sodium hydrogen [5-(diethylamino)-2-[(2-hydroxy-4-nitrophenyl)azo]phenolato(2-)][5-hydroxy-6-[(2-hydroxy-4-nitrophenyl)azo]-1-naphthalenesulfonato(3-)]-, chromate(2-)

Genetic toxicity: in vitro

Administrative data

Endpoint:

in vitro cytogenicity / chromosome aberration study in mammalian cells

Type of information:

other: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

2015

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Remarks:

The test was conducted by means of Read Across approach. The reliability of the source study report is 1. Further information was attached at section 13

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2015

Report date:

2015

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 473 (In Vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test)

Deviations:

no

Principles of method if other than guideline:

None

GLP compliance:

yes

Type of assay:

in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

Similar Substance 02

IUPAC Name:

Similar Substance 02

Method

Target gene:

Not applicable.

Species / strain

Species / strain / cell type:

Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79)

Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):

Exponentially growing CHO-K1 cells were seeded in complete medium (McCoy's 5A medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 1.5 mM L-glutamine, 100 units/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin and 2.5 μg/mL Amphotericin B) for each treatment condition at a target of 5 x 105 cells/culture. The cultures were incubated under standard conditions (37 ± 1°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5 ± 1% CO2 in air) for 16-24 hours.

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

not applicable

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

The S9 liver microsomal fraction

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

dose levels 2.5 to 300 μg/mL in the non-activated 4-hour exposure group, and at doses 5 to 200 μg/mL in the S9-activated 20-hour exposure group

Vehicle / solvent:

Dimethyl formamide (DMF)

Controls

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

cyclophosphamide

mitomycin C

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

Chromosome Aberration Assays
Seven to nineteen dose levels were tested using duplicate cultures at appropriate dose intervals based on the toxicity profile of the test substance. Precipitation of test substance dosing solution in the treatment medium was determined using unaided eye at the beginning and conclusion of treatment. The highest dose level evaluated for chromosome aberrations was either based on cytotoxicity (cell growth inhibition relative to the vehicle control) or visible precipitate at the conclusion of the treatment period. Two or three additional dose levels were included in the evaluation.

Treatment of Target Cells (Preliminary Toxicity Test and Chromosome Aberration Assay)
The pH at the highest test substance concentration was measured prior to dosing using a pH meter or test strips. Treatment was carried out by re-feeding the cultures with 5 mL complete medium for the non-activated exposure or 5 mL S9 mix (4 mL culture medium + 1 mL of S9 cofactor pool) for the S9-activated exposure, to which was added 50 μL of test substance dosing solution or vehicle alone. Untreated controls were re-fed with 5 mL complete medium for the non-activated exposure or 5 mL S9 mix (4 mL culture medium + 1 mL of S9 cofactor pool) for the S9-activated exposure. In the definitive assay, positive control cultures were resuspended in either 5 mL of complete medium for the non-activated studies, or 5 mL of the S9 reaction mixture (4 mL serum free medium + 1 mL of S9 cofactor pool), to which was added 50 μL of positive control in solvent.
After the 4 hour treatment period in the non-activated and the S9-activated studies, the treatment medium were aspirated, the cells were washed with calcium and magnesium free phosphate buffered saline (CMF-PBS), re-fed with complete medium, and returned to the incubator under standard conditions.
For the chromosomal aberration assay only, two hours prior to cell harvest, cultures with visible precipitate were washed with CMF-PBS to avoid precipitate interference with cell counts, and then Colcemid® was added to all cultures at a final concentration of 0.1 μg/mL. Thus the treatment time for the precipitating dose levels was 18 hours instead of 20 hours.

Collection of Metaphase Cells (Preliminary Toxicity Test and Chromosome Aberration Assayd)
For the preliminary toxicity test and chromosome aberration assays, cells were collected 20 hours (± 30 minutes), 1.5 normal cell cycles, after initiation of treatment to ensure that the cells are analyzed in the first division metaphase. Just prior to harvest, the cell cultures was visually inspected for the degree of monolayer confluency relative to the vehicle control. The cells were trypsinized and counted and the cell viability was assessed using trypan blue dye exclusion.
The cell count was determined from a minimum of two cultures to determine the number of cells being treated (baseline). The data was presented as cell growth inhibition in the treatment group compared to vehicle control. Cell growth was determined by Relative Increase in Cell Counts (RICC) as a measure of cytotoxicity (Fellows and O'Donovan 2007; Lorge et al., 2008). The cell counts and percent viability were used to determine cell growth inhibition relative to the vehicle control (% cytotoxicity).

Evaluation criteria:

The test substance was considered to have induced a positive response if:
• at least one of the test concentrations exhibited a statistically significant increase when compared with the concurrent negative control (p ≤ 0.05), and
• the increase was concentration-related (p ≤ 0.05), and
• results were outside the 95% control limit of the historical negative control data.

The test substance was considered to have induced a clear negative response if none of the criteria for a positive response were met.

Statistics:

The percentage of cells in mitosis per 500 cells scored (mitotic index) was determined and recorded for each coded treatment group selected for scoring chromosomal aberrations. Slides were coded using random numbers by an individual not involved with the scoring process. Metaphase cells with 20 ± 2 centromeres were examined under oil immersion without prior knowledge of treatment groups. Whenever possible, a minimum of 300 metaphase spreads from each dose level (150 per duplicate culture) were examined and scored for chromatid-type and chromosome-type aberrations.

The number and types of aberrations (structural and numerical) found, the percentage of structurally damaged cells in the total population of cells examined (percent aberrant cells), the percentage of numerically damaged cells in the total population of cells examined, and the average number of structural aberrations per cell (mean aberrations per cell) were calculated and reported for each treatment group. Chromatid and isochromatid gaps are presented in the data but are not included in the total percentage of cells with one or more aberrations or in the average number of aberrations per cell.

Results and discussion

Test results

Species / strain:

Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79)

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Remarks on result:

other: all strains/cell types tested

Remarks:

Migrated from field 'Test system'.

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

Negative for the induction of structural and numerical chromosome aberrations.

Executive summary:

Method

The test substance was tested in the chromosome aberration assay using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in both the absence and presence of an Aroclor-induced rat liver S9 metabolic activation system according to OECD Guideline 473.

A preliminary toxicity test was performed to establish the dose range for the chromosome aberration assay. The chromosome aberration assay was used to evaluate the clastogenic potential of the test substance. In both phases, CHO cells were treated for 4 and 20 hours in the non-activated test system and for 4 hours in the S9-activated test system. All cells were harvested 20 hours after treatment initiation. Dose formulations were adjusted for the purity of the test substance (65%), using a correction factor of 1.54.

Water was used as the vehicle based on the solubility of the test substance and compatibility with the target cells. In a solubility test conducted at BioReliance, the test substance formed a workable suspension in water at a maximum concentration of approximately 10 mg/mL. Cyclophosphamide and mitomycin C were evaluated as the concurrent positive controls for treatments with and without S9, respectively.

In the preliminary toxicity assay, the doses tested ranged from 0.2 to 2000 μg/mL. Cytotoxicity (≥ 50 % reduction in cell growth index relative to the vehicle control) was observed at dose levels 20, 200, 500, and 2000 μg/mL in the non-activated 4-hour exposure group, at dose levels ≥ 60 μg/mL in the S9-activated 4-hour exposure group, and at dose levels ≥ 600 μg/mL in the non-activated 20-hour exposure group. Based on these findings, the doses chosen for the chromosome aberration assay ranged from 2.5 to 300 μg/mL for the non-activated 4-hour exposure group, from 5 to 200 μg/mL for the S9-activated 4-hour exposure group, and from 5 to 300 μg/mL for the non-activated 20-hour exposure group.

 

Results

In the initial chromosome aberration assay, 55 ± 5 % cytotoxicity (reduction in cell growth index relative to the vehicle control) was not observed at any dose level in the non-activated 4-hour exposure group. Cytotoxicity was observed at 200 μg/mL in the S9-activated 4-hour exposure group and at dose levels ≥ 200 μg/mL in the non-activated 20-hour exposure group. At the conclusion of the treatment period, visible precipitate was observed at dose levels ≥ 75 μg/mL in all three treatment groups. The highest dose analyzed under each treatment condition exceeded the limit of solubility in treatment medium at the conclusion of the treatment period, which met the dose limit as recommended by testing guidelines for this assay.

The percentage of cells with structural or numerical aberrations in the non-activated 4 and 20-hour exposure groups was not significantly increased relative to vehicle control at any dose level (p > 0.05, Fisher's Exact test).

The percentage of cells with structural aberrations in the S9-activated 4-hour exposure group was statistically significantly increased (3.0%) relative to vehicle control at 75 μg/mL (p ≤ 0.01, Fisher's Exact test). However, the Cochran-Armitage test was negative for a dose response (p > 0.05). The percentage of cells with numerical aberrations in the S9-activated 4-hour exposure group was not significantly increased relative to vehicle control at any dose level (p > 0.05, Fisher's Exact test).

In order to confirm the positive response observed, the chromosome aberration assay was repeated in the S9-activated 4-hour exposure group at dose levels ranging from 25 to 100 μg/mL. In the repeat assay, 55 ± 5% cytotoxicity (reduction in cell growth index relative to the vehicle control) was not observed at any dose level in the non-activated 4-hour exposure group. At the conclusion of the treatment period, visible precipitate was observed at dose levels ≥ 55 μg/mL. The highest dose analyzed exceeded the limit of solubility in treatment medium at the conclusion of the treatment period, which met the dose limit as recommended by testing guidelines for this assay.

In the repeat assay, the percentage of cells with structural aberrations was not significantly increased relative to vehicle control at any dose level (p > 0.05, Fisher's Exact test). The percentage of cells with numerical aberrations in the S9-activated 4-hour exposure group was statistically significantly increased (6.0% and 5.7%) relative to vehicle control at dose levels 25 and 50 μg/mL, respectively (p ≤ 0.05, Fisher's Exact test). However, the Cochran-Armitage test was negative for a dose response (p > 0.05). In addition, the percentage of cells with numerical aberrations was within the historical control range of 0.0% to 9.5% and also within the 95% control limit of historical data. Therefore, the statistically significant induction was considered to have no biological relevance.

All vehicle control values were within historical ranges, and the positive controls induced significant increases in the percent of aberrant metaphases (p ≤ 0.01). Thus, all criteria for a valid study were met.

 

Conclusion

Under the conditions of the assay described in this report, the test substance was considered to be negative for the induction of structural and numerical chromosome aberrations in the non-activated and S9-activated test systems in the in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test using CHO cells.