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The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
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EC number: 468-880-2 | CAS number: 102985-93-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 14.8 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 25
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 370.3 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
There are no relevant experimental data on repeated exposure by inhalation. A conservative approach is used assuming a two times higher absorption via the inhalation route (end route) as compared to the oral route (starting route).
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose response relationship is considered unremarkable.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- The default extrapolation factor for exposure duration is used: subchronic (starting point) to chronic (end point).
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Respiratory interspecies differences are fully covered by the factors used for route to route extrapolation.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Recommended AF for other interspecies differences.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- The default value for the relatively homogenous group "worker" is used.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The quality of the whole data base is considered to be sufficient and uncritical.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- The approach used for DNEL derivation is conservative. No further assessment factors are required.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 42 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 100
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 4 200 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
There are no relevant experimental data on repeated dermal exposure. Taken into account the physico-chemical and toxic properties of the substance, dermal absoption is anticipated to be 10 % of oral absorption.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose response relationship is considered unremarkable.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- The default extrapolation factor for exposure duration is used: subchronic (starting point) to chronic (end point).
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- The default allometric scaling factor for the differences between rats and humans is used.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Recommended AF for other interspecies differences.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- The default value for the relatively homogenous group "worker" is used.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The quality of the whole data base is considered to be sufficient and uncritical.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- The approach used for DNEL derivation is conservative. No further assessment factors are required.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Additional information - workers
General
DNEL derivation for the test item is performed under consideration of the recommendations of ECHA.
Acute, systemic DNEL
The test substance is not classified and labelled for acute systemic toxicity, according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP), based on the test data for acute oral and dermal toxicity. It is not expected that acute toxicity via inhalation is different. Further, no peak exposure via inhalation is expected due to low vapour pressure. Thus, the derivation of a DNEL for acute/short term exposure is not required.
Acute/long term DNEL for local effects
Respiratory irritation: No data on respiratory irritation is available. As the substance is not classified as skin and eye irritating also no adverse effects on respiratory system is expected. No acute/long term DNEL (inhalation) for local effects was derived.
Skin irritation/corrosion: The test substance is not classified for skin irritation/corrosion according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) based on the available experimental data. Therefore, no qualitative assessment is conducted.
Skin sensitization: The test substance is not classified for skin sensitization according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) based on the available experimental data. Therefore, no qualitative assessment is conducted.
Eye irritation: The test substance is not classified for eye irritation according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) based on the available experimental data. Therefore, no qualitative assessment is conducted.
Long term, systemic DNEL
Occupational exposure to the test substance occurs mainly via inhalation route, and may also occur via dermal route. Therefore two long-term DNELs are calculated for workers. In view of the data used for evaluation, the "quality of whole database factor", "dose-response factor" and “remaining uncertainties” are considered to amount each to a value of 1, and are thus not shown in the calculations presented below.
Exposure by inhalation
Step 1: Selection of the relevant dose descriptor (starting point):
For risk characterization an inhalation NOAEC was derived by route to route extrapolation. The OECD TG 408 study is selected for DNEL derivation as it is the relevant repeated dose study performed in accordance to OECD guideline and GLP. In this study, the oral NOAEL in rats is 300 mg/kg bw/day.
Step 2: Modification into a correct starting point:
Using a conservative approach, a worker DNEL (long-term inhalation exposure) is derived. A conservative approach is used assuming a two times higher absorption via the inhalation route (end route) as compared to the oral route (starting route). This worker DNEL is considered to ensure an appropriate level of protection with regard to acute inhalation exposure (no high peaks of exposure expected).
Relevant dose descriptor (NOAEL): 300 mg/kg bw/day
Standard respiratory volume of the rat (sRVrat) for 8 hours: 0.38 m³/kg bw/d
Frequency of exposure used in study: 7 days/week
Frequency of exposure of the worker: 5 days/week
Standard respiratory volume of humans (sRVhuman) for 8 hours: 6.7 m³
Worker respiratory volume (wRV) for 8 hours with light physical activity: 10 m³
Corrected inhalatory NOAEC for workers
= 300 mg/kg bw/d × 50%/100% × (1 / 0.38 m³/kg bw/d) × (6.7 m³/10 m³) x 7/5
= 370.3 mg/m³
Step 3: Use of assessment factors: 25
Interspecies: Respiratory interspecies differences are fully covered by the modification of the NOAEC
Interspecies AF, remaining differences: 2.5
Intraspecies AF (worker): 5
Exposure duration AF: 2
In conclusion, long term systemic inhalation DNEL, workers = 14.8 mg/m3
Dermal exposure
Step 1: Selection of the relevant dose descriptor (starting point):
The OECD TG 408 study is selected for DNEL derivation as it is the relevant repeated dose study performed in accordance to OECD guideline and GLP. In this study, the oral NOAEL in rats is 300 mg/kg bw/day.
Step 2: Modification of the starting point:
Using a conservative approach, a worker DNEL (long-term dermal exposure) is derived. Based on the physic-chemical properties (water solubility of 0.227 mg/L and logPow = 7.41) and and toxic properties of the test substance dermal absorption is anticipated to be low. The test substance is not classified for skin irritation/corrosion and skin sensitization and therefore no damage to skin surface may enhance penetration. Thus, a dermal absorption of 10% of oral absorption is assumed as worst case.
Relevant dose descriptor (NOAEL): 300 mg/kg bw/day
Frequency of exposure used in study: 7 days/week
Frequency of exposure of the worker: 5 days/week
ABS (oral rat): 100%
ABS (dermal human):10%
Corrected dermal NOAEL for workers:
= 300 mg/kg bw/d x 100%/10% x 7/5 = 4200 mg/kg bw/d
Step 3: Use of assessment factors: 100
Interspecies AF, allometric scaling (rat to human): 4
Interspecies AF, remaining differences: 2.5
Intraspecies AF (worker): 5
Exposure duration AF: 2
In conclusion, long term systemic dermal DNEL, workers = 42 mg/kg bw/day
References
(not included as endpoint study record)
- ECHA (2012). Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Chapter R.8: Characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for human health. Version 2.1. ECHA-2010-G-19-EN.
- ECHA (2014). Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment.Chapter R.7.12: Endpoint specific guidance: Guidance on Toxicokinetics. ECHA-14-G-06-N.
- ECHA (2012) Practical Guide 15: How to undertake a qualitative human health assessment and document it in a chemical safety report, November 2012.
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 2.2 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 50
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 111.1 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
There are no relevant experimental data on repeated exposure by inhalation. A conservative approach is used assuming a two times higher absorption via the inhalation route (end route) as compared to the oral route (starting route).
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose response relationship is considered unremarkable.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- The default extrapolation factor for exposure duration is used: subchronic (starting point) to chronic (end point).
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Respiratory interspecies differences are fully covered by the factors used for route to route extrapolation.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Recommended AF for other interspecies differences.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- The default value for the relatively homogenous group "general population" is used.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The quality of the whole data base is considered to be sufficient and uncritical.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- The approach used for DNEL derivation is conservative. No further assessment factors are required.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 15 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 200
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 3 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
There are no relevant experimental data on repeated dermal exposure. Taken into account the physico-chemical and toxic properties of the substance, dermal absoption is anticipated to be 10 % of oral absorption.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose response relationship is considered unremarkable.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- The default extrapolation factor for exposure duration is used: subchronic (starting point) to chronic (end point).
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- The default allometric scaling factor for the differences between rats and humans is used.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Recommended AF for other interspecies differences.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- The default value for the relatively homogenous group "general population" is used.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The quality of the whole data base is considered to be sufficient and uncritical.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- The approach used for DNEL derivation is conservative. No further assessment factors are required.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 1.5 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 200
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
No route to route extrapolation is necessary since a repeated dose oral toxicity study is available.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose response relationship is considered unremarkable.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- The default extrapolation factor for exposure duration is used: subchronic (starting point) to chronic (end point).
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- The default allometric scaling factor for the differences between rats and humans is used.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Recommended AF for other interspecies differences.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- The default value for the relatively homogenous group "general population" is used.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The quality of the whole data base is considered to be sufficient and uncritical.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- The approach used for DNEL derivation is conservative. No further assessment factors are required.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Additional information - General Population
General
DNEL derivation for the test item is performed under consideration of the recommendations of ECHA.
Acute, systemic DNEL
The test substance is not classified and labelled for acute systemic toxicity, according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP), based on the test data for acute oral and dermal toxicity. It is not expected that acute toxicity via inhalation is different. Further, no peak exposure via inhalation is expected due to low vapour pressure. Thus, the derivation of a DNEL for acute/short term exposure is not required.
Acute/long term DNEL for local effects
Respiratory irritation: No data on respiratory irritation is available. As the substance is not classified as skin and eye irritating also no adverse effects on respiratory system is expected. No acute/long term DNEL (inhalation) for local effects was derived.
Skin irritation/corrosion: The test substance is not classified for skin irritation/corrosion according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) based on the available experimental data. Therefore, no qualitative assessment is conducted.
Skin sensitization: The test substance is not classified for skin sensitization according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) based on the available experimental data. Therefore, no qualitative assessment is conducted.
Eye irritation: The test substance is not classified for eye irritation according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) based on the available experimental data. Therefore, no qualitative assessment is conducted.
Long term, systemic DNEL
Exposure to the test substance may occur via inhalation, dermal and oral route. Therefore three long-term DNELs are calculated for workers. In view of the data used for evaluation, the "quality of whole database factor", "dose-response factor" and “remaining uncertainties” are considered to amount each to a value of 1, and are thus not shown in the calculations presented below.
Exposure by inhalation
Step 1: Selection of the relevant dose descriptor (starting point):
For risk characterization an inhalation NOAEC was derived by route to route extrapolation. The OECD TG 408 study is selected for DNEL derivation as it is the relevant repeated dose study performed in accordance to OECD guideline and GLP. In this study, the oral NOAEL in rats is 300 mg/kg bw/day.
Step 2: Modification into a correct starting point:
Using a conservative approach, a general population DNEL (long-term inhalation exposure) is derived. A conservative approach is used assuming a two times higher absorption via the inhalation route (end route) as compared to the oral route (starting route). This worker DNEL is considered to ensure an appropriate level of protection with regard to acute inhalation exposure (no high peaks of exposure expected).
Relevant dose descriptor (NOAEL): 300 mg/kg bw/day
Standard respiratory volume of the rat (sRVrat) for 24 hours: 1.35 m³/kg bw/d
Frequency of exposure used in study: 7 days/week
Frequency of exposure of the general population: 7 days/week
Corrected inhalatory NOAEC for general population
= 300 mg/kg bw/d × 50%/100% × (1/1.35 m³/kg bw/d) x 7/7
= 111.1 mg/m³
Step 3: Use of assessment factors: 50
Interspecies: Respiratory interspecies differences are fully covered by the modification of the NOAEC
Interspecies AF, remaining differences: 2.5
Intraspecies AF (general population): 10
Exposure duration AF: 2
In conclusion, long term systemic inhalation DNEL, general population = 2.2 mg/m3
Dermal exposure
Step 1: Selection of the relevant dose descriptor (starting point):
The OECD TG 408 study is selected for DNEL derivation as it is the relevant repeated dose study performed in accordance to OECD guideline and GLP. In this study, the oral NOAEL in rats is 300 mg/kg bw/day.
Step 2: Modification of the starting point:
Using a conservative approach, a DNEL for general population (long-term dermal exposure) is derived. Based on the physic-chemical properties (water solubility of 0.227 mg/L and logPow = 7.41) and and toxic properties of the test substance dermal absorption is anticipated to be low. The test substance is not classified for skin irritation/corrosion and skin sensitization and therefore no damage to skin surface may enhance penetration. Thus, a dermal absorption of 10% of oral absorption is assumed as worst case.
Relevant dose descriptor (NOAEL): 300 mg/kg bw/day
Frequency of exposure used in study: 7 days/week
Frequency of exposure of the general population: 7 days/week
ABS (oral rat): 100%
ABS (dermal human):10%
Corrected dermal NOAEL for general population:
= 300 mg/kg bw/d x 100%/10% x 7/7 = 3000 mg/kg bw/d
Step 3: Use of assessment factors: 200
Interspecies AF, allometric scaling (rat to human): 4
Interspecies AF, remaining differences: 2.5
Intraspecies AF (general population): 10
Exposure duration AF: 2
In conclusion, long term systemic dermal DNEL, general population = 15 mg/kg bw/day
Oral exposure
Step 1: Selection of the relevant dose descriptor (starting point):
An OECD 408 study in rats is selected for DNEL derivation as it is the relevant repeated dose study performed in accordance to OECD guideline and GLP. In this study, the oral NOAEL in rats is 300 mg/kg bw/day.
Step 2: Modification of the starting point:
Not required.
Step 3: Use of assessment factors: 200
Interspecies AF, allometric scaling (rat to human): 4
Interspecies AF, remaining differences: 2.5
Intraspecies AF (general population): 10
Exposure duration AF: 2
In conclusion, long term systemic oral DNEL, general population = 1.5 mg/kg bw/day
References
(not included as endpoint study record)
- ECHA (2012). Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Chapter R.8: Characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for human health. Version 2.1. ECHA-2010-G-19-EN.
- ECHA (2014). Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment.Chapter R.7.12: Endpoint specific guidance: Guidance on Toxicokinetics. ECHA-14-G-06-N.
- ECHA (2012) Practical Guide 15: How to undertake a qualitative human health assessment and document it in a chemical safety report, November 2012.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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