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EC number: 234-329-8 | CAS number: 11103-86-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity: inhalation, other
- Remarks:
- other: subacute and subchronic
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Read-across from a highly water soluble chromate, a study following guideline.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Low level chromium (VI) inhalation effects on alveolar macrophages and immune functions in Wistar rats
- Author:
- Glaser, U., Hochrainer, D., Klöppel, H., Kuhnen, H.
- Year:
- 1 985
- Bibliographic source:
- Arch Toxicol 57: 250-256.
Materials and methods
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- subacute (28 days) and subchronic (90 days) inhalation studies with rats
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Sodium dichromate
- EC Number:
- 234-190-3
- EC Name:
- Sodium dichromate
- Cas Number:
- 10588-01-9
- Molecular formula:
- Cr2Na2O7
- IUPAC Name:
- sodium dichromate
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): submicron aerosols of sodium dichromate
- Molecular formula (if other than submission substance): Na2Cr2O7
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Winkelmann, Borchen, F.R. Germany
- Age at study initiation: 3 weeks
- Housing: in groups of ten rats in wire mesh cages
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): uncontaminated food (Ssniff standard diet) at night only
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libidum
- Acclimation period: 2 weeks
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 21.8-23.7
- Humidity (%): 48-56
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- inhalation: aerosol
- Type of inhalation exposure:
- whole body
- Remarks on MMAD:
- MMAD / GSD: MMAD 0.20 um, GSD 1.5
- Details on inhalation exposure:
- GENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE / CHAMBER DESCRIPTION
- System of generating particulates/aerosols: For generating continuous chromium (VI) aerosols solutions of sodium dichromate were atomized with jet nebulizers. Large particles were deposited in attached cyclons, so that the particles leaving the cyclons were small enough to dry very fast. After discharging these particles by a 85Kr source of radiation (3.7 x 10*8 dps), Na2Cr2O7 aerosol concentrations ranging from 25 to 200 ug/m3 were established by diluting the aerosols with filtered air.
- Method of particle size determination: spiral centrifuge - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- subacute 28 days, subchronic 90 days
- Frequency of treatment:
- 22 h a day, 7 days a week
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
25, 50, 100 or 200 ug/m3 Cr
Basis:
nominal conc.
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 20 males
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not examined
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- no effects observed
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Gross pathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Details on results:
- CLINICAL CHEMISTRY:
Significant differences (P<0.05) from controls were detected in serum contents of triglyserides and phospholipid in rats exposed to 200 ug/m3 Cr subchronically.
ORGAN WEIGHTS:
Lung and spleen weights were increased significantly (P<0.05) after both subacute and subchronic inhalation of chromate aerosol concentrations above 25 ug/m3 Cr.
IMMUNOLOGY:
Inhalation of low-level chromium (VI) aerosols stimulated humoral immune system, but higher than 100 ug/m3 concentrations depressed the stimulating effect.
Effect levels
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Remarks on result:
- not determinable
- Remarks:
- no NOAEL identified
Target system / organ toxicity
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
There were no deleterious effects on behaviour, clinical and pathological appearance of rats. Significantly elevated serum levels of triglycerides and lower contents of phospholipid were seen only in rats exposed to 200 μg/m3subchronically. In both tests above 25 μg/m3Cr concentration, lung and spleen weights were increased significantly. Higher kidney weights were measured only in the rats exposed to 200 μg/m3Cr. Subacute exposure to 25 and 50 μg/m3Cr resulted in activated alveolar macrophages with stimulated phagocytic activities, and significantly elevated antibody responses to injected SRBC's (sheep red blood cells). After subchronic low level exposure, the effect on activation of the alveolar macrophages was more pronounced, and the phagocytic activities were increased. However, at 200 μg/m3Cr, inhibited phagocytic function of the alveolar macrophages was seen. In rats exposed to 200 μg/m3for 42 days, the lung clearance of inert iron oxide was reduced significantly. The humoral immune system was stimulated at subchronic 100 μg/m3Cr concentration, but significantly depressed at 200 μg/m3.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Respiratory defence and immunologic functions were stimulated or inhibited depending on dose and time of chromium (VI) inhalation.
- Executive summary:
In the subacute (28 days) and subchronic (90 days) inhalation studies of Glaser et al. (1985), 20 male Wistar rats from each group were exposed to submicron aerosols of sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7) with the concentrations of 25, 50, 100 or 200 μg/m3
Cr in whole body exposures for about 22 hours a day, seven days a week.
There were no deleterious effects on behaviour, clinical and pathological appearance of rats. Significantly elevated serum levels of triglycerides and lower contents of phospholipid were seen only in rats exposed to 200 μg/m3subchronically. In both tests above 25 μg/m3Cr concentration, lung and spleen weights were increased significantly. Higher kidney weights were measured only in the rats exposed to 200 μg/m3Cr. Subacute exposure to 25 and 50 μg/m3Cr resulted in activated alveolar macrophages with stimulated phagocytic activities, and significantly elevated antibody responses to injected SRBC's (sheep red blood cells). After subchronic low level exposure, the effect on activation of the alveolar macrophages was more pronounced, and the phagocytic activities were increased. However, at 200 μg/m3Cr, inhibited phagocytic function of the alveolar macrophages was seen. In rats exposed to 200 μg/m3for 42 days, the lung clearance of inert iron oxide was reduced significantly. The humoral immune system was stimulated at subchronic 100 μg/m3Cr concentration, but significantly depressed at 200 μg/m3.
In summary, low level exposure to chromium (VI) aerosols increase the respiratory defence and all measured immunological functions in an adaptive manner. However, high exposures inhibit both alveolar phagocytes and immunological functions. Thus, there may be an exposure limit for soluble chromium (VI) above the recommended occupational standards, where potential carcinogenic chromium is a hazard.
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