 1994]. Five dose levels of cinnamic acid in the range from 0.0005 mmol/kg bw (0.072 mg/kg bw) to 2.5 mmol/kg bw (370 mg/kg bw) were given orally to groups of F344 rats (4/group) or by intraperitoneal injection to groups of CD1 mice (4/group). After 24 hours, 73-88% of the radioactivity was recovered in the urine of rats and 78-93% in the urine of mice. After 72 hours, 84¬97% of the radioactivity was recovered from rats mainly in the urine. In mice, the recovery was 89-100% within 72 hours. Only trace amounts of radioactivity were present in the carcasses, indicating that cinnamic acid was readily and quantitatively excreted at all dose levels. In both species the main urinary metabolite was hippuric acid although in the mouse, the excretion of cinnamoylglycine was significant at lower doses.
Eleven adult volunteers received single intravenous doses of cinnamic acid, equivalent to 5 mg/kg bw (Quarto di Palo et al, 1961). Analysis of the blood plasma revealed cinnamic acid at 100% of the total dose within 2.5 minutes declining to 0% after 20 minutes. Ninety minutes after dosing, urinalysis revealed mainly the glycine conjugate of benzoic acid (hippuric acid), cinnamoylglucuronide, and benzoylglucuronide present in a ratio of 74:24.5:1.5 (Quarto di Palo and Bertolini, 1961). These data demonstrate that cinnamic acid is rapidly oxidized to benzoic acid metabolites, and excreted in the urine of humans. - Statistics:
- No data
Results and discussion
- Preliminary studies:
- No data
Toxicokinetic / pharmacokinetic studies
- Details on absorption:
- No data
- Details on distribution in tissues:
- No data
- Details on excretion:
- After 24 hours, 73-88% of the radioactivity was recovered in the urine of rats and 78-93% in the urine of mice.
After 72 hours, 84¬97% of the radioactivity was recovered from rats mainly in the urine.
In mice, the recovery was 89-100% within 72 hours.
Only trace amounts of radioactivity were present in the carcasses, indicating that cinnamic acid was readily and quantitatively excreted at all dose levels.
In both species the main urinary metabolite was hippuric acid although in the mouse, the excretion of cinnamoylglycine was significant at lower doses.
Analysis of the human blood plasma revealed cinnamic acid at 100% of the total dose within 2.5 minutes declining to 0% after 20 minutes.
Ninety minutes after dosing, urinalysis revealed mainly the glycine conjugate of benzoic acid (hippuric acid), cinnamoylglucuronide, and benzoylglucuronide present in a ratio of 74:24.5:1.5. These data demonstrate that cinnamic acid is rapidly oxidized to benzoic acid metabolites, and excreted in the urine of humans.
Metabolite characterisation studies
- Metabolites identified:
- yes
- Details on metabolites:
- In both rat and mouse species the main urinary metabolite was hippuric acid although in the mouse, the excretion of cinnamoylglycine was significant at lower doses.
human data demonstrate that cinnamic acid is rapidly oxidized to benzoic acid metabolites, and excreted in the urine of humans.
Bioaccessibility (or Bioavailability)
- Bioaccessibility (or Bioavailability) testing results:
- No information
Any other information on results incl. tables
No information
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results (migrated information): no bioaccumulation potential based on study results
Cinnamic acid is readily excreted in rat, mouse and human. The main urinary metabolite is hippuric acid. - Executive summary:
The effect of dose on the disposition of [3-14C]-cinnamic acid in F344 rats and CD1 mice has been studied [Nutley et al., 1994]. Five dose levels of cinnamic acid in the range from 0.0005 mmol/kg bw (0.072 mg/kg bw) to 2.5 mmol/kg bw (370 mg/kg bw) were given orally to groups of F344 rats (4/group) or by intraperitoneal injection to groups of CD1 mice (4/group). After 24 hours, 73-88% of the radioactivity was recovered in the urine of rats and 78-93% in the urine of mice. After 72 hours, 84¬97% of the radioactivity was recovered from rats mainly in the urine. In mice, the recovery was 89-100% within 72 hours. Only trace amounts of radioactivity were present in the carcasses, indicating that cinnamic acid was readily and quantitatively excreted at all dose levels. In both species the main urinary metabolite was hippuric acid although in the mouse, the excretion of cinnamoylglycine was significant at lower doses.
Eleven adult volunteers received single intravenous doses of cinnamic acid, equivalent to 5 mg/kg bw (Quarto di Palo et al, 1961). Analysis of the blood plasma revealed cinnamic acid at 100% of the total dose within 2.5 minutes declining to 0% after 20 minutes. Ninety minutes after dosing, urinalysis revealed mainly the glycine conjugate of benzoic acid (hippuric acid), cinnamoylglucuronide, and benzoylglucuronide present in a ratio of 74:24.5:1.5 (Quarto di Palo and Bertolini, 1961). These data demonstrate that cinnamic acid is rapidly oxidized to benzoic acid metabolites, and excreted in the urine of humans.
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