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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: - | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Eye irritation
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- eye irritation: in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- no details given
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Evaluation of the toxicity of graphene oxide exposure to the eye
- Author:
- Wu et al.
- Year:
- 2 016
- Bibliographic source:
- Nanotoxicology, 2016; 10(9): 1329-1340
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 405 (Acute Eye Irritation / Corrosion)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- no information on GLP compliance available in this publication
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Reaction product of Graphite, acid-treated and potassium permanganate
- IUPAC Name:
- Reaction product of Graphite, acid-treated and potassium permanganate
- Test material form:
- solid: particulate/powder
- Details on test material:
- Graphite oxide was first prepared using a modified Hummers method from powder graphite (Yan et al., 2013a). In brief, 1.0 g of powdered graphite (Alfa Aesar, 98%) was added to 25 mL of H2SO4 (98%) with continuous stirring for 2h. KMnO4 (3.5 g) was gradually added to the above solution in an ice bath. The resulting mixture was stirred at 37 °C for 2h and diluted with 25 mL of deionized water under vigorous stirring. After adding 10 mL of H2O2 solution (30%) and 80 mL of deionized water, the mixture was filtered and washed with a 10% HCl solution. The paste was dispersed in deionized water to obtain dispersion of graphite oxide. GO suspension (pH 7.00) was obtained via dilution of the as-prepared graphite oxide dispersion with deionized water until the concentration reached ~1 mg/mL, and the above suspension was probe-sonicated for 4h, followed by centrifugation at 12 000 rpm for 10 min to remove any un-exfoliated GO. The resulting supernatant was the GO dispersion.
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- GO was prepared from graphite according to a modified Hummer's method, followed by probe sonication of GO dispersion for 4h (Yan et al., 2013a). AFM images showed that the size of GO nanosheets was ~120 nm, and their thickness were no more than 1.2 nm, which suggested that the prepared GO was single-layer nanosheets.
The estimated C/O ratio was ~2.4
Test animals / tissue source
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- New Zealand White
- Details on test animals or tissues and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Third Military Medical University (30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing) and maintained in pathogen-free conditions
- Age at study initiation: 6 months
Test system
- Vehicle:
- water
- Controls:
- yes, concurrent no treatment
- Amount / concentration applied:
- 100 µL of GO (100 µg/mL)
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- not specified
- Observation period (in vivo):
- 1, 24, 48 and 72 h post GO treatment
- Duration of post- treatment incubation (in vitro):
- not applicable
- Number of animals or in vitro replicates:
- 3
- Details on study design:
- The acute eye irritation test was conducted according to OECD Guideline 405 (OECD TG 405, 2012). Three New Zealand White Rabbits (6 months of age) were checked and exhibited no abnormalities in the eyes. One drop of a topical ocular anesthetic (0.4% oxybuprocaine hydrochloride) was applied to each eye 5 min prior to GO application to minimize potential pain and distress. Subsequently, 100 µL of GO (100 pg/mL) were dripped into the conjunctival sac of the right eye after gently pulling the lower lid away from the eyeball. Both lids were then gently held together for approximately 1 s to prevent the loss of GO. The left eye remained untreated and served as the control. The responses, including corneal opacity, conjunctival redness, abnormality of the iris, and chemosis, were observed and graded according to OECD Guideline 405 (OECD TG 405, 2012) in rabbits at 1, 24, 48 and 72 h post GO treatment. The corneal epithelium was stained using fluorescein 72 h after GO treatment.
Twenty microliters and two microliters of 3% fluorescein was dripped into the conjunctival sac of the albino rabbits. The rabbits were examined using slit lamp with cobalt-blue light 2 min later, and photographs were obtained.
Results and discussion
In vivo
Resultsopen allclose all
- Irritation parameter:
- cornea opacity score
- Basis:
- animal #1
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Reversibility:
- other: not applicable
- Remarks on result:
- no indication of irritation
- Irritation parameter:
- iris score
- Basis:
- animal #1
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Reversibility:
- other: not applicable
- Remarks on result:
- no indication of irritation
- Irritation parameter:
- conjunctivae score
- Basis:
- animal #1
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Reversibility:
- other: not applicable
- Remarks on result:
- no indication of irritation
- Irritation parameter:
- chemosis score
- Basis:
- animal #1
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Reversibility:
- other: not applicable
- Remarks on result:
- no indication of irritation
- Irritation parameter:
- cornea opacity score
- Basis:
- animal #2
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Reversibility:
- other: not applicable
- Remarks on result:
- no indication of irritation
- Irritation parameter:
- iris score
- Basis:
- animal #2
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Reversibility:
- other: not applicable
- Remarks on result:
- no indication of irritation
- Irritation parameter:
- conjunctivae score
- Basis:
- animal #2
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Reversibility:
- other: not applicable
- Remarks on result:
- no indication of irritation
- Irritation parameter:
- chemosis score
- Basis:
- animal #2
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Reversibility:
- other: not applicable
- Remarks on result:
- no indication of irritation
- Irritation parameter:
- cornea opacity score
- Basis:
- animal #3
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Reversibility:
- other: not applicable
- Remarks on result:
- no indication of irritation
- Irritation parameter:
- iris score
- Basis:
- animal #3
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Reversibility:
- other: not applicable
- Remarks on result:
- no indication of irritation
- Irritation parameter:
- conjunctivae score
- Basis:
- animal #3
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Reversibility:
- other: not applicable
- Remarks on result:
- no indication of irritation
- Irritation parameter:
- chemosis score
- Basis:
- animal #3
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Reversibility:
- other: not applicable
- Remarks on result:
- no indication of irritation
- Irritant / corrosive response data:
- no indication of irritation
- Other effects:
- no other effects available
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Interpretation of results:
- GHS criteria not met
- Conclusions:
- No indication of any eye irritation potential of graphene oxide in rabbits was found in a study conducted according to OECD 405.
- Executive summary:
An in vivo eye irritation test was performed according to OECD Guideline 405 (OECD TG 405 2012) in New Zealand white rabbits by scoring the lesions of conjunctiva, cornea and iris at specific intervals after exposure of the ocular surface to the test item graphene oxide (GO). The eyes of the rabbits were examined at 1, 24, 48, and 72 h after dripping 100 µg/mL GO into the conjunctival sac. No rabbits exhibited corneal opacity, conjunctival redness, abnormality of the iris, or chemosis at any time point after the instillation of GO. A corneal fluorescein staining assay was used to assess GO toxicity to corneal epithelium. There was no impaired corneal epithelium 72 h post-GO treatment. This result indicated that GO did not induce any acute eye irritation or corrosion in rabbits.
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