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EC number: 231-596-2 | CAS number: 7647-10-1
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
In an early acute oral toxicity study, an LD50 value of approximately 576 mg/kg bw was reported in male rats gavaged with palladium dichloride dihydrate, and observed for up to 14 days. The analogous palladium dichloride LD50 is approximately 479 mg/kg bw (Holbrook et al., 1975).
No acute inhalation or dermal toxicity data were identified.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Acute toxicity: via oral route
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Conducted prior to standard OECD/EU test guidelines and GLP. While there is somewhat limited reporting of methods and results, the study appears scientifically acceptable.
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- In the lethal dose experiments, male Sprague-Dawley rats received the tested palladium salt by gavage and were observed through a 14-day period. The LD50 values were calculated by the method of Litchfield and Wilcoxon. The exact dosing strategy is unclear and no details on pathological assessment are given.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Remarks:
- (prior to GLP)
- Test type:
- other: No data
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: No data
- Age at study initiation: 4-5 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: 100-110 g
- Fasting period before study: No data
- Housing: No data
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Presumably ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Presumably ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 1-1.5 weeks
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): No data
- Humidity (%): No data
- Air changes (per hr): No data
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): No data
IN-LIFE DATES: No data - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Details on oral exposure:
- No data
- Doses:
- No data
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- No data
- Control animals:
- not specified
- Details on study design:
- - Duration of observation period following administration: 14 days
- Frequency of observations and weighing: No data
- Necropsy of survivors performed: No data
- Other examinations performed: clinical signs, body weight,organ weights, histopathology, other: No data - Statistics:
- The LD50 values were calculated by the method of Litchfield and Wilcoxon.
- Sex:
- male
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- 576 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- 95% CL:
- >= 469 - <= 725
- Remarks on result:
- other: Evaluated by the method of Litchfield and Wilcoxon. The equivalent LD50 for palladium dichloride (anhydrous) is around 479 mg/kg bw (95% CL: 390 - 603 mg/kg bw).
- Mortality:
- Palladium salts often kill 4-10 days after administration. An LD50 of 2.7 mmol/kg bw (95% CL: 2.2-3.4 mmol/kg bw), using a molecular weight of approximately 213.34 g/mol, equates to 576.0 mg/kg bw (95% CL: 469.3-725.4 mg/kg bw). The equivalent LD50 for palladium dichloride (anhydrous) is 478.8 mg/kg bw (95% CL: 390.1 - 602.9 mg/kg bw), using amolecular weight of approximately 177.33 g/mol.
- Clinical signs:
- No data
- Body weight:
- No data
- Gross pathology:
- No data
- Other findings:
- No data
- Interpretation of results:
- Toxicity Category IV
- Remarks:
- Migrated information Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU
- Conclusions:
- In an early acute oral toxicity study, an LD50 value of approximately 576 mg/kg bw was reported in male rats gavaged with palladium dichloride dihydrate, and observed for up to 14 days. The analogous palladium dichloride LD50 is approximately 479 mg/kg bw.
- Executive summary:
In an early acute oral toxicity study, groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered palladium dichloride dihydrate by stomach tube and observed for 14 days. Using the prescribed statistical method, the acute oral median lethal dose (LD50) was found to be approximately 576 mg/kg bw (95% CL: 479 - 725 mg/kg bw). The analogous palladium dichloride LD50 is approximately 479 mg/kg bw (95% CL: 390 - 603 mg/kg bw).
Based on the results of this study, palladium dichloride should be classified for acute oral toxicity (category 4) according to EU CLP criteria (EC 1272/2008).
Reference
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Value:
- 479 mg/kg bw
- Quality of whole database:
- Overall, good-quality database which meets REACH Standard Information Requirements.
Acute toxicity: via inhalation route
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Acute toxicity: via dermal route
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
No relevant acute toxicity human data were identified.
In an early acute oral toxicity study, groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered palladium dichloride dihydrate by stomach tube and observed for 14 days. Using the prescribed statistical method, the acute oral median lethal dose (LD50) was found to be approximately 576 mg/kg bw (95% CL: 479 - 725 mg/kg bw). The analogous palladium dichloride LD50 is approximately 479 mg/kg bw (95% CL: 390 - 603 mg/kg bw) (Holbrook et al., 1975). Based on the results of this study, palladium dichloride should be classified for acute oral toxicity (category 4) according to EU CLP criteria (EC 1272/2008). In a more recent acute oral toxicity study, conducted according to OECD Test Guideline 401 and to GLP, the acute oral LD50 of palladium dichloride was determined to be greater than 2 g/kg bw in the rat (Allen, 1994a). This suggests that the classification of palladium dichloride for acute oral toxicity, based on the early Holbrook et al., data, is a very health precautionary approach.
No acute inhalation toxicity data were identified. However, the compound is not expected to reach the lungs in appreciable quantities (based on respiratory tract deposition modelling data). Thus, inhalation will not be a significant route of exposure. Similarly, no acute dermal toxicity data were identified. However, skin contact during production and/or use is expected to be negligible.
Justification for classification or non-classification
Based on the results of the early acute oral rat study (Holbrook et al., 1975), palladium dichloride should be classified for acute oral toxicity (category 4) according to EU CLP criteria (EC 1272/2008).
No clear evidence of specific target organ toxicity was noted. As such, classification for STOT-SE is not considered appropriate.
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