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EC number: 227-841-8 | CAS number: 6000-43-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- February - April 2019
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacteria, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Version / remarks:
- adopted on March 23, 2006; Annex 5 corrected: July 28, 2011
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.3 (Algal Inhibition test)
- Version / remarks:
- 7 December 2015
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Two replicates of each sample were deep-frozen (< -20°C) directly after preparation and after 24h, 48h and 72h exposure, respectively, and stored in a freezer until analysis. Before freezing the samples after 24h, 48h and 72h exposure, the algae were separated from the medium by centrifugation at a low g-force (4000g for 20 minutes), sufficient to settle the algae. Additionally, analysis of the item concentration not inoculated with algae was performed. One replicate was given to the analytical laboratory for analysis. For analytical measurement the samples were thawed at RT. The second replicate was used as backup.
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- A preparation of the test medium with a test item concentration of 100 mg/L was freshly prepared. For that purpose, the test item was weighed in a calibrated flask and vehicle was added. The preparation was stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 1 hour. The pH was adjusted to approx. 7.9 with NaOH(1 M).
- Test organisms (species):
- Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Green algae
- Strain: 61.81 SAG
- Source: ,,Pflanzenphysiologisches Institut der Universitat Göttingen", Germany
- Age: three days old pre-culture
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: no, same as test condition
- Any deformed or abnormal cells observed: no - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- yes
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Hardness:
- 24 mg/L as CaCO3
- Test temperature:
- 22.6 to 23.7°C
- pH:
- 7.88 to 8.39
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentration: 100 mg/L
Measured concentration: 91.5 - 99 mg/L, details in Table 2 and 3 - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: Erlenmeyer flasks
- Type: open
- Material, fill volume: glass, 100 mL
- Aeration: no
- Initial cells density: 10,000 cells/mL
- Control end cells density: 708,843 cells/mL
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 6
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 6
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: yes
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
Reconstituted water was used as vehicle. The following components (analytical grade) were dissolved in fully demineralized water (Milli-Q" Water Purification System, Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany) to obtain the following concentrations:
Nutrient [mg/L]
NH4CI 15.0
MgCb * 6H2O 12.0
CaCh * 2H2O 18.0
MgSCM * 7H2O 15.0
KH2PO4 1.60
FeCb * 6H2O 0.0640
Na2EDTA * 2H2O 0.100
H3BO3 0.185
MnCl2*4H2O 0.415
ZnCb 0.00300
CoCI2 * 6H2O 0.00150
CuCb * 2H2O 0.00001
Na2MoO4 * 2H2O 0.00700
NaHCOs 50.0
The vehicle was aerated for at least 24 hours prior preparation of the test item concentrations.
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Sterile test conditions: no
- Adjustment of pH: yes, with NaOH (1 M)
- Photoperiod: continuously
- Light intensity and quality: 7274 - 7371 Lux
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED
- Determination of cell concentrations: electronic particle counter (Coulter-Counter Z2, Beckman Coulter GmbH, Krefeld, Germany)
- Other: pH and light intensity measured at start and end of test, temperature measured continuously
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
Range finding study
- Test concentrations: 100 mg/L
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: yes, no effects of growth inhibition observed. - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- (potassium dichromate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Yield
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- > 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- > 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Yield
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: growth rate and Yield
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- > 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: growth rate and Yield
- Details on results:
- In the control group, the biomass increased by a factor of 70.9 over 72 hours. Therefore, the validity criterion of increase of biomass by at least a factor of 16 within three days was fulfilled. The mean coefficient of variation of the daily growth rates in the control group (section-by-section growth rates) during 72 hours was 28.8%. According to the OECD test guideline, the mean coefficient of variation must not be higher than 35%. Thus, the validity criterion was fulfilled. The coefficient of variation of the average specific growth rates in the replicates of the control group after 72 hours was 2.8%. According to the OECD test guideline, the coefficient of variation must not be higher than 7%. Thus, the validity criterion was fulfilled.
Due to the fact, that all test item concentrations (inoculated with and without algae) were >80% of the nominal concentration throughout the study, the EC values were based on the nominal concentrations. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- The test item Art. 104864 (Potassium dichromate) showed 72h EC50 of 1.10 mg/L for growth rate and 0.48 mg/L for yield. The EC50 for growth rate and yield obtained in this study are in the range of ± two standard deviation of the current historical means.
Therefore, this study confirms the sensitivity and reliability of the test system used in the test facility. - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The calculated growth rates and yield were tested for significant differences compared to the control values by Student-t test. The software used to perform statistical analysis was ToxRat (ToxRat Professional Version 2.10, ToxRat Solutions GmbH, Alsdorf, Germany).
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of the study according to OECD 201, an aqueous solution of nominal 100 mg/L of the test item revealed no toxicity to algae. The 72h EC50 values for growth rate and yield are >100 mg/L and, thus, could not be determined in this study. The NOEC value for growth rate and yield is 100 mg/L.
- Executive summary:
The objective of the present study according to OECD 201 was to determine the effect of the test item on the growth and growth rate of the green algae species Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. The study comprised of one control group and one test item group with six replicates each. A nominal test item concentration of 100 mg/L was prepared in reconstituted water. The initial algae cell density in each replicate was 10,000 cells per mL. The growth of the algae was determined over an exposure period of 72 hours and compared with the growth of the control group. Samples of the test and control media were taken directly after preparation and then daily and stored at < -20°C until further analysis of the test item concentration via HPLC with UV detection. The recoveries of the test item concentrations in all test medium samples with algae ranged from 91.5% to 96.2%. The recoveries of the test item concentrations in all test media without algae ranged from 96.0% to 99.0% of the nominal concentration over the time period of 72h and, thus, the test item was stable in the test medium during the study. Due to the fact, that all test item concentrations (inoculated with and without algae) were >80% of the nominal concentration throughout the study, the EC values were based on the nominal concentrations. No significant effect on the inhibition of growth rate and yield of the algae was observed at a nominal concentration of 100 mg/L. For the test item the following EC values were determined: The 72h EC50 values for growth rate and yield are >100 mg/L and, thus, could not be determined in this study. The NOEC value for growth rate and yield is 100 mg/L.
Reference
Table 1: Algal biomass (cell number) after 24, 48 and 72 hour exposure:
Nominal concentration [mg/L] |
Biomass of algae (Cell number per mL*) |
||||
Control |
|
0 hours |
24 hours |
48 hours |
72 hours |
1.0000 |
5.2650 |
26.3196 |
70.1280 |
||
1.0000 |
4.7637 |
24.3540 |
61.1397 |
||
1.0000 |
5.1300 |
31.4433 |
87.2757 |
||
1.0000 |
4.7493 |
28.3653 |
70.5177 |
||
1.0000 |
4.6593 |
26.1630 |
66.6720 |
||
1.0000 |
4.8690 |
26.5986 |
69.5727 |
||
Mean |
1.0000 |
4.9061 |
27.2073 |
70.8843 |
|
SD |
0.00000 |
0.23920 |
2.43619 |
8.76134 |
|
CV |
0.0 |
4.9 |
9.0 |
12.4 |
|
100.0 |
|
0 hours |
24 hours |
48 hours |
72 hours |
1.0000 |
4.6467 |
29.5677 |
127.9593 |
||
1.0000 |
4.4667 |
31.0923 |
135.3303 |
||
1.0000 |
4.5324 |
32.5440 |
134.3673 |
||
1.0000 |
4.5900 |
32.8743 |
129.8403 |
||
1.0000 |
4.4604 |
32.5917 |
128.2293 |
||
1.0000 |
4.4064 |
30.9987 |
127.0773 |
||
Mean |
1.0000 |
4.5171 |
31.6115 |
130.4673 |
|
SD |
0.00000 |
0.08984 |
1.28431 |
3.52258 |
|
CV |
0.0 |
2.0 |
4.1 |
2.7 |
*Cell number divided by factor 10000
Table 2: Nominal and corresponding analytical concentrations of samples inoculated with algae
Nominal test item concentration [mg/L] |
Analytical results |
|||||||
0h1 |
24h |
48h |
72h |
|||||
Meas. Cone. [mg/L] |
[%]2 |
Meas. Cone. [mg/L] |
[%]2 |
Meas. Cone. [mg/L] |
[%]2 |
Meas. Cone. [mg/L] |
[%]2 |
|
0.0 |
<LOD |
- |
<LOD |
- |
<LOD |
- |
<LOD |
- |
100.0 |
96.215 |
96.2 |
95.710 |
95.7 |
94.280 |
94.3 |
91.451 |
91.5 |
1Measured without algae
2Rounded to the first decimal place
Table 3: Nominal and corresponding analytical concentrations of samples inoculated without algae
Nominal test item concentration [mg/L] |
Analytical results |
||||||||
Oh |
24h |
48h |
72h |
|
|||||
Meas. Cone. [mg/L] |
[%]1 |
Meas. Cone. [mg/L] |
[%]1 |
Meas. Cone. [mg/L] |
[%]1 |
Meas. Cone. [mg/L] |
[%]1 |
||
100.0 |
96.215 |
96.2 |
97.377 |
97.4 |
95.955 |
96.0 |
98.996 |
99.0 |
|
1Rounded to the first decimal place
Description of key information
Under the conditions of the study according to OECD 201, an aqueous solution of nominal 100 mg/L of the test item revealed no toxicity to algae. The 72h EC50 values for growth rate and yield are >100 mg/L and, thus, could not be determined in this study. The NOEC value for growth rate and yield is 100 mg/L (reference 6.1.5-1).
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC10 or NOEC for freshwater algae:
- 100 mg/L
Additional information
The objective of the present study according to OECD 201 was to determine the effect of the test item on the growth and growth rate of the green algae species Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. The study comprised of one control group and one test item group with six replicates each. A nominal test item concentration of 100 mg/L was prepared in reconstituted water. The initial algae cell density in each replicate was 10,000 cells per mL. The growth of the algae was determined over an exposure period of 72 hours and compared with the growth of the control group. Samples of the test and control media were taken directly after preparation and then daily and stored at < -20°C until further analysis of the test item concentration via HPLC with UV detection. The recoveries of the test item concentrations in all test medium samples with algae ranged from 91.5% to 96.2%. The recoveries of the test item concentrations in all test media without algae ranged from 96.0% to 99.0% of the nominal concentration over the time period of 72h and, thus, the test item was stable in the test medium during the study. Due to the fact, that all test item concentrations (inoculated with and without algae) were >80% of the nominal concentration throughout the study, the EC values were based on the nominal concentrations. No significant effect on the inhibition of growth rate and yield of the algae was observed at a nominal concentration of 100 mg/L. For the test item the following EC values were determined: The 72h EC50 values for growth rate and yield are >100 mg/L and, thus, could not be determined in this study. The NOEC value for growth rate and yield is 100 mg/L (reference 6.1.5-1).
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