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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 201-172-1 | CAS number: 79-05-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 2.96 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 50
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 120 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 148.11 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
No data on systemic toxicity after inhalation is available. Derivation of the long term inhalation DNEL is done on the basis of the corresponding NOAEL from the combined oral repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose response relationship is considered unremarkable, therefore no additional factor is used.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 4
- Justification:
- The exposure duration of the OECD TG 422 study performed with the test item was 56 days for females and 29 days for males. In comparison to a subacute 28-day study the OECD TG 422 study provides additional information on fertility and reproduction of the parental generation and furthermore information on developmental toxicity of the offspring. Together with the longer exposure duration (57 days) for females an Assessment factor of 4 is justified.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Respiratory interspecies differences are fully covered by the factors used for route to route extrapolation.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Recommended AF for other interspecies differences.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- The default value for the relatively homogenous group "worker" is used.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The quality of the whole data base is considered to be sufficient and uncritical.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- The approach used for DNEL derivation is conservative. No further assessment factors are required.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 1.68 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 200
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 120 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 336 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
No data on systemic toxicity after dermal exposure is available. Derivation of the long term dermal DNEL is done on the basis of the corresponding NOAEL from the combined oral repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test with oral application.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose response relationship is considered unremarkable, therefore no additional factor is used.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 4
- Justification:
- The exposure duration of the OECD TG 422 study performed with the test item was 56 days for females and 29 days for males. In comparison to a subacute 28-day study the OECD TG 422 study provides additional information on fertility and reproduction of the parental generation and furthermore information on developmental toxicity of the offspring. Together with the longer exposure duration (57 days) for females an Assessment factor of 4 is justified.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- The default allometric scaling factor for the differences between rats and humans is used.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Recommended AF for other interspecies differences.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- The default value for the relatively homogenous group "worker" is used.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The quality of the whole data base is considered to be sufficient and uncritical.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- The approach used for DNEL derivation is conservative. No further assessment factors are required.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- low hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - workers
General
DNEL derivation for the test substance is performed under consideration of the recommendations of ECHA. In view of the data used for evaluation, the "quality of whole database factors" and "dose-response factors" are considered to amount each to a value of 1, and are thus not shown in the calculations presented below.
Workers – Hazard via inhalation route
Long term systemic inhalation DNEL, worker
The DNEL long term, systemic (inhalation) is derived by route-to route extrapolation from the combined repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test with oral application.
Step 1: Selection of the relevant dose descriptor (starting point):
The combined repeated dose oral toxicity study is selected for DNEL derivation as it is the relevant repeated dose study performed in accordance to OECD guideline and GLP. In this study, the oral NOAEL is 120 mg/kg bw/day.
Step 2: Modification into a correct starting point:
Using a conservative approach, a worker DNEL (long term inhalation exposure) is derived considering a two times higher absorption via inhalation (100 %) than oral (50 %) absorption.
Relevant dose descriptor (NOAEL): 120 mg/kg bw/day
Standard respiratory volume of the rat (sRVrat) for 8 hours: 0.38 m³/kg bw/d
Oral absorption of the rat / inhalation absorption of humans (ABSoral-rat 50 % / ABSinh-human 100 %): 0.5
Standard respiratory volume of humans (sRVhuman) for 8 hours: 6.7 m³
Worker respiratory volume (wRV) for 8 hours with light physical activity: 10 m³
Frequency of exposure in study: 7 days/week
Frequency of worker exposure: 5 days/week
Corrected inhalatory NOAEC for workers
= 120 mg/kg bw/day * 0.5 * (1 / 0.38 m³/kg bw/day) * (6.7 m³/10 m³) * (7/5)
= 148.11 mg/m³
Step 3: Use of assessment factors: 50
Interspecies: Respiratory interspecies differences are fully covered by the factors used for route to route extrapolation.
Interspecies AF, remaining differences: 2.5
Intraspecies AF (worker): 5
Exposure duration AF: 4
The exposure duration of the OECD TG 422 study performed with the test item was 56 days for females and 29 days for males. In comparison to a subacute 28-day study the OECD TG 422 study provides additional information on fertility and reproduction of the parental generation and furthermore information on developmental toxicity of the offspring. Together with the longer exposure duration (57 days) for females an Assessment factor of 4 is justified.
Remaining uncertainties AF: 1
In conclusion, long term systemic inhalation DNEL, workers = 2.96 mg/m3
Short term systemic inhalation DNEL, worker
No experimental data on acute systemic toxicity (inhalation) of the test substance is available. The substance is not classified for acute oral toxicity and acute dermal toxicity, therefore no adverse result for inhalation toxicity is expected (in accordance with "Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment", chapter R8). Thus, no DNEL is required.
Short and long term local inhalation DNEL, worker
No data on long-term local toxicity after inhalation is available. Data on acute local toxicity after oral application and dermal exposure is available and showed no specific local effects. Therefore, no adverse effects on the respiratory system are expected (in accordance with "Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment", chapter R8). Thus, no DNEL local, long-term and acute (inhalation) is required.
Workers – Hazard via dermal route
Long term systemic dermal DNEL, worker
The DNEL long term, systemic (dermal) is derived by route-to route extrapolation from the combined repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test with oral application.
Step 1: Selection of the relevant dose descriptor (starting point):
The combined repeated dose toxicity study is selected for DNEL derivation as it is the relevant repeated dose study performed in accordance to OECD guideline and GLP. In this study, the oral NOAEL is 120 mg/kg bw/day.
Step 2: Modification of the starting point:
The logPow of the test substance was determined to be -0.7 and the water solubility was determined to be 720 g/L. Therefore, the substance may be too hydrophilic to cross the lipid rich environment of the stratum corneum and dermal uptake for the substances will be low. Thus, the dermal uptake is considered to be 50 % of the oral uptake in the worst case
Factor for dermal NOAEL= 100 % oral / 50 % dermal= 2
Frequency of exposure in study: 7 days/week
Frequency of worker exposure: 5 days/week
oral NOAEL 120 mg/kg bw/day * 2 * (7/5) = 336 mg/kg bw/day dermal NOAEL
Step 3: Use of assessment factors: 200
Interspecies AF, allometric scaling (rat to human): 4
Interspecies AF, remaining differences: 2.5
Intraspecies AF (worker): 5
Exposure duration AF: 4
The exposure duration of the OECD TG 422 study performed with the test item was 56 days for females and 29 days for males. In comparison to a subacute 28-day study the OECD TG 422 study provides additional information on fertility and reproduction of the parental generation and furthermore information on developmental toxicity of the offspring. Together with the longer exposure duration (57 days) for females an Assessment factor of 4 is justified.
Remaining uncertainties AF: 1
In conclusion, long term systemic dermal DNEL, workers = 1.68 mg/kg bw/day
Short term systemic dermal DNEL, worker
The test material is not classified and labelled for acute dermal toxicity, according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP). Thus, no DNEL is required.
Short term and long term local dermal DNEL, worker
The test material is not classified and labelled for skin sensitization or skin irritation, according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP). Thus, no DNEL is required.
Worker – Hazard for the eyes
For exposure to the eyes a low hazard was identified, as the test substance is classified for causing eye irritation Cat.2 according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP). A qualitative risk assessment is conducted (in accordance with "Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment", Part E). Therefore goggles and further appropriate RMMs are carried into execution.
References
(not included as endpoint study record)
- ECHA (2012). Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Chapter R.8: Characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for human health. Version 2.1. November 2012.
- ECHA (2017). Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment.Chapter R.7.12: Endpoint specific guidance: Guidance on Toxicokinetics. June 2017.
- ECHA (2012) Practical Guide 15: How to undertake a qualitative human health assessment and document it in a chemical safety report, November 2012.
- ECHA (2016). Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Part E: Risk Characterisation, Version 3.0, May 2016
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown but no further hazard information necessary as no exposure expected
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown but no further hazard information necessary as no exposure expected
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown but no further hazard information necessary as no exposure expected
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown but no further hazard information necessary as no exposure expected
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown but no further hazard information necessary as no exposure expected
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown but no further hazard information necessary as no exposure expected
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown but no further hazard information necessary as no exposure expected
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown but no further hazard information necessary as no exposure expected
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown but no further hazard information necessary as no exposure expected
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown but no further hazard information necessary as no exposure expected
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown but no further hazard information necessary as no exposure expected
Additional information - General Population
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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