1,1',1''-nitrilotripropan-2-ol

Endpoint summary

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Endpoint:

basic toxicokinetics in vivo

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

1992

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Objective of study:

absorption

distribution

excretion

metabolism

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 417 (Toxicokinetics)

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: FIFRA Guideline No. 85-1

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: EEC Directive 87/302/EEC Toxicokinetics

GLP compliance:

yes

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Triisopropanolamine salt of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D TIPA salt)

A liquid sample of 2,4-D-TIPA salt was obtained from DowElanco, Midland, MI. Assay of this sample by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) indicated the following composition (w/Ww%): 22.0 +/- 0.9% H20, 40.3 +/- 1.5% 2,4-D and 37.1 +/- 1.5% TIPA. The molar ratio of amine to acid was 1.06 +/- 0.5. The test material was also characterized by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and found to be 38.7 +/- 0.1% 2,4-D (acid equivalents) or 72.2 +/-0.2% 2,4-D TIPA salt at the 95% confidence level. Reanalysis of the sample indicated no significant change in the purity.

Triisopropanolamine-1-14C (14C-TIPA) with a specific activity of 31.9mCi/mmol, was obtained from DowElanco, Midland, MI. The 14C-TIPA was diluted with hexane/benzene (1:1; v/v) prior to being analyzed for radiochemical purity. The radiochemical purity of 14C-TIPA was determined to be 97.5 +/- 1.1%.

Radiolabelling:

yes

Remarks:

14C labeled

Species:

rat

Strain:

Fischer 344

Sex:

male

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Breeding Laboratories (Kingston, NY)
- Age at study initiation: 10 weeks old
- Weight at study initiation: between 170 and 183 grams
- Housing:
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Certified rodent chow #5002 (Purina Mills Inc., St. Louis, MO), analysis in accordance with the laboratory´s SOPs.
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): municipal drinking water , analysis in accordance with the laboratory´s SOPs.
- Acclimation period: at least one week prior to use
- Health status: Upon arrival at the laboratory, the rats were examined by a veterinarian and found to be in good general health.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): adequate temperature for rats
- Humidity (%): adequate relative humidity for rats
- Air changes (per hr): no details
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 / 12
- Fasting period: Food was withdrawn from these animals approximately 17 hr prior to dosing and returned approximately 4 hr post-dosing.

Care and husbandry of the animals was in accordance with the Standard Operating Procedures of the Laboratory (Fully accredited by the American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC)).
Prior to the start of the experiment, rats were selected from those available using a computer driven randomization procedure and were individually identified by numbered metal ear tags. The animals were acclimated overnight to glass Roth-type metabolism cages. On the next day, they were anesthetized with methoxyflurane and an indwelling jugular vein cannula implanted (Harms and Ojeda, 1974). The rats were then allowed approximately 1 day to recover from surgery prior to administration of the oral dose.

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Vehicle:

water

Duration and frequency of treatment / exposure:

Single oral gavage administration

Dose / conc.:

10.7 mg/kg bw/day

Remarks:

2,4-D-TIPA (0.045 mmol/kg bw), equivalent to 10 mg TIPA/kg bw

No. of animals per sex per dose / concentration:

4 males

Control animals:

no

Positive control reference chemical:

no

Details on study design:

Rats were housed in Roth-type metabolism cages designed for the separate collection of urine, feces, 14CO2 and expired organic 14C. Air was drawn through the cages at approximately 500 ml/min. The air, upon exiting the cage, was passed through a trap containing about 10 grams of charcoal to capture expired organic 14C and then through a trap containing about 150 ml of 3:7 (V/V) monoethanolamine: 1-methoxy-2-propanol to capture expired 14CO2. The charcoal trap was changed at 12 hours post-dosing and analyzed for radioactivity. There was insufficient radioactivity in the 0-12 hr charcoal trap to quantify (i.e., < twice background), thus, collection of the charcoal traps was discontinued. The 14CO2 traps were changed at 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours post-dosing. Following collection, the weight of the 14CO2 trap solution was determined, and a weighed aliquot of the trap solution was mixed with liquid scintillation fluid (12% SPECTRAFLUOR: 22% 1-methoxy-2-propanol: 66% toluene) and analyzed for radioactivity.

Blood samples of about 0.2 ml each were drawn from the jugular cannula at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 48 and 72 hr post-dosing using a syringe. Following collection of each blood sample, samples were centrifuged to obtain plasma. The plasma was subsequently weighed, mixed with Aquasol liquid scintillation fluid and analyzed for radioactivity.

Urine was collected in dry-ice chilled containers that were changed at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hr post-dosing. To minimize carry over between specimens, the cage was rinsed with distilled water following collection of each urine specimen. The weight of each urine and cage rinse specimen was determined, and weighed aliquots of each specimen were mixed with Aquasol liquid scintillation fluid (NEN Research Products, Boston, MA) and analyzed for radioactivity. The urine and cage rinse radioactivity was combined for each collection interval and expressed as radioactivity excreted in the urine. In addition, pooled urine samples were prepared from the 0-6 and 6-12 hr collection intervals by mixing the 0.5 ml of urine from each rat. These pooled urine samples were stored frozen (-80C) until analyzed for 2,4-D and for 14C-TIPA and metabolites.

Feces were collected at 24-hr intervals in dry-ice chilled containers. The feces were weighed and an aqueous homogenate (~33% w/w) prepared. Weighed aliquots (~95 mg) of these homogenates were placed in scintillation vials, mixed with 1.5 ml Soluene-350 (Packard Instruments, Downers Grove, IL) and incubated at 40C for 1-2 hr. Then, the sample was decolorized following the addition of 0.75 ml isopropanol and 0.3 ml of 30% hydrogen peroxide, and incubated at 40C for an additional 1-2 hr. Finally, the sample was mixed with 15 ml Hionic-Fluor liquid scintillation fluid (Packard Instruments, Downers Grove, IL). Glacial acetic acid was added to 100 ul increments to minimize photo-chemiluminescence.

Animals were euthanatized with CO2 and exsanguinated 72 hr post-dosing. The following tissues were collected and analyzed for radioactivity: liver, kidneys, perirenal fat, skin and remaining carcass. Weighed aliquots of skin and aqueous homogenates (~33% w/w) of the carcass and other tissues were solubilized and radioactivity quantified in a manner similar to that described for the feces except the samples did not require decolorization.

14C Analysis: Radioactivity was quantified with a Beckman LS 3801 liquid scintillation counter (Beckman Instruments, Fullerton, CA). Counts per minute were corrected for background and quench, and converted to disintegrations per minute (dpm). At least one sealed standard was counted with each group of samples to monitor the performance of the liquid scintillation counter.

Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Urinary 14C-TIPA: Aliquots of the 0-6 and 6-12 hr pooled urine samples were made basic with 5N NaOH and extracted with methylene chloride. The extracts were then blown to dryness with nitrogen, derivatized with TFAI and analyzed using GC/MS.

Gas Chromatography of Urinary Metabolites of 14C-TIPA: The TFAI derivatized methylene chloride extracts were also analyzed by GC with a Radiomatic FLO-ONE/BETA Model GCR radioactivity-GC-detector.

Details on dosing and sampling:

The dose solution was prepared by adding a measured volume of 14C-TIPA to a 5 ml volumetric flask and removing the hexane/benzene solvent by evaporation. Then, a measured volume of the non-radiolabeled 2,4-D-TIPA was added and the volumetric flask was diluted to volume with distilled water. Targeted concentrations of TIPA and radioactivity in this solution were 5.35 mg TIPA and 60 uCi of 14C per ml. Administration of this dose solution at the rate of 2 ml/kg body weight resulted in a targeted dose of 10.7 mg TIPA and 20-30uCi of 14C per animal. Radioactivity in the dose solution was quantified using a liquid scintillation counter. The concentration of TIPA in the dose solution was calculated to be 5.55 mg/ml based on the amount of 2,4-D (5.18 mg TIPA/ml; molar ratio of 2,4-D to non-radiolabeled TIPA was 0.92) and 14C-TIPA (0.37 mg/ml) in the dose solution.

The rats were weighed and based on their body weight a measured volume of the dose solution was administered by gavage using a glass syringe and stainless steel feeding needle (Popper & Sons, Inc., New Hyde Park, NY). The quantity of dose solution actually administed was determined by weighing the syringe prior to and following dosing.

Statistics:

Descriptive statistics were calculated (mean +/- S.D.) where appropriate. The plasma 14C-concentration time data were described by a polyexponential equation using the method of residuals (Gibaldi and Perrier, 1975).

Preliminary studies:

No preliminary studies were conducted since information was available from previous studies

Details on absorption:

The highest concentration of radioactivity (4.48 +/- 1.19 ug eq/g plasma) was found in the initial sample collected 0.25 hr post-dosing. The concentration of 14C in the plasma then decreased in what appeared to be a triexponential manner. A 5-fold decrease in plasma radioactivity occurred during the first 4 hr post-dosing. After 24 hr, the plasma 14C concentration was only 3% of peak level, and by 72 hr the plasma contained only 1.3% of the peak concentration.

Half-lives estimated for the rapid initial, middle and terminal phases were 0.76, 3.6 and 38.5 hr. The area under the plasma 14C-concentration time curve (AUC), volume of distribution (Vd) and whole body (CLT) and renal clearance (CLr) were calculated as 24.03 hr ug equiv 14C-TIPA/g plasma, 1.8 l/kg body weight and 7.77 and 6.51 ml/min/kg body weight, respectively.

Details on distribution in tissues:

Less than 1% of the administered dose remained in the carcass and tissues 72 hr post-dosing. Concentrations of radioactivity were low in all tissues with the liver containing the greatest concentration, approximately 0.02% of the dose/g wet weight. The remaining tissues and carcass contained less than 0.01% of the dose/g wet weight. However, due to its greater mass, the majority of the radioactivity was in the carcass.

Details on excretion:

Most of the dose (64-70%) was excreted in the urine during the 0-6 hr collection interval. An additional 9-14% of the radioactivity was excreted in the 6-12 hr interval. By 24 hr post-dosing, 82.8% of the dose was recovered in the urine and only 1% of the dose was excreted in the urine between 24 and 72 hr post-dosing. The excretion of radioactivity in the urine was even faster than predicted by the plasma 14C-data. Normally the fraction of the dose excreted during an interval will be proportional to the AUC for the material in the plasma for that interval versus the AUC for the material in the plasma from time 0 to infinity. In this case, 98.8% of the radioactivity in the urine was excreted within 24 hr. However, the AUC for radioactivity in the plasma for the 0 to 24 hr interval represented only 68.9% of AUC for the 0 to infinity interval (i.e., 16.56 versus 24.03 hr µg equiv 14C-TIPA/g plasma). Thus, the potential for TIPA to accumulate is even less than predicted by the plasma 14C-data.

As with the urine, most (84.6%) of the fecal radioactivity was eliminated during the first 24-hr post-dosing.

The amount of radioactivity in the 0-12 hr collection interval (3-4% of the dose) represented over 86% of the 14CO2 excreted during the entire 72 hr post-dosing interval.

GC/MS analysis of the pooled urine specimens indicated that virtually all radioactivity in the urine represented unchanged 14C-TIPA. Mass spectra and extracted ion chromatograms for the derivatized urine extract and TIPA standard were identical. Only a single peak, with the same retention time as derivatized TIPA standard, was observed in the GC/MS/Radiogas chromatogram of the derivatized urine extract. Additionally, 95 and 80% of the radioactivity in the 0-6 and 6-12 hr pooled urine sample, respectively, could be accounted for by the amount of TIPA found in these samples by GC/MS.

Toxicokinetic parameters:

half-life 1st: 0.76 hr in plasma

Toxicokinetic parameters:

half-life 2nd: 3.6 hr in plasma

Toxicokinetic parameters:

half-life 3rd: 38.5 hr in plasma

Toxicokinetic parameters:

AUC: 24.03 hr ug equiv 14C-TIPA/g plasma

Metabolites identified:

yes

Details on metabolites:

GC/MS analysis of the pooled urine specimens indicated that virtually all radioactivity in the urine represented unchanged 14C-TIPA. Mass spectra and extracted ion chromatograms for the derivatised urine extract and TIPA standard were identical. Only a single peak, with the same retention time as derivatised TIPA standard, was observed in the GC/MS/Radiogas chromatogram of the derivatised urine extract. Additionally, 95 and 80% of the radioactivity in the 0-6 and 6-12 hr pooled urine sample, respectively, could be accounted for by the amount of TIPA found in these samples by GC/MS.

- No signs of toxicity were noted during the in-life phase of the study. The doses delivered were within 7-12% of the targeted dose levels. Between 94% and 96% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in the urine, feces, 14CO2, tissues / carcass, and final cage wash.

- The principle route of excretion was urine, which contained 81-85% of the total dose. Feces contained 4-7%, 3-5% was eliminated as 14CO2, <2% was recovered in the tissues/carcass and final cage wash. The amount of 14C in the traps for volatile organics was negligible.

- Highest concentration of radioactivity was found in the initial blood sample 0.25 hours post-dose. The concentration decreased in a triexponential manner. A 5-fold decrease in radioactivity was accomplished in the first 4-hour post-dosing.

- Half-lives for the rapid initial, middle, and terminal phases were 0.76, 3.6, and 38.5 hours, respectively. Most of the dose of radioactivity (64-70%) was excreted in the urine 0-6 hours post-dosing. An additional 9-14% was excreted in the 6-12 hour interval. By 24 hours post-dosing, 82.8% of the dose was excreted. As with urine, 84.6% of the fecal radioactivity was eliminated during the first 24 hours.

Conclusions:

- Orally-administered TIPA was rapidly and extensively absorbed by the rat. Based on the amount of radioactivity in urine and cage wash, a minimum of 83.8% of the orally-administered TIPA was absorbed.
- GC/MS analysis of pooled urine indicated that virtually all radioactivity in the urine represented unchanged 14C-TIPA, and was rapidly excreted.
- Based on its rapid elimination, TIPA is not assumed to accumulate in the rat upon daily administration. The data suggest that the excretion of accompanying 2,4-D was not affected by co-administration with TIPA.

Executive summary:

This study examined the metabolism and excretion of triisopropanolamine-1-14C (14C-TIPA) in male rats when administered concomitantly with 2,4 -dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4 -D), and was conducted to support re-registration of products containing the TIPA salt of 2,4 -D (2,4 -D TIPA).

Four male Fischer 344 rats were given a single oral dose of a solution providing targeted doses of 10 mg 2,4 -D/kg and 10.7 mg 14C-TIPA/kg of body weight.

The concentration of radioactivity in the plasma peaked 0.25 hr post-dosing at 4.48 +/- 1.19 ug eq/g plasma and then decreased in a tri-exponential manner. Between 94 and 96% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in the urine, feces, expired 14CO2, tissues/carcass and final cage wash. The major route of excretion was the urine with approximately 80% of the dose excreted by this route in the first 24 hr post-dosing and 81 to 85% excreted by 72 hr post-dosing. The feces accounted for only 4 to 7 % of the dose. Expired 14CO2 accounted for 3 to 5% and the final cage wash ~1% of the dose. Less than 1% of the administered radioactivity remained in the tissues and carcass when these rats were sacrificed 72 hr post-dosing. Essentially all radioactivity excreted in the urine represented unchanged 14C-TIPA based on GC/MS and GC/MS/radiogas analysis of the urine excreted 0 -12 hr post-dosing. Additionally, the urinary excretion of 2,4 -D during the 0 -12 hr post-dosing interval (70.5% of the dose) was nearly identical to that excreted during this interval following oral administration of a 1 mg 2,4 -D/kg dose (69.3 +/- 13.1%).

These data demonstrate that orally administered 14C-TIPA was rapidly absorbed and rapidly excreted primarily in the urine as unchanged TIPA. Due to its rapid elimination, 14C-TIPA should not accumulate in the rat upon daily administration.

Description of key information

The registered substance is known to be rapidly absorbed and rapidly excreted primarily in the urine as unmetabolized TIPA after oral administration. Thus, oral absorption is determined to be 90%. The absorption for the inhalative route is determined to be 100% by default in the absence of reliable study data. The dermal absorption is supposed to be 20% based on knowledge from an acute oral study, dermal toxicokinetic knowledge of the structurally similar analogue and QSAR modelling for dermal penetration of TIPA. Distribution, metabolism and bioaccumulation are assumed to be limited as TIPA is rapidly excreted primarily unmetabolized in the urine.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Bioaccumulation potential:

low bioaccumulation potential

Absorption rate - oral (%):

90

Absorption rate - dermal (%):

20

Absorption rate - inhalation (%):

100

Additional information

The expected toxicokinetic behaviour is derived from an experimental study in male Fischer 344 rats, the physico-chemical properties and results from the available acute and repeated dose toxicity studies.

Experimental study: metabolism and excretion in vivo (1992, RL1 [reliability])

Triisopropanolamine-1-14C (14C-TIPA) was administered concomitantly with 2,4 -dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4 -D) orally as a single dose to four male Fischer 344 rats, according to OECD 417. A single oral dose, equivalent to 10.7 mg 14C-TIPA/kg bw, was administered, followed by blood sampling at intervals up to 72 hours post-dose. Radioactivity peaked in the plasma at 0.25 hrs post-dosing and declined tri-exponentially. The urine was the major route of excretion with about 80% of the dose excreted in 24 hours and 81 to 85% of the dose excreted in 72 hours, primarily unmetabolized. The faces and expired air accounted for only 4% to 7% and 3% to 5%, respectively. After 72 hours, 94% to 96% was recovered with only less than 1% remaining in the tissues or carcass.

Physico-chemical properties

TIPA is a tertiary amine with three identical isopropanol substituents with the molecular formula C9H21NO3. Its reactivity is mainly triggered by its basicity, i.e. a dissociation constant (pKa) of 7.86 at 25 °C. The solid TIPA has a molecular weight of 191.27 g/mol, melts at 45°C and boils at 301°C, measured at 1,013 hPa. The calculated vapour pressure is 8x10E-6 hPa at 20 °C, the octanol-water partition coefficient (log Pow) is ‑0.015 at 23 °C, and the measured solubility is 830 g/L at 20 °C.

Oral absorption

In the experimental toxicokinetic study it was concluded that orally administered TIPA was rapidly absorbed and therefore, an oral absorption percentage of 90% is assumed for TIPA based on the study results (1992, RL1).

In the acute and repeated dose toxicity studies low toxicity was observed: In rats the oral LD50 was 4,000 mg/kg bw (1966, RL2). At this dose and above various clinical signs were noted (e.g. piloerection, high stepping gait, mouth and eye discharge, diarrhoea, lateral and abdominal position, slight tremor, partly dyspnoea, eye and nose crusts, ruffled fur smeared at the anogenital region, nose and mouth), and gastro-intestinal irritation and remaining substance in the stomach were observed upon macroscopic examination in one animal of the highest dose group (i.e. 6,400 mg/kg bw). In other investigations, the established oral LD50 values in rats were 6,500 mg/kg bw (Smyth et al., 1941, RL2) and 6,000 mg/kg bw (1980, RL2).

In an oral repeated dose study, beagle dogs were administered 0, 500, 2,000 or 7,500 ppm TIPA in their diet for 102 - 104 days (1987, RL2). Ophthalmology, haematology, serum chemistry, urinalysis, blood methaemoglobin, macroscopic and microscopic examinations, and organ weight evaluations showed no treatment-related effects, resulting in a NOAEL of 272 -288 mg/kg bw/day (the highest dose tested). In a different repeated dose study TIPA was administered to groups of male and female CDF Fischer 344 rats in their drinking water for 2 weeks at targeted doses of 0, 100, 300, 600, 1,200 or 2,000 mg/kg/day (1981, RL2). The animals showed only slight evidence of treatment related effects at the higher doses, i.e. slight decreases in body weight gain of both sexes. The observed increase in kidney weights at doses of 300 mg/kg/day and higher were suggested to be a functional adaptation rather than toxicity.

Respiratory absorption

There are no reliable study data available on inhalation toxicity for TIPA due to its extremely low vapour pressure of 8x10E-6 hPa (20°C) resulting in a low volatility. Therefore, inhalation appears to be unlikely.The limited report of an acute study (1966, RL3) where rats were whole-body exposed to a saturated vapour atmosphere of TIPA for 8 hours, caused no deaths. In a report about respiratory irritation (Detwiler-Okabayashi and Schaper, 1996, RL2) mice were exposed to aerosol concentrations of 329 – 1070 mg/m3 for three hours without the finding of a dead animal.

Due to the lack of reliable studies, the absorption by inhalation is assumed to be 100% for TIPA in a conservative approach.

Dermal absorption

There are no specific studies available in which the dermal toxicokinetic properties have been investigated. No evidence of systemic toxicity was reported upon dermal application of TIPA in acute and repeated dose toxicity studies: In an acute toxicity study in New Zealand White rabbit, the dermal LD50 was >5,000 mg/kg bw (1980, RL2). Moderate erythema was noted in both rabbits, slight oedema and necrosis was observed in one rabbit after 24h of application but no evidence of systemic toxicity was reported.

The test results for dermal absorption of a structurally similar substance with comparable physico-chemical and toxicological properties are used to give a prediction of the dermal absorption for TIPA of 20%. The identity of the two analogue isopropanolamines 1,1’-Iminodipropan-2-ol (DIPA, CAS: 110-97-4, MW = 133.2 g/mol) and TIPA was assessed in a SIDS Initial assessment report for SIAM 29 (October 2009).

In the toxicokinetic study of the analogue DIPA, Fischer 344 rats received a dermal application of 19.5 mg/ kg 14C-DIPA in acetone to an area of 1 cm2 on the back and covered with a bandage (Saghir et al., 2007, RL2). Time-course blood and excreta were collected, and radioactivity determined. Urine was analysed for DIPA and monoisopropanolamine (MIPA). Following dermal application, 20% of the dose was absorbed in 48 h with the steady-state penetration rate of 0.2%/h. Most (14.4%) of the applied radioactivity was excreted in urine at a relatively constant rate due to the presence of large amount of the 14C-DIPA at the application site. Faecal elimination was < 0.2% of the dose. The absorbed DIPA did not accumulate in tissues; only 0.1% of the administered dose was found in liver and kidney. The absolute systemic dermal bioavailability (dose corrected AUCdermal/AUCi.v.) of 14C-DIPA was 12%

The high molecular weight of TIPA restricts its uptake to a higher extent in comparison with DIPA. This physico-chemical nature combined with a water solubility above 10 g/L and a log P value below 0 supports the hypothesis that the substance may be too big and hydrophilic to cross the lipid rich environment of the stratum corneum. The DERMWIN version 2.02 application (US EPA, 2018) was used to estimate the dermal permeability coefficient Kp (DERMWIN, 2012). Following the interpretation of the JRC QSAR group of the European Commission (Bassan and Patlewicz, 2005) the calculated Kp = 0.000129 cm/hr is classified to be “very low”. These data support the conservative approach of the dermal absorption for TIPA of 20%.

Distribution

There are no specific studies available in which the toxicokinetic distribution have been investigated. In the experimental oral toxicokinetic study it was concluded that the absorbed TIPA was rapidly excreted primarily in the urine as unchanged TIPA (1992, RL1). Less than 1% of the administered dose remained in the carcass and tissues 72 hr post-dosing. Concentrations of radioactivity were low in all tissues with the liver containing the greatest concentration, approximately 0.02% of the dose/g wet weight. A higher volume of distribution is therefore highly unlikely and is not suggested for TIPA.

Accumulative potential

The distribution of radioactive TIPA in the experimental oral toxicokinetic study (1992, RL1) was discussed before. The fast absorption and excretion lead to the finding that very small amounts of TIPA remained in the liver (~ 0.02%) of the dose/g wet weight. The remaining tissues and carcass contained less than 0.01% of the dose/g wet weight. Based on these findings, TIPA is not assumed to accumulate in the rat upon daily administration.

Metabolism

In the described experimental toxicokinetic study the pooled urine samples were stored frozen (-80°C) until analysed for 2,4-D and for 14C-TIPA and metabolites (1992, RL1). The GC/MS analysis of the specimens indicated that virtually all radioactivity in the urine represented unchanged 14C-TIPA. Mass spectra and extracted ion chromatograms for the derivatised urine extract and TIPA standard were identical. Only a single peak, with the same retention time as derivatised TIPA standard, was observed in the GC/MS/Radiogas chromatogram of the derivatised urine extract. Additionally, 95% and 80% of the radioactivity in the 0-6 and 6-12 hr pooled urine sample, respectively, could be accounted for by the amount of TIPA found in these samples by GC/MS.

Excretion

The experimental toxicokinetic study found that most of the dose (64-70%) was excreted in the urine during the 0-6 hr collection interval (1992, RL1). An additional 9-14% of the radioactivity was excreted in the 6-12 hr interval. By 24 hr post-dosing, 82.8% of the dose was recovered in the urine and only 1% of the dose was excreted in the urine between 24 and 72 hr post-dosing. As with the urine, most (84.6%) of the faecal radioactivity was eliminated during the first 24-hr postdosing. The amount of radioactivity in the 0-12 hr collection interval (3-4% of the dose) represented over 86% of the 14CO2 excreted during the entire 72 hr post-dosing interval.

The principle route of excretion was urine, which contained 81-85% of the total dose. Faeces contained 4-7%, 3-5% was eliminated as 14CO2, <2% was recovered in the tissues/carcass and final cage wash. The amount of 14C in the traps for volatile organics was negligible.

Summary

There is experimental evidence that TIPA can be absorbed after oral exposure. An oral absorption of 90% was experimentally determined. The absorption by the inhalative and the dermal route were assessed in conservative approaches. TIPA has a low volatility and therefore inhalation is assumed to be limited, however, in the absence of reliable studies an absorption of 100% is determined. The dermal absorption was supposed to be 20% for TIPA based on findings in an acute dermal toxicity study,dermal toxicokinetic knowledge of the structurally similar analogue DIPA and QSAR modelling for dermal penetration of TIPA. As TIPA was rapidlyexcreted primarily unmetabolized in the urine in the oral toxicokinetic study, metabolism was suggested to be limited and bioaccumulation was not assumed.

 

References

Arianna Bassan and Grace Patlewicz, 2005, “User Manual for the Internet Version of the Danish (Q)SAR Database - Database Version 1 May 2005”, QSAR Group, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP), Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Via E Fermi, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy

US EPA, 2018: Estimation Programs Interface Suite™ for Microsoft® Windows, v 4.11. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA.

DERMWIN, 2012: Kp (est): 0.000129 cm/hr