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Diss Factsheets

Administrative data

Endpoint:
in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
Remarks:
Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
Jul 25, 2014 - Nov 24, 2014
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study

Data source

Reference
Reference Type:
study report
Title:
Unnamed
Year:
2014
Report date:
2014

Materials and methods

Test guidelineopen allclose all
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)
Version / remarks:
adopted 21 July 1997
Deviations:
no
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
EU Method B.13/14 (Mutagenicity - Reverse Mutation Test Using Bacteria)
Version / remarks:
8 June 2000
Deviations:
no
GLP compliance:
yes (incl. QA statement)
Type of assay:
bacterial reverse mutation assay

Test material

Constituent 1
Chemical structure
Reference substance name:
2,2'-dibromo-1,1'-biphenyl
EC Number:
625-732-3
Cas Number:
13029-09-9
Molecular formula:
C₁₂H₈Br₂
IUPAC Name:
2,2'-dibromo-1,1'-biphenyl

Method

Target gene:
HIS operon (S. thyphimurium)
TRP operon (E. coli)
Species / strainopen allclose all
Species / strain / cell type:
S. typhimurium TA 98
Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
other: his D 3052, uvrB, rfa + R-factor (pKM101)
Species / strain / cell type:
S. typhimurium TA 100
Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
other: his G 46, uvrB, rfa + R-factor (pKM101)
Species / strain / cell type:
S. typhimurium TA 1535
Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
other: his G 46, uvrB, rfa
Species / strain / cell type:
S. typhimurium TA 1537
Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
other: his C 3076, uvrB, rfa
Species / strain / cell type:
E. coli WP2
Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
other: trp-, uvrA
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Metabolic activation system:
liver S9 mix from Aroclor 1254-pretreated rats with standard co-factors
Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
The test material concentrations used were selected according to the EEC, OECD and Japanese guidelines for this test system. Solubility experiments using the standard solvents for this assay indicated that the test item showed best solubility performance in DMSO. Based on these data, DMSO was selected as solvent for the current experiment and 889 µg/plate was chosen as the appropriate maximum concentration due to the limited solubility of the test item.
1. Series: 5.0, 15.8, 50.0, 158, 500, 1580, 5000 µg/plate
2. Series: 5.0, 15.8, 28.1, 50.0, 158, 281 µg/plate
Vehicle / solvent:
Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: DMSO

- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: standard vehicle

Controlsopen allclose all
Untreated negative controls:
no
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
True negative controls:
no
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide
9-aminoacridine
sodium azide
other: Daunomycin
Remarks:
without S9
Untreated negative controls:
no
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
True negative controls:
no
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
other: 2-aminoanthracene
Remarks:
with S9
Details on test system and experimental conditions:
Bacterial strains were tested in accordance with the plate incorporation method. 3 parallel plates were used for each concentration step of the test material. The incubation of plates was performed at 36-38°C for 2 days. Liver S9 mix from rats pre-treated with Aroclor 1254 was used as the metabolic activation system. Two experimental series were performed, containing 10% S9 ind the 1st and 30% S9 in the 2nd series.
Rationale for test conditions:
according to Guideline
Evaluation criteria:
A test material was to be defined as positive or mutagenic in this assay if
• the assay is considered valid and
• a biologically relevant increase in the mean number of revertants above a threshold of 2-fold (TA 98, TA 100, WP2 uvrA) or 3-fold (TA 1535, TA 1537) as compared to the con-current negative controls is observed
• an increase exceeding the threshold at only one concentration is considered as biologically meaningful if reproduced in a second independent experiment
• a concentration-dependent increase is considered biologically meaningful if the threshold is exceeded at more than one concentration

A test material is defined as negative or non-mutagenic in this assay if
• the assay is considered valid and
• none of the above-mentioned criteria are met

Whenever colony counts remain within the historical range of negative controls, such increases are considered as biologically not meaningful. In general, two series of experiments must be performed. However, there is no requirement for verification of a clear positive response according to OECD TG 471 (1997).

Results which only partially satisfied the above criteria were dealt with on a case by case basis. Biological relevance was considered, for example consistency of response within and between concentrations and (where applicable) between experiments.
Statistics:
According to the OECD guideline 471, a statistical analysis of the data is not mandatory.

Results and discussion

Test resultsopen allclose all
Key result
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 98
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity, but tested up to precipitating concentrations
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
not examined
True negative controls validity:
not examined
Positive controls validity:
valid
Key result
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 100
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity, but tested up to precipitating concentrations
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
not examined
True negative controls validity:
not examined
Positive controls validity:
valid
Key result
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 1535
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity, but tested up to precipitating concentrations
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
not examined
True negative controls validity:
not examined
Positive controls validity:
valid
Key result
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 1537
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity, but tested up to precipitating concentrations
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
not examined
True negative controls validity:
not examined
Positive controls validity:
valid
Key result
Species / strain:
E. coli WP2 uvr A
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity, but tested up to precipitating concentrations
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
not examined
True negative controls validity:
not examined
Positive controls validity:
valid

Any other information on results incl. tables

Summary 1st series


Metabolic

Activation

Test

Material

Concentr.

[µg/plate]

 

Revertants per plate (Mean ± SD)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TA 98

TA 100

TA 1535

TA 1537

WP2 uvrA

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Without Activation

DMSO

 

 

34 ± 4

124 ± 8

36 ± 2

27 ± 3

33 ± 8

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Test Material

5.00

 

35 ± 12

122 ± 2

35 ± 1

25 ± 5

32 ± 6

 

15.8

 

32 ± 3

124 ± 9

31 ± 2

19 ± 4

34 ± 7

 

50.0

 

34 ± 7

113 ± 9

41 ± 2

23 ± 2

32 ± 4

 

158

 

32 ± 1 B

135 ± 5 B

35 ± 3 B

18 ± 3 B

38 ± 4 B

 

500

 

33 ± 6 E

125 ± 4 E

38 ± 1 E

21 ± 1 E

35 ± 9 E

 

1580

 

29 ± 5 E

112 ± 5 E

33 ± 6 E

15 ± 2 E

32 ± 11 E

 

5000

 

27 ± 4 E

118 ± 8 E

38 ± 6 E

27 ± 4 C E

36 ± 4 E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DAUN

1.00

 

347 ± 45

 

 

 

 

NaN3

2.00

 

 

1761 ± 66

738 ± 26

 

 

9-AA

50.0

 

 

 

 

774 ± 35

 

NQO

2.00

 

 

 

 

 

1711 ± 29

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

With

Activation

DMSO

 

 

41 ± 8

127 ± 17

26 ± 6

19 ± 3

41 ± 6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Test Material

5.00

 

44 ± 2

152 ± 16

32 ± 7

24 ± 6

42 ± 8

 

15.8

 

53 ± 5

160 ± 15

26 ± 11

23 ± 2

35 ± 2

 

50.0

 

45 ± 10

151 ± 5

36 ± 6

19 ± 5

35 ± 10

 

158

 

42 ± 6 B

153 ± 7 B

28 ± 4 B

16 ± 3 B

43 ± 5 B

 

500

 

35 ± 5 E

134 ± 10 E

26 ± 4 E

22 ± 7 E

38 ± 7 E

 

1580

 

43 ± 5 E

146 ± 15 E

30 ± 8 E

14 ± 6 E

42 ± 3 E

 

5000

 

39 ± 6 E

139 ± 10 E

26 ± 6 E

22 ± 6 E

41 ± 6 E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2-AA

2.00

 

780 ± 125

1557 ± 104

 

 

 

2-AA

5.00

 

 

 

260 ± 39

501 ± 39

 

2-AA

10.0

 

 

 

 

 

459 ± 78

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



Summary 2nd series

Metabolic

Activation

Test

Material

Concentr.

[µg/plate]

 

Revertants per plate (Mean ± SD)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TA 98

TA 100

TA 1535

TA 1537

WP2 uvrA

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Without Activation

DMSO

 

 

38 ± 4

110 ± 14

28 ± 6

29 ± 6

33 ± 6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Test Material

5.00

 

39 ± 5

109 ± 25

34 ± 8

26 ± 5

32 ± 5

 

15.8

 

35 ± 5

102 ± 7

31 ± 10

23 ± 7

39 ± 4

 

28.1

 

37 ± 6

104 ± 11

30 ± 8

30 ± 8

35 ± 7

 

50.0

 

40 ± 10

103 ± 6

35 ± 8

31 ± 10

29 ± 10

 

158

 

43 ± 1

109 ± 6

38 ± 4

27 ± 2

37 ± 3

 

281

 

30 ± 7

107 ± 9

46 ± 2

28 ± 4

32 ± 5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DAUN

1.00

 

319 ± 41

 

 

 

 

NaN3

2.00

 

 

1246 ± 36

823 ± 31

 

 

9-AA

50.0

 

 

 

 

543 ± 31

 

NQO

2.00

 

 

 

 

 

1463 ± 38

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

With Activation

DMSO

 

 

47 ± 7

123 ± 8

28 ± 9

31 ± 4

40 ± 6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Test Material

5.00

 

53 ± 7

128 ± 13

27 ± 3

32 ± 3

39 ± 9

 

15.8

 

43 ± 4

125 ± 21

28 ± 4

35 ± 7

31 ± 6

 

28.1

 

45 ± 1

113 ± 3

27 ± 2

35 ± 7

36 ± 7

 

50.0

 

49 ± 4

124 ± 8

29 ± 1

28 ± 5

32 ± 9

 

158

 

50 ± 6

117 ± 6

25 ± 4

25 ± 2

37 ± 2

 

281

 

51 ± 1

114 ± 6

21 ± 2

23 ± 2

33 ± 4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2-AA

2.00

 

325 ± 10

 

 

 

 

2-AA

5.00

 

 

468 ± 52

 

 

 

2-AA

10.0

 

 

 

237 ± 23

143 ± 4

139 ± 13

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


Key to Positive Controls

Key to Plate Postfix Codes

 

 

NaN3

2-AA

9-AA

DAUN

NQO

Sodium azide

2-Aminoanthracene

9-Aminoacridine

Daunomycin

4-Nitroquinoline-N-oxide

B

E

C

Precipitation at beginning of experiment

Precipitation until end of experiment

Contaminated



Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:
With and without addition of S9 mix as the external metabolizing system, the test item was not mutagenic under the experimental conditions described.
Executive summary:

The present study was conducted to investigate the test material for mutagenic potential in a bacterial reverse gene mutation assay in the absence and presence of a rat liver metabolizing system (S9 mix).

The investigations for the mutagenic potential of the test item were performed using Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535 and TA 1537, and Escherichia coil WP2 uvrA. The plate incorporation test with and without addition of liver S9 mix from rats pre-treated with Aroclor 1254 was used. In this study, two independent experimental series were performed.

Precipitation of the test material on the agar plates occurred at concentrations ≥ 158 µg/plate depending on the experimental conditions used. Toxicity to the bacteria was not observed.

Under the conditions described, there were no relevant increases in revertant numbers observed after exposure to the test item in the absence and presence of S9 mix.