4,4'-sulphonyldiphenol

Biodegradation in soil

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

biodegradation in soil, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

2020

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Justification for type of information:

REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE CATEGORY APPROACH
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1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE CATEGORY APPROACH (ENDPOINT LEVEL)
[Describe why the read-across can be performed]

2. CATEGORY APPROACH JUSTIFICATION (ENDPOINT LEVEL
[Summarise here based on available experimental data how these results verify that the read-across is justified]

Principles of method if other than guideline:

This study used 14C-labeled BPS to examine the fate, biodegradation, and residue properties of BPS incubated in an oxic soil for 28 days. The 14CO2 released from14C-BPS during the incubation was trapped with NaOH solution.
After 0, 2, 4, 6, 11, 19, and 28 days of incubation, three flasks were removed for the analysis of radioactivity in 14CO2, extractable residues, and NERs. Control treatments were performed using sterilized soil. All experiments wereperformed in triplicate.

GLP compliance:

no

Test type:

laboratory

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Non-labeled phenol BPS (98%) were purchased from Sigma Corp. (Shanghai, China).

Radiolabelling:

yes

Remarks:

Uniformly 14C-ring-labeled BPS (14C-BPS) on two rings was synthesized in laboratory from 14C-phenol. The synthesized 14C-BPS had a specific radioactivity of 4.8 × 108 Bq mmol−1, a chemical purity > 98%, and a radiochemical purity of 98.8%.

Oxygen conditions:

aerobic

Soil no.:

#1

Soil type:

other: soil was collected in March 2015 from a paddy rice field at the Changshu Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, China.

% Clay:

46.7

% Silt:

37.9

% Sand:

15.4

% Org. C:

3.65

pH:

7.03

CEC:

23.4 other: cmol/kg

% Moisture content:

70

Soil No.:

#1

Duration:

28 d

Soil No.:

#1

Initial conc.:

2 mg/kg soil d.w.

Based on:

test mat.

Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:

CO2 evolution

Soil No.:

#1

Temp.:

25

Humidity:

70% of maximal water-holding capacity(MWHC)

Soil No.:

#1

% Total extractable:

3.7

% Non extractable:

45.1

% CO2:

53.6

Key result

Soil No.:

#1

DT50:

2.8 d

Type:

(pseudo-)first order (= half-life)

Temp.:

25 °C

Transformation products:

not specified

Residues:

yes

Mineralization rate (Km) for BPS: 0.142 (1/d) +/- 0.015, corresponding to an half-life of 4.9 days 

Conclusions:

The main fate of BPS in the active soil was mineralization and NER formation, each accounting after 28 days for approximately half of the initial application (53.6 ± 0.2% and 44.9 ± 2.9%, respectively). BPS dissipation was attributed to biodegradation and NER formation, with a half-life (t1/2)of 2.8 days.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

biodegradation in soil, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

2017

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Soil (10 g air-dried weight) was added to sterile 125 mL amber glass serum bottles capped with butyl rubber aluminum crimp caps, adjusted to approximately 75% of field capacity (Table 1) using sterile water, and preincubated for 5 days at 22 ± 2 °C to establish a steady-state
microbial activity. Soils for sterile controls were autoclave sterilized. After pre- incubation, a set of soil microcosms were autoclaved (hereafter referred to as autoclave-sterilized
controls) three times at 103.4 KPa and 121 °C for 2 h on day 1, 2, and 4. All glassware and deionized water were also autoclave-sterilized.
All experiments were conducted with individual bisphenol chemicals (BPs) in triplicate for microbially active systems and in duplicate for autoclave-sterilized controls. Individual target compounds were added to soil microcosms through a talc carrier to target an initial soil concentration of 100 μg/kg. BP coated talc was prepared by mixing 10 mL of an individual chemical stock solution (10 mg/L) dissolved in MeOH with 10 g of talc in a Petri dish followed by evaporating MeOH and homogenizing dry BP-coated talc. Single compound amended
talc (100 mg) was added to each microcosm resulting in the mass of talc not exceeding 1% of the soil weight. In previous studies, no significant influence of the talc on chemical degradation including phenolic-based compounds or differences
compared to using ethanol as the target compound carrier. Talc was considered to allow for a more even distribution in the soil, thus is often selected as the carrier of choice for low solubility compounds. Compound concentrations were monitored for 180 days with sampling times selected based on expected degradation patterns and adjusted accordingly depending on observed degradation trends. Headspace O2 and CO2 levels were measured by sampling 5 mL of headspace in a subset of microcosms using a monoject 6 mL needle syringe at designated incubation times to confirm aerobic conditions and biological activity were maintained.. Headspace samples were injected directly onto an Agilent 7890A gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD).
At each sampling time, triplicate microcosms were extracted three times sequentially with 25 mL of MeOH each time. After each extraction, bottles were equilibrated end-overend at 35 rpm for ∼24 h at room temperature (22 ± 2 °C), and centrifuged at 1700 rpm for 60 min. Aliquots (1 mL) of individual extracts were added to an HPLC vial and d8-BPA (0.5 mL) was added uniformly to all vials.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Test type:

laboratory

Radiolabelling:

no

Soil classification:

other: Two surface clay loam soils were used in this study: one sampled in a forested area close to the Purdue campus (FRST-50) and one sampled from the Purdue Student Organic Farm (PSF-51)

Year:

2017

Soil no.:

#1

Soil type:

other: FSRT-50

% Clay:

28

% Silt:

36

% Sand:

36

% Org. C:

2.7

pH:

5.8

CEC:

11.3 other: cmol/kg

Soil no.:

#2

Soil type:

other: PSF-51

% Clay:

30

% Silt:

34

% Sand:

36

% Org. C:

1.5

pH:

6.2

CEC:

6.9 other: cmol/kg

Soil No.:

#1

Initial conc.:

0.1 mg/kg soil d.w.

Based on:

test mat.

Soil No.:

#2

Initial conc.:

0.1 mg/kg soil d.w.

Based on:

test mat.

Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:

test mat. analysis

Soil No.:

#1

Temp.:

22 °C

Humidity:

20.2%

Soil No.:

#2

Temp.:

22 °C

Humidity:

16.5%

Key result

Soil No.:

#1

DT50:

0.935 d

Type:

(pseudo-)first order (= half-life)

Temp.:

22 °C

Key result

Soil No.:

#2

DT50:

0.649 d

Type:

(pseudo-)first order (= half-life)

Temp.:

22 °C

Transformation products:

not measured

Remarks:

3 Metabolites were tentatively identified

No.:

#1

No.:

#2

No.:

#3

Details on transformation products:

#1 Formula: C12H10O8S; Mass 314.01; SMILES: c1c(O)c(O)ccc1S(=O)(=O)C(C=CC(=O)O)=CC(=O)O
#2 Formula: C12H10O7S; Mass: 298.01; SMILES: c1cc(O)ccc1S(=O)(=O)C(C=CC(=O)O)=CC(=O)O
#3 Formula: C8H8O4S; Mass 200.01; SMILES: c1cc(O)ccc1S(=O)(=O)C(=O)C

Description of key information

Aerobic soil biodegradation of 4,4'-sulphonyldiphenol was investigated for up to 180 days in a forest soil and an organic farm soil. Based on compound mass recovered from soils compared with the mass applied, 4,4'-sulphonydiphenol had short half-lives of < 1 day in both soils.

In an other study the environmental fate and NER nature of
BPS in an oxic soil for 28 days was investigated. BPS dissipated fast in the
oxic soil via two major pathways: mineralization (53.6% of initial) and
NER formation (45.1% of initial), with a dissipation half-life of 2.8 days
at 25 °C.

Both studies indicate that BPS is utilized bysoil aerobic microorganisms as a substrate for energy production, in contrast to the prolonged persistence of BPS in oxic seawater and river water (Danzl et al., 2009; Ike et al., 2006), which was probably attributed to the relative low microbial activity in waters compared to in
soil.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Half-life in soil:

4.9 d

at the temperature of:

25 °C