2-chlorophenol

Endpoint summary

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Genetic toxicity in vitro

Description of key information

Ames test (OECD 471): negative in S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100 and E. coli WP2 uvrA with and without metabolic activation

Chromosome aberration test (similar to OECD 473): negative in CHL/IU cells without metabolic activation; inconclusive with metabolic activation

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

23 Mar - 2 Apr 1999

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

JAPAN: Guidelines for Screening Mutagenicity Testing Of Chemicals

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

no data on historical controls provided

GLP compliance:

yes

Remarks:

according to the Japanese GLP Standard (as described on JECDB)

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Specific details on test material used for the study:

STABILITY AND STORAGE CONDITIONS OF TEST MATERIAL
- Storage condition of test material: in closed bottle at room temperature
- Solubility and stability of the test substance in the solvent/vehicle: water solubility 2.71%, easily soluble in DMSO and acetone

Target gene:

his operon, trp operon

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and E. coli WP2

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

S9 mix, prepared from the livers of rats treated with phenobarbital and 5-6-benzoflavone

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

TA100 and TA1535, with and without metabolic activation: 39.1, 78.1, 156, 313, 652, 1250 and 2500 μg/mL (tested up to cytotoxic concentrations)
WP2uvrA, TA98 and TA1537, with and without metabolic activation: 156, 313, 652, 1250, 2500 and 5000 μg/mL (tested up to the limit dose)

Vehicle / solvent:

- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: DMSO
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: Due to the limited solubility of the test substance in water, DMSO was selected as the vehicle.

Untreated negative controls:

no

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

9-aminoacridine

sodium azide

other: aminofluorene for TA100 and TA98, N-ethyl-N'-nitrosogunanidine for WP2uvrA, 2-aminoanthracene for strains with S9

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION: preincubation

DURATION
- Preincubation period: 20 minutes
- Exposure duration: 48 h

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS:3 replications each in 2 independent experiments

Evaluation criteria:

Evaluation:
A test substance was considered positive in the Ames test if:
a) a more than 2-fold increase in the number of revertants was observed
b) the increase was dose-related
c) the positive result was reproducible.

A test substance was considered negative in the Ames test if none of the above criteria were observed under all experimental conditions.

Statistics:

Mean values and standard deviations were calculated.

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 98

Remarks:

TA100/ TA1535/ TA1537

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Remarks:

starting at 1250 µg/mL +/-S9 in TA 100 and TA 1535; starting at 2500 µg/mL +/- S9 in WP2 uvrA, TA 98 and TA 1537

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Key result

Species / strain:

E. coli WP2 uvr A

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES:
A preliminary test was performed with test concentrations ranging from 1.22 - 5000 μg/mL with/without S9. No increase in the number of revertants was observed. Furthermore, cytotoxicity was observed starting at 1250 μg/mL in TA100 and TA1535, and at 5000 μg/mL in WP2urvA, TA98 and TA1537 with and without metabolic activation.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY:
- Measurement of cytotoxicity used: number of revertant colonies

Table 1. Test results for 2 -chlorphenol (Trial 1)

 

With or without S9-Mix	Test substance concentration (μg/plate)	Mean number of revertant colonies per plate ± standard deviation
		Base-pair substitution type			Frameshift type
		TA100	TA1535	WP2urvA	TA98	TA1537
–	0	112 ± 7	10 ± 3	24 ± 2	22 ± 5	7 ± 2
–	39.1	123 ± 5	8 ± 1	-	-	-
–	78.1	104 ± 18	12 ± 1	-	-	-
–	156	116 ± 15	11 ± 5	22 ± 3	24 ± 2	6 ± 2
–	313	103 ± 12	8 ± 2	33 ± 3	21 ± 3	7 ± 2
–	625	101 ± 12	12 ± 4	22 ± 2	23 ± 4	7 ± 2
–	1250	84 ± 9*	7 ± 2*	22 ± 2	20 ± 2	5 ± 1
–	2500	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0*
–	5000	-	-	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0*
–	Positive controls	AF-2	NaN3	ENNG	AF-2	9-AA
	Mean No. of colonies/plate ± SD	541 ± 38	377 ± 12	821 ± 29	375 ± 29	351 ± 39
+	0	113 ± 4	7 ± 2	27 ± 5	26 ± 4	13 ± 5
+	39.1	111 ± 9	8 ± 1	-	-	-
+	78.1	110 ± 15	11 ± 3	-	-	-
+	156	122 ± 6	9 ± 2	25 ± 4	28 ± 3	10 ± 2
+	313	117 ± 9	7 ± 2	29 ± 9	29 ± 10	12 ± 3
+	625	109 ± 11	9 ± 2	32 ± 7	28 ± 7	14 ± 3
+	1250	85 ± 5*	12 ± 3*	31 ± 4	27 ± 6	12 ± 4
+	2500	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0*
+	5000	-	-	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0*
+	Positive controls	2-AA	2-AA	2-AA	2-AA	2-AA
	Mean No. of colonies/plate ± SD	1161 ± 32	168 ± 7	1313 ± 38	443 ± 9	140 ± 6

AF-2= 2 -aminofluorene

NaN3 = sodium azid

ENNG = N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N'-nitrosogunanidine

9-AA = 9-aminoacridine

2AA = 2-aminoanthracene

SD = standard deviation

* = growth inhibition/cytotoxicity

Table 2. Test results for 2 -chlorphenol (Trial 2)

 

With or without S9-Mix	Test substance concentration (μg/plate)	Mean number of revertant colonies per plate ± standard deviation
		Base-pair substitution type			Frameshift type
		TA100	TA1535	WP2urvA	TA98	TA1537
–	0	105 ± 4	8 ± 2	20 ± 5	23 ± 3	13 ± 1
–	39.1	106 ± 3	8 ± 2	-	-	-
–	78.1	103 ± 9	7 ± 1	-	-	-
–	156	103 ± 5	8 ± 2	29 ± 2	23 ± 2	15 ± 4
–	313	108 ± 11	11 ± 1	26 ± 4	18 ± 2	12 ± 2
–	625	94 ± 2	8 ± 1	23 ± 4	18 ± 2	15 ± 1
–	1250	87 ± 15*	8 ± 2*	19 ± 3	15 ± 2	14 ± 4
–	2500	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0*
–	5000	-	-	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0*
–	Positive controls	AF-2	NaN3	ENNG	AF-2	9-AA
	Mean No. of colonies/plate ± SD	524 ± 14	514 ± 46	843 ± 33	505 ± 21	430 ± 34
+	0	105 ± 3	10 ± 2	25 ± 5	25 ± 5	19 ± 2
+	39.1	101 ± 6	9 ± 1	-	-	-
+	78.1	108 ± 10	8 ± 2	-	-	-
+	156	95 ± 8	11 ± 3	28 ± 5	25 ± 4	18 ± 5
+	313	96 ± 6	10 ± 1	27 ± 4	25 ± 6	16 ± 3
+	625	108 ± 10	9 ± 2	28 ± 6	26 ± 2	21 ± 3
+	1250	96 ± 5*	8 ± 3*	29 ± 3	23 ± 0	19 ± 2
+	2500	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0*
+	5000	-	-	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0*
+	Positive controls	2-AA	2-AA	2-AA	2-AA	2-AA
	Mean No. of colonies/plate ± SD	1010 ± 58	210 ± 9	1477 ± 47	424 ± 12	192 ± 7

AF-2= 2 -aminofluorene

NaN3 = sodium azido

ENNG = N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N'-nitrosogunanidine

9-AA = 9-aminoacridine

2AA = 2-aminoanthracene

SD = standard deviation

* = growth inhibition/cytotoxicity

Reference 2

Endpoint:

in vitro cytogenicity / chromosome aberration study in mammalian cells

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

no data

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions

Remarks:

200 metaphases scored, evaluation criteria differ from OECD TG 473 (no statistical analysis performed); limited data on historical data provided, cell proliferation used as parameter for cytotoxicity, no C-charts or X-bar charts provided

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

JAPAN: Guidelines for Screening Mutagenicity Testing Of Chemicals

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 473 (In Vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test)

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

200 metaphases scored, evaluation criteria differ from OECD TG 473 (no statistical analysis performed), limited data on historical data provided (no values/range given), no RPD or RICC values given, no C-charts or X-bar charts provided

GLP compliance:

yes

Remarks:

according to the Japanese GLP Standard (as described on JECDB)

Type of assay:

in vitro mammalian cell micronucleus test

Specific details on test material used for the study:

STABILITY AND STORAGE CONDITIONS OF TEST MATERIAL
- Storage condition of test material: in a closed bottle at room temperature
- Solubility and stability of the test substance in the solvent/vehicle: water solubility 2.71%, easily soluble in DMSO and acetone

Target gene:

Not applicable

Species / strain / cell type:

other: CHL/IU

Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):

CELLS USED
- Source of cells: Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
- Suitability of cells: yes
- Cell cycle length, doubling time or proliferation index: no data given


MEDIA USED
- Type and identity of media including CO2 concentration if applicable: Eagle MEM supplemented with 10% fetale calf serum, 0.02% L-glutamine, 0.12% NaHCO3
- Properly maintained: yes

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

S9 mix prepared from the livers of rats treated with phenobarbital and 5,6-benzoflavone

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

Experiment I: with and without metabolic activitaion: 62.5, 125, 250 and 500 μg/mL (tested up to cytotoxic concentrations)
Experiment II: without metabolic activation: 200, 300, 400 and 500 μg/mL (tested up to cytotoxic concentrations)

Vehicle / solvent:

- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: DMSO
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: Due to the limited solibility of the test substance in water, DMSO was selected as the vehicle.

Untreated negative controls:

no

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

benzo(a)pyrene

mitomycin C

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION: in medium
- Cell density at seeding (if applicable): 4 * 10000 cells/mL. After 3 days of culture, the medium was changed and the cells were exposed to the test substance.

DURATION
- Exposure duration: 6 h
- Fixation time (start of exposure up to fixation or harvest of cells): 24 h (harvest time: 18 h)
h

SPINDLE INHIBITOR (cytogenetic assays): 0.1 µg/mL Colcemid in medium

STAIN: Giemsa

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: duplicates each; +S9 one experiment (Experiment I), -S9: 2 independent experiments (Experiment I and II)

NUMBER OF METAPHASE SPREADS ANALYSED PER DOSE (if in vitro cytogenicity study in mammalian cells): 200

Rationale for test conditions:

The test concentrations were selected based on the results of the preliminary tests.

Evaluation criteria:

A test substance is considered positive in the chromosome aberration test if it induced an increase in the aberration frequency of at least 10% . A test substance was considered false positive if it induced an increase in the frequency of aberrant cells in the range of 5 - 10%. A test substance was considered negative if it induced an increase in the aberration frequency of < 5%.

Key result

Species / strain:

other: CHL/IU

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Remarks:

no increase in the aberration frequency in non-cytotoxic concentrations (< 55% cytotoxicity) - S9; inconclusive + S9 (missing statistics and historical data)

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Remarks:

all experimental parts: at the highest tested concentration (MT1, +/- S9: at 500 µg/mL; MT2, -S9: 500 µg/mL) (> 55% cytotoxicity)

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES:
Three range-finding tests were performed to evaluate cytotoxicity of the test material. In the first pre-test, concentrations of 50, 500 and 5000 μg/mL were applied with and without S9 mix. Based on the results in the first test, concentrations of 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 μg/mL were tested in the second pre-test with and without S9 mix. In the second pre-test, reduced cell proliferation > 50% was observed starting at 500 µg/mL with and without S9 mix supplementation. To verify the observed results, a third pre-test was conducted with test concentrations of 12.6, 31.1, 62.5, 125, 250 and 500 µg/mL (no information on results provided).

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY:
- Measurement of cytotoxicity used: cell profilferation (mitotic index)

TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Other confounding effects: Toxicity
In all experimental parts without S9 mix supplementation, an increase in the aberration frequency was observed at the highest concentration tested. Due to the observed excessive cytotoxicity at these concentrations, chromosomal damage is considered as artefactual positive result.

Table 1 Test results of Experiment I.

Test item	Concentration	Mitotic Index	Aberrant cells
	[µg/mL]	[%]	with gaps (cells)	without gaps (%)
				structural aberrant cells	numerical aberrant cells
Exposure period 6 h, fixation time 18h, without S9 mix
DMSO	0.5% (v/v)	100	1	3.5	0.5
MMC	0.1	53	15	95.5	0
Test substance	62.5	97	2	3	0.5
	125	75	0	4.5	0
	250	67	0	2	2
	500	30 T	3	25.5	0
Exposure period 6h, fixation time 18h, with S9 mix
DMSO	0.5% (v/v)	100	2	1.5	0
BP	20	75	7	89.5	0
Test substance	62.5	105	0	1.5	1
	125	104	1	6	2
	250	90	3	12	0
	500	30 T	1	38.6	0

MMC: mitomycin C, BP: benzo(a)pyrene, T: toxicity

Table 2. Test result of Experiment II.

Test item	Concentration	Mitotic Index	Aberrant cells
	[µg/mL]	[%]	with gaps (cells)	without gaps (%)
				structural aberrant cells	numerical aberrant cells
Exposure period 6 h, fixation time 18h, without S9 mix
DMSO	0.5% (v/v)	100	1	0	0
MMC	0.1	72	9	61.5	0.5
Test substance	200	69	0	2.5	1.5
	300	59	1	1	2.5
	400	52	1	2.5	0
	500	25 T	5	34	0

MMC: mitomycin C, T: toxicity

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed (negative)

Genetic toxicity in vivo

Description of key information

SCE (in vivo, integrated in a 14 day RDT study): negative in testes and bone marrow cells (limited data, SS)

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

in vivo mammalian somatic cell study: cytogenicity / bone marrow chromosome aberration

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

secondary literature

Remarks:

(limited details on study design and results provided)

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

- Principle of test: A 14-day repeat dose toxicity study with 2-chlorophenol was performed including evaluation of sister chromatid exchanges. Groups of 12 male and female CD-1 mice were exposed to 2-chlorophenol at dose levels of 35, 69 and 175 mg/kg bw/day by oral gavage once daily for 14 consecutive days. Vehicle control animals received the vehicle, corn oil, only. In addition a treatment naive and a positive control group (cyclosphosphamide, 25 mg/kg bw) were included.

- Parameters analysed / observed: SCE (testes and bone marrow).

GLP compliance:

not specified

Type of assay:

sister chromatid exchange assay

Species:

mouse

Strain:

CD-1

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Assigned to test groups randomly: yes
- Housing: individually in plastic shoebox cage with hardwood sawdust bedding

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 22° +/- 2°C
- Humidity (%): relative humidity 40-60%
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Vehicle:

- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: corn oil
- Amount of vehicle: 10 mL/kg bw

Details on exposure:

PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS: prepared on day of administration

Duration of treatment / exposure:

14 days

Frequency of treatment:

Once daily

Post exposure period:

none

Dose / conc.:

35 mg/kg bw/day

Remarks:

Doses tested were 35, 69 and 175 mg/kg bw/day. All animals at 175 mg/kg bw/day died and could not be evaluated. Highest evaluated dose was 69 mg/kg bw/day.

Dose / conc.:

69 mg/kg bw/day

Remarks:

Doses tested were 35, 69 and 175 mg/kg bw/day. All animals at 175 mg/kg bw/day died and could not be evaluated. Highest evaluated dose was 69 mg/kg bw/day.

No. of animals per sex per dose:

12

Control animals:

yes, concurrent no treatment

yes, concurrent vehicle

other: yes, positive control

Positive control(s):

cyclophosphamide
- Route of administration: oral gavage
- Doses / concentrations: 25 mg/kg bw

Tissues and cell types examined:

testes and bone marrow

Key result

Sex:

male/female

Genotoxicity:

negative

Toxicity:

yes

Vehicle controls validity:

not specified

Negative controls validity:

not specified

Positive controls validity:

not specified

Additional information on results:

Mortality was observed in the highest dose group. In the mid-dose group, a decrease in body weight was observed. Administration of the low and mid-dose caused hyperactivity in the test animals. No alterations on clinical or haematological parameters were observed. Females revealed reduced liver, brain and spleen weights. No gross anomalies were observed. No biologically or statistically significant compound-related effects on DNA repair were observed in the examined tissues.

Conclusions:

Interpretation of results: negative

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed (negative)

Additional information

2-Chlorophenol was tested for its mutagenic properties in bacterial cells. Furthermore, data on the clastogenic properties were obtained based on in vitro and in in vivo studies.

Gene mutation in bacteria

Mutagenicity of 2-chlorophenol was tested in a GLP-conform bacterial reverse mutation assay equivalent to OECD TG 471 performed with a standard battery of Salmonella typhimurium tester strains including TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100 and WP2uvrA bacterial cells (reference 7.6.1-1). Based on the results of a preliminary cytotoxicity test, concentrations of up to 2500 or 5000 µg/plate were tested in TA 100 and TA 1535 or WP2uvrA and, TA 98 and TA 1537, respectively. 2-chlorophenol did not exhibit mutagenic properties in the absence or presence of metabolic activation. Toxicity indicated by reduced number of revertants was observed in all strains at least at the highest applied dose. Positive control substances induced a distinct increase in the number of revertants in all strains with and without metabolic activation thereby proving validity of the assay. Based on the results of the conducted study, 2-chlorophenol is not considered to exhibit mutagenic properties in bacterial cells. 

Cytogenicity in vitro

An in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test was performed with the test substance in Chinese hamster lung cells (CHL/IU) similar to the current OECD TG 473 and GLP (reference 7.6.1-2). Duplicate cultures were evaluated for chromosome aberrations in the presence and absence of metabolic activation (rat liver S9-mix). Based on the results of two range-finding studies, concentrations of 62.5, 125, 250 and 500 μg/mL were applied for 6 h in the first experiment with and without metabolic activation. In the second experiment cells were exposed to 200, 300, 400 and 500 μg/mL without S9 mix for 6 h. Mitomycin C and Benzo(a)pyrene were used as positive control substances, which validated the test conditions and/or the activity of the metabolizing system. Evaluation of 200 well-spread metaphases per concentration revealed no biologically relevant increase in the frequency of chromosome aberrations at non-cytotoxic concentrations without metabolic activation in comparison to the negative controls. The observed increase in the aberration frequency at clearly cytotoxic concentrations determined in every experimental part without metabolic activation is considered as artefactual positive result due to excessive cytotoxicity > 55% as defined in OECD TG 473. In the presence of S9 mix, a dose-dependent increase in the frequency of aberrant cells was observed exceeding the defined threshold level (10%) at a non-cytotoxic concentration. However, due to missing historical data and statistical analysis, this result has to be considered as inconclusive. Thus, based on the results of this study taking into consideration the observed excessive cytotoxicity, 2-chlorophenol is considered to be non-clastogenic to Chinese hamster lung cells in vitro without metabolic activation, whereas no conclusive decision on the clastogenic properties in the presence of metabolic activation can be drawn.

Cytogenicity in vivo

In addition to the in vitro data on cytogenicity, supporting data from a 14-day repeat dose toxicity study including evaluation of sister chromatid exchanges in testes and bone marrow is available for 2-chlorophenol (reference 7.6.2-1). Groups of 12 male and 12 female CD-1 mice were exposed to the test item at dose levels of 35, 69, and 175 mg/kg bw/day by oral gavage once daily for 14 consecutive days. Vehicle control animals received the vehicle, corn oil, only. In addition a treatment naive and a positive control group (cyclosphosphamide, 25 mg/kg bw) were included. Observations and examinations of the animals included clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, haematology, clinical chemistry, liver microsomal activities, immune response, genetic toxicology, certain reproductive toxicology endpoints, activity and behavioral measurements, gross necropsy and organ weights. Mortality was observed in the highest dose group. In the mid-dose group, a decrease in body weight was observed. Administration of the low and mid-dose caused hyperactivity in the test animals. No alterations on clinical or haematological parameters were observed. Females revealed reduced liver, brain and spleen weights. No gross anomalies were observed. No biologically or statistically significant compound-related effects on DNA repair were observed in the examined tissues. Thus, the available data indicate that 2-chlorophenol does not exhibit DNA damaging properties and hence, support the in vitro data, that 2-chlorophenol does not exhibit clastogenic properties.

In summary, based on the available data on genetic toxicity, there is no clear evidence that 2-chlorophenol induces genetic toxicity in bacteria or clastogenic properties in vitro and in vivo. The in vivo data are considered as sufficiently reliable to enable a conclusive decision on the clastogenic properties as basic data are provided which support the inclonclusive finding in the available cytogenicity study.

Justification for classification or non-classification

Based on the available data on genetic toxicity, there is no indication that 2-chlorophenol induces genetic toxicity in bacteria or clastogenic properties in vitro and in vivo. Taking into consideration the harmonized classification, 2-chlorophenol is not expected to exhibit hazardous properties in regard to genetic toxicity. Thus, 2 -chlorophenol does not meet the classification criteria according to Regulation (EC) 1272/2008.