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Ecotoxicological information

Toxicity to soil macroorganisms except arthropods

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Reference
Endpoint:
toxicity to soil macroorganisms except arthropods: long-term
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
2021
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 222 (Earthworm Reproduction Test (Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei))
Version / remarks:
Adopted in 2016
Deviations:
no
GLP compliance:
yes (incl. QA statement)
Specific details on test material used for the study:
Batch No.: HD0545YE04
Analytical monitoring:
no
Details on sampling:
None required
Vehicle:
yes
Remarks:
The test item was mixed with quartz sand (Gebrüder Dorfner GmbH Co., Kaolin- und Kristallquarzsandwerke KG, Scharhof 1, D-92242 Hirschau, Germany) before addition and mixing into soil substrate.
Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
As the test item is not soluble, dispersible or emulsifiable in water, the test item was mixed with fine quartz (10 g of a mixture of quartz sand and quantity of test substance corresponding to 600 g wet weight of artificial soil) sand, applied with this mixture to artificial soil and then moistened, using a laboratory mixer. The control was treated with the same amount sand as the test item groups. In order to obtain a better distribution of the test item fine quartz sand mixtures in the soil the test substrate was prepared by mixing the amount of soil needed for two replicates (1290.2 g dry weight) in one step. The test item concentrations were processed shortly before treatment as shown in table 1.
The availability of lipophilic test item (ingredients) in soil and therefore their toxicity to earthworms, depends on the organic matter content of the soil. For chemicals with log Pow >2, sorption is expected to be linearly, related to soil organic matter content.
With respect to the properties of the test item; if the partition coefficient (log Pow) of Test Item (or Active ingredient) is above 2, artificial soil with 5% instead of 10% peat is used, considering the influence on bioavailability (OECD 222).
The partition coefficient (log Pow) of Tall-oil, maleated: 4.97.
Artificial soil was prepared, as follows:
- 5% sphagnum-peat, air-dried and finely ground (2 mm ± 1 mm, with no visible plant remains)
- 20% kaolin clay (kaolinite content > 30%)
- approximately 75% industrial sand (predominantly fine sand, with more than 50% of the particles between 50 and 200 μm).
The air-dry constituents were blended in the correct proportions and mixed thoroughly with deionised water. The final water content was equivalent to 56.05% of the maximum WHC. The determination of pH value was done according to ISO 10390. The pH of the treated artificial soil was determined at the beginning, and at the end of the test. The maximal water holding capacity (WHC) of the artificial soil was determined according to OECD 222 Guideline. The moistened soil was divided in test containers corresponding with the number of test concentrations and controls. Soil moisture content was determined at the beginning and at the end of the test by SARTORIUS Moisture Analyzer. The water content of the artificial soil before moistening was 1.51 g/100 g dry soil. The maximal water holding capacity of the artificial soil was 35.99 g water/100 g dry soil.

Chemical analysis of the soil mixtures was not be performed in agreement of the Sponsor (it is not required by the OECD guideline).
Test organisms (species):
Eisenia fetida
Animal group:
annelids
Details on test organisms:
Taxonomic Group: Earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta)
Species: Eisenia fetida (Savigny 1826)
Life Stage: adults, adequately fed, healthy, disease-free colonies
Age: about 6 months (not differing in age by more than 4 weeks) with clitellum
Body Weight: 324 - 597 mg, including gut contents
Origin: BASF SE Crop Protection Division, Limburgerhof, Strain code: VT BASF 05 09 277 - 278 – 279 (in Charles River Laboratories Hungary Kft.), bred under standardised conditions (according to OECD 207 guideline) in the Ecotoxicological Laboratory of the Test Facility.
Acclimatisation: 1 day before the treatment, in artificial soil, under test environmental conditions (day 1 – day 0)
Number of animals: There were 40 earthworms at each concentration divided into 4 replicates (10 worms/replicate), while 80 earthworms were used in the untreated control divided into 8 replicates (10 worms/replicate). The homogeneity of the test population was checked as recommended.
Study type:
laboratory study
Substrate type:
artificial soil
Limit test:
no
Total exposure duration:
56 d
Remarks:
Duration of the Study: 1 day pre-exposure period, 28 days exposure period and 28 days incubation period (in total 56 days exposure)
Test temperature:
The temperature ranged from 19.1 °C – 21.9 °C and was recorded (using a min/max thermometer) within the climate chamber on weekdays during the test. The measured temperature values are shown below.
pH:
The pH ranges of the samples, measured on day 0 and day 56 of the experiment, were 5.69 – 5.80 at test initiation and 6.02 - 6.46 at the end of the test.
Moisture:
At the start of the test the moisture content of the test medium was adjusted to about 60% (56.05% calculated) of the maximum WHC which corresponded about 17.8% of the dry soil. The moisture content was checked in one replicate of all concentration levels by measuring the weight of the test container. The average water content was 20.17% of dry soil at the beginning of the test. At the end of the test, the average water content was determined in the same replicates and found to be 19.33% of dry soil. The measured maximal water holding is shown below.
Details on test conditions:
The earthworms were conditioned for about 24 hours before treatment in the test substrate. Then they were housed in appropriate plastic containers (with ~1 L volume and ~200 cm² area), filled with the moist artificial soil (the amount of the soil was approximately 730 g /test container corresponded to 600 g dry soil). These plastic containers were covered with a transparent and punctured lid to allow gas exchange.
The test containers were identified with numbers (study code, test groups, replicates) and were held in a climate chamber under continuous lighting at a light intensity of about 670 lux. The light intensity in the climate chamber was checked at the start of the test.
Nominal and measured concentrations:
A preliminary range-finding test was conducted to determine the approximate acute toxicity of the test item. Two test vessels (containing 10 worms) were exposed to a widely spaced concentrations (1000.0; 333.0; 100.0; 10.0 and 1.0 mg/kg soil dry weight) of the test item plus a control, for a period of 14 days. The mortality and biomass changes were assessed at the end of the test. The results of the range-finding test are summarised in Table 2.
The test concentrations selected for definitive test based on the results of the range finding test were: 62.5, 125.0, 250.0, 500.0 and 1000.0 mg /kg soil dry weight.
Reference substance (positive control):
yes
Remarks:
The sensitivity & reliability of the experimental procedure is assessed once a year by use of an item, known to be toxic & having an inhibitory effect to the earthworm reproduction such as Carbendazim (Active ingredient content: 99.3 %), last April 2021.
Duration:
56 d
Dose descriptor:
EC50
Effect conc.:
548.91 mg/kg soil dw
95% CI:
>= 435.04 - <= 692.59
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
reproduction
Duration:
56 d
Dose descriptor:
other: NOAEC
Effect conc.:
62.5 mg/kg soil dw
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
reproduction
Duration:
56 d
Dose descriptor:
other: LOAEC
Effect conc.:
125 mg/kg soil dw
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
reproduction
Duration:
28 d
Dose descriptor:
LC50
Effect conc.:
> 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
mortality
Duration:
28 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
1 000 mg/kg soil dw
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
development
Remarks:
biomass changes of adults
Duration:
28 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
1 000 mg/kg soil dw
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
mortality
Remarks:
of adults
Details on results:
Mortality: No mortality of adult (parent) worms was noted in the test item groups of 250.0, 500.0 and 1000.0 mg/kg soil dry weight after 28 days of exposure. After 28 days of exposure one out of 40 earthworms were observed as dead in the tested concentration of 125.0 mg/kg soil dry weight and 2/40 earthworms were observed as dead in the tested concentration of 62.5 mg/kg soil dry weight. These cases were considered due to natural causes rather than a toxic effect as these mortalities were between 2.5 % and 5.0 % in these test groups and no dose-related increase was observed in this study. Mortality was not detected in the control.
No behavioural effects were observed during the experiment neither in the test item treated groups nor in the control. The LC50 of Test Item could not be calculated due to the low mortality observed.
Changes in Biomass: There was an increase (1.91 %) in earthworm biomass over the 28-day period in the untreated control and also in test item concentrations up to 500.0 mg/kg soil dry weight, not statistically different to control. There was a slight decrease of biomass at the highest tested concentration of 1000.0 mg/kg soil dry weight (William’s Test, α = 0.05), but this difference did not show statistically significant effect when compared to the control.
Food consumption: The average food consumption was 24 g dry cow manure in total at the highest concentration of 1000.0 mg/kg soil dry weight, while it was 25 g in total, in the other test groups and in the control, but no statistical analysis could be run on these data due to the minimal difference in the data. Biological significant difference in feeding activity of the earthworms was not observed at the whole tested concentration range of 62.5 - 1000 mg/kg soil dry weight compared to the control.
Number of juveniles: The mean number of offspring was 125.25 juveniles (SD: 22.84) per replicate in the control. The number of juveniles and thus, the percentage mean of juveniles was statistically significant lower compared to the control group at the test item concentrations of 125.0, 250.0, 500.0 and 1000.0 mg/kg soil dry weight (William’s Test, α = 0.05). The EC50, based on the reproduction rate (juvenile numbers) of Eisenia fetida was determined as 548.91 mg/kg soil dry weight (95 % confidence limits: 435.04 – 692.59 mg/kg soil dry weight). The NOEC was 62.5 mg/kg soil dry weight.
For details on results please see tables!
Results with reference substance (positive control):
START OF EXPERIMENT: 25 February 2021
END OF EXPERIMENT: 22 April 2021
REFERENCE ITEM AND VEHICLE
Reference Item Name: Carbendazim, batch No.: MKCH5597 (Purity: 99.3 %, appearance off-white powder, expiry date: 31 March 2021, manufacturer: Sigma-Aldrich Co.)
The choice of the test item concentrations was done on the basis of the information obtained from the e-Pesticide Manual, OECD No. 222.
The following concentrations of Carbendazim were used in the study: 0.375, 0.75, 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 mg a.i./ kg soil dry weight (corresponding to 0.38; 0.76; 1.51; 3.02 and 6.04 mg test item/kg soil dry weight).
ORGANISMS
Taxonomic Group: Earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta)
Species: Eisenia fetida (Savigny 1826)
Life Stage: Adults
Age at start of experiment: About 6 months (not differing in age by more than 4 weeks) with clitellum.
Strain Code: VT BASF 05 09 266 -267 – 268 (in Charles River Laboratories Hungary Kft.)
Body Weight at start of experiment: 304 - 595 mg, including gut contents
Origin: BASF SE Crop Protection Division, Limburgerhof, Germany
RESULT
The test item Carbendazim (Active ingredient: 99.3 %) has adverse effect on the reproduction of earthworms (Eisenia fetida). The validity criteria of the study are met.
EC50 (56 day): 1.43 mg Carbendazim /kg soil dry weight (95 % confidence limits: 1.34 - 1.53 mg a.i./kg soil dry weight)
LC50 (28 day): >6.0 mg Carbendazim /kg soil dry weight
NOEC (28 day): 6.0 mg Carbendazim /kg soil dry weight (based on the adult mortality)
NOEC (28 day): 0.75 mg Carbendazim /kg soil dry weight (based on the biomass development)
LOEC (28 day): 1.5 mg Carbendazim /kg soil dry weight (based on the biomass development)
NOAEC (56 day): 0.75 mg Carbendazim /kg soil dry weight (based on percentage reproduction)
LOAEC (56 day): 1.5 mg Carbendazim /kg soil dry weight (based on percentage reproduction)

 


Table: Earthworm mortality after 28 days at different concentrations of tall-oil, maleated




















































































Concentration
of test item
[mg/kg soil dry weight]



Number of dead worms / replicates



Mean [%]



SD



(1)



(2)



(3)



(4)



(5)



(6)



(7)



(8)



Control



0



0



0



0



0.0



0.0



0



0



0



0



62.5



0



0



2



0



5.0 n.s



10.0



125.0



0



1



0



0



2.5 n.s



5.0



250.0



0



0



0



0



0.0 n.s



0.0



500.0



0



0



0



0



0.0 n.s



0.0



1000.0



0



0



0



0



0.0 n.s



0.0



SD: Standard deviation


n.s.: Statistically not significant compared to the control (William’s Test, α = 0.05) (one-sided, smaller test)


 


Table: Weight changes [%] of the parent earthworms at different concentrations of tall-oil, maleated




















































































Concentration
of test item
[mg/kg soil dry weight]



Weight change [%]



Mean [%]



SD



(1)



(2)



(3)



(4)



(5)



(6)



(7)



(8)



Control



-3.57



-0.40



1.54



6.89



1.91



4.72



-2.01



-1.73



5.18



9.40



62.5



4.92



4.12



8.99



11.23



7.31 n.s



3.37



125.0



3.00



9.93



3.05



4.99



5.25 n.s



3.26



250.0



7.68



7.92



1.20



1.51



4.58 n.s



3.73



500.0



-1.79



8.95



0.96



8.59



4.18 n.s



5.42



1000.0



-1.24



-4.67



-3.43



4.72



-1.15 n.s



4.16



SD: Standard deviation


n.s.: Statistically not significant compared to the control (William’s Test, α = 0.05) (one-sided, smaller test)


 


Table: Total amount of feed (g Dry Cow Manure) added per concentration [Average of four replicates (eight replicates in case of the Control)] during the course of the cest


































Concentration of test item
[mg/kg soil dry weight ]



Total amount of dry cow manure added per group between Day 0 and 28 (average of four or eight replicates) [g]



Control



25.00



62.5



25.00



125.0



25.00



250.0



25.00



500.0



25.00



1000.0



24.00



 


Table: Number of juveniles measured at different concentrations of tall-oil, maleated




















































































Concentration
of Test Item
[mg/kgsoil dry weight]



Number of juveniles



Mean



SD



(1)



(2)



(3)



(4)



(5)



(6)



(7)



(8)



Control



161



107



97



119



125.25



22.84



143



145



127



103



62.5



95



139



111



79



106.00 n.s



25.53



125.0



95



116



106



92



102.25*



10.97



250.0



97



84



108



106



98.75*



10.94



500.0



93



100



84



51



82.00*



21.68



1000.0



24



13



46



21



26.00*



14.12



SD: Standard deviation


n.s.: Statistically not significant compared to the control (William’s Test, α = 0.05) (one-sided, smaller test)


*: Statistically significant differences compared to the control (William’s Test, α = 0.05) (one-sided, smaller test)


 


 


Table: Individual worm weights
























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Concentration
[mg/kg]



Replicate



Day



Individual worm weights [mg]



Mean



SD



Control



(1)



0



509



401



385



437



439



424



525



542



431



415



450.8



54.51



28



448



391



561



490



419



464



440



321



376



437



434.7



65.50



(2)



0



393



452



472



397



562



586



509



518



372



485



474.6



72.23



28



358



389



533



509



414



676



410



528



409



501



472.7



95.30



(3)



0



377



487



556



376



399



399



499



434



590



423



454.0



75.60



28



336



570



476



459



549



450



491



461



385



433



461.0



69.17



(4)



0



561



367



380



400



531



407



522



470



373



486



449.7



72.90



28



445



433



583



358



552



531



550



398



418



539



480.7



78.64



(5)



0



568



443



548



365



436



366



466



443



526



477



463.8



69.09



28



457



515



478



445



503



402



425



425



458



437



454.5



35.71



(6)



0



425



441



489



557



388



481



525



473



450



445



467.4



49.03



28



559



534



397



498



448



397



458



503



365



434



459.3



63.55



(7)



0



499



395



427



426



426



542



504



349



443



392



440.3



58.84



28



551



406



575



425



421



448



426



505



410



464



463.1



60.47



(8)



0



398



542



449



553



364



409



441



442



380



362



434.0



67.56



28



418



474



410



619



398



441



487



491



577



433



474.8



72.93



62.5



(1)



0



442



380



356



465



393



480



544



375



401



472



430.8



59.47



28



424



507



313



524



494



521



388



420



483



446



452.0



67.46



(2)



0



382



471



412



597



426



396



385



435



441



352



429.7



68.01



28



400



418



393



477



594



416



438



510



434



394



447.4



63.65



(3)



0



385



578



470



432



356



400



358



460



406



457



430.2



66.08



28



378



500



539



468



522



406



463



475



-



-



468.9



54.76



(4)



0



503



384



375



390



464



355



431



553



369



433



425.7



64.57



28



428



556



393



514



408



672



441



467



485



371



473.5



89.71



125.0



(1)



0



403



399



374



550



507



397



481



432



401



384



432.8



59.37



28



372



428



526



662



191



489



357



401



634



398



445.8



138.77



(2)



0



371



472



502



459



489



484



473



534



324



399



450.7



65.19



28



539



633



516



520



411



384



523



518



415



-



495.4



78.37



(3)



0



405



411



575



444



420



502



420



515



456



566



471.4



63.99



28



467



465



488



555



619



577



425



411



371



480



485.8



77.56



(4)



0



465



444



536



366



494



384



405



451



367



453



436.5



55.88



28



387



514



435



410



450



554



496



477



463



397



458.3



53.58



250.0



(1)



0



496



371



345



407



428



427



507



415



380



507



428.3



57.89



28



454



551



510



442



469



361



470



476



487



392



461.2



54.49



(2)



0



400



410



423



395



464



341



468



526



526



402



435.5



59.64



28



417



563



364



524



519



531



547



372



458



405



470.0



75.74



(3)



0



470



372



470



519



474



487



406



340



410



383



433.1



58.56



28



311



383



403



554



588



352



396



398



522



476



438.3



91.65



(4)



0



394



575



567



477



552



446



346



368



405



381



451.1



86.87



28



429



562



534



400



447



451



526



464



377



389



457.9



64.07



500.0



(1)



0



427



386



454



465



449



481



537



408



378



421



440.6



47.50



28



433



382



412



484



457



508



462



414



385



390



432.7



43.71



(2)



0



431



476



419



479



369



446



447



388



585



361



440.1



65.35



28



555



668



439



433



594



408



407



472



468



351



479.5



97.31



(3)



0



405



393



535



458



425



389



416



529



355



356



426.1



63.64



28



496



357



385



467



423



469



317



410



497



481



430.2



62.28



(4)



0



402



363



422



385



342



421



467



431



420



467



412.0



40.53



28



490



443



507



442



469



471



569



349



360



374



447.4



69.87



1000.0



(1)



0



472



498



463



433



336



409



405



398



354



434



420.2



50.82



28



418



433



352



392



421



324



430



432



473



475



415.0



47.87



(2)



0



448



455



437



443



355



481



388



463



467



367



430.4



44.20



28



459



435



335



477



398



397



316



411



438



437



410.3



51.43



(3)



0



447



455



522



445



374



373



369



422



490



392



428.9



52.50



28



457



423



445



263



402



432



453



466



409



392



414.2



58.59



(4)



0



505



425



424



437



447



395



361



414



574



365



434.7



64.12



28



332



373



426



742



460



404



450



438



458



469



455.2



109.65



 


Table 11: Amount of feed added (g cow manure dry weight per replicate) to the different treatment groups during the test

























































































































































































































































































































Concentration
[mg/kg]



Replicate



Day



Total



Mean
(Day 0 – 28)



1



7



14



21



28



35-49



Control



(1)



5



5



5



5



5



0



25



25.0



(2)



5



5



5



5



5



0



25



(3)



5



5



5



5



5



0



25



(4)



5



5



5



5



5



0



25



(5)



5



5



5



5



5



0



25



(6)



5



5



5



5



5



0



25



(7)



5



5



5



5



5



0



25



(8)



5



5



5



5



5



0



25



62.5



(1)



5



5



5



5



5



0



25



25.0



(2)



5



5



5



5



5



0



25



(3)



5



5



5



5



5



0



25



(4)



5



5



5



5



5



0



25



125.0



(1)



5



5



5



5



5



0



25



25.0



(2)



5



5



5



5



5



0



25



(3)



5



5



5



5



5



0



25



(4)



5



5



5



5



5



0



25



250.0



(1)



5



5



5



5



5



0



25



25.0



(2)



5



5



5



5



5



0



25



(3)



5



5



5



5



5



0



25



(4)



5



5



5



5



5



0



25



500.0



(1)



5



5



5



5



5



0



25



25.0



(2)



5



5



5



5



5



0



25



(3)



5



5



5



5



5



0



25



(4)



5



5



5



5



5



0



25



1000.0



(1)



5



5



5



4



5



0



24



24.0



(2)



5



5



5



4



5



0



24



(3)



5



5



5



4



5



0



24



(4)



5



5



5



4



5



0



24



 

Validity criteria fulfilled:
yes
Remarks:
All validity criteria in the controls were within acceptable limits and therefore, the study can be considered as valid. No mortality and the mean reproduction was 125.25 juveniles per container. The coefficient of variation of reproduction was 18.24%.
Conclusions:
Under the conditions of the test, Tall-oil, maleated had adverse effect on the reproduction of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) (measured by the number of juveniles).
EC50 (56 day): 548.91 mg/kg soil dry weight (95 % confidence limits: 435.04 - 692.59 mg/kg soil dry weight)
NOAEC (56 day): 62.5 mg/kg soil dry weight
LOAEC (56 day): 125.0 mg/kg soil dry weight
Under the conditions of this test, Tall-oil, maleated didn’t show an adverse effect on mortality and biomass, but affected the reproduction of the adult earthworms.
LC50 (28 day): >1000.0 mg/kg soil dry weight, based on the adult mortality
NOEC (28 day): 1000.0 mg/kg soil dry weight, based on the adult mortality
NOEC (28 day): 1000.0 mg/kg soil dry weight, based on the biomass changes
Executive summary:

No mortality of adult (parent) worms was noted in the test item groups of 250.0, 500.0 and 1000.0 mg/kg soil dry weight after 28 days of exposure. One out of 40 earthworms were observed as dead in the tested concentration of 125.0 mg/kg soil dry weight and 2/40 earthworms were observed as dead in the tested concentration of 62.5 mg/kg soil dry weight, which were considered due to natural causes rather than a toxic effect, as these mortalities were only 2.5 and 5.0 % in these test groups. No significant mortality (i.e. >10%) or dose-related increase was observed in this study. Mortality was not detected in the control.


There was an increase (1.91%) in earthworm biomass over the 28-day period in the untreated control and also in test item concentrations up to 500.0 mg/kg soil dry weight, not statistically different to control. There was a slight decrease of biomass at the highest tested concentration of 1000.0 mg/kg soil dry weight (William’s Test, α = 0.05), but this difference did not show statistically significant effect when compared to the control. The feed consumption at the highest concentrations of 1000.0 mg/kg soil dry weight was slightly lower than in the control.


The mean number of juveniles in the control group was 125.25 per replicate. The number of juveniles and the percentage mean of juveniles were statistically significant lower compared to the control group at the test item concentrations of 125.0, 250.0, 500.0 and 1000.0 mg/kg soil dry weight (William’s Test, α = 0.05). This followed a dose response and was considered to be an adverse effect of the test item. Therefore, the EC50, based on the reproduction rate (juvenile numbers) of Eisenia fetida was determined as 548.91 mg/kg soil dry weigjht (95 % confidence limits: 435.04 – 692.59 mg/kg soil dry weight)

Description of key information

To investigate effects of tall-oil, maleated on earthworms and their reproduction, an OECD 222 study was performed.


Under the conditions of this test, Tall-oil, maleated didn’t show an adverse effect on mortality and biomass, but affected the reproduction of the adult earthworms. The following data were recorded:


EC50 (56 day): 548.91 mg/kg soil dry weight (95 % confidence limits: 435.04 - 692.59 mg/kg soil dry weight)


NOAEC (56 day): 62.5 mg/kg soil dry weight


LOAEC (56 day): 125.0 mg/kg soil dry weight


LC50 (28 day): >1000.0 mg/kg soil dry weight, based on the adult mortality


NOEC (28 day): 1000.0 mg/kg soil dry weight, based on the adult mortality


NOEC (28 day): 1000.0 mg/kg soil dry weight, based on the biomass changes

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Short-term EC50 or LC50 for soil macroorganisms:
1 000 mg/kg soil dw
Long-term EC10, LC10 or NOEC for soil macroorganisms:
62.5 mg/kg soil dw

Additional information