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EC number: 923-592-0 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates â in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_ecotoxicological-information.png)
Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 5th September - 26th September 2008
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- Study conducted in accordance with generally accepted scientific principles, possibly with incomplete reporting or methodological deficiencies, which do not affect the quality of the relevant results. Study conducted on shale oil, middle fraction and read across.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 211 (Daphnia magna Reproduction Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- All WAFs testing loading rates were measured for total organic carbon in new (0 hours) and old (48 or 72 hours) medium three times during the test.
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- WAFs were prepared by serial dilution of a single stock WAF, because of very low test concentration. Adequate amounts of multi-component substance were added directly to test medium. Stock solution of WAF was prepared in deionised water, 50 mg was added to 500 ml of deionised water and mixed on magnetic stirrer using a stirring rate such that a vortex was formed to give a slight dimple in water surface. The stirring was stopped after 96 hours. After one hour standing the aqueous phase was removed and than filtered trough nylon membrane filters with pore size 0.45 Îĵm and diameter 47 mm first 50 ml discarded.
- Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: freshwater water flea
- Strain/clone: daphnia magna straus
- Justification for species other than prescribed by test guideline: N/A
- Source: DHI Water & Environment, Horsholm, Denmark
- Age of parental stock (mean and range, SD): NDA
- Feeding during test
- Food type: green algae Desmodesmus subspicatus and Brewer's yeast
- Amount: The amount of supplied diet was based on the amount of organic carbon (C) provided to each parent animal of Daphnia magna (0.1 mg C/daphnia/day are sufficient for achieving the required number of offspring to meet the test validity criteria).
- Frequency: 3 times per week
ACCLIMATION
NDA - Test type:
- semi-static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- yes
- Total exposure duration:
- 21 d
- Post exposure observation period:
- NDA
- Hardness:
- NDA
- Test temperature:
- 19.8 - 23.4
- pH:
- 6.51 - 8.90
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 84.6 - 126.5 %
- Salinity:
- NDA
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal loading rates, 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.21, 0.47, 1.03, 2.27 and 5.00 mg/L
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: vial
- Aeration: NDA
- Type of flow-through (e.g. peristaltic or proportional diluter):NDA
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): three times a week
- No. of organisms per vessel: 1
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates):10
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 10
- No. of vessels per vehicle control (replicates): N/A
- Biomass loading rate: NDA
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
Standard Elendt M4 and M7 media.
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: No
- Photoperiod: 16 hours light / 8 hours dark
- Light intensity: 600 - 800 lux
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : Mortality, time to production of first brood, number and size of broods per animal, number of aborted broods, presence of males or ephippia.
VEHICLE CONTROL PERFORMED: N/A - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- 3, 4 dichloraniline
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EL50
- Effect conc.:
- 5 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOELR
- Effect conc.:
- 0.1 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Details on results:
- - Mortality of parent animals: 2/20 mortalities in control group. 1/10 in 0.05, 0.21 and 0.47 mg/l groups. No other mortalities observed.
- Time to first brood release or time to hatch: 10th day - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Results of the Dunnet one-tailed test providing the NOEC value and TOXEDO results providing the EL50 value are reported in "Any other information on results incl. tables".
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- The mortality of the parent animals (female) did not exceed 20%, at the end of the test it was 10% and the mean number of live offspring produced per parent animal surviving at the end of the test was 72.72.
- Conclusions:
- The EL50 (Effective Loading Rate) of the test substance, Shale oil, in the test of reproduction to Daphnia magna with 21-day exposure was greater than 5 mg/l. The No Observed Effect Loading Rate (NOELR) after 21-day exposure was the concentration of WAF at loading rate 0.10 mg/l.
- Executive summary:
In an 21-day Daphnia magna reproduction toxicity test according to OECD 211 and performed to GLP standard, daphnia were exposed to Shale oil middle fraction in indivivdual vessels at nominal loading rates of 0.05, 0.10, 0.21, 0.47, 1.03, 2.27 and 5.00 mg/L.
The EL50 (Effective Loading Rate) of the test substance, Shale oil, in the test of reproduction to Daphnia magna with 21-day exposure was greater than 5 mg/l. The No Observed Effect Loading Rate (NOELR) after 21-day exposure was the concentration of WAF at loading rate 0.10 mg/l.
Based on the rationale for read-across, it is considered acceptable to use this study to address the same endpoint for the light fraction of shale oil.
Reference
OFFSPRING AND REPRODUCTION DATA
Analysis of Dunnet one-tailed test providing "no-observed-effect concentration" (NOEC) values gave following results:
Summary Statistics and ANOVA
Loading rate mg/l(*) |
n | mean | s.d. | cv% |
control | 18 | 72.72 | 5.77 | 7.9 |
0.05 | 9 | 69.44 | 13.61 | 19.6 |
0.1 | 10 | 63.8 | 9.25 | 14.5 |
0.21* | 9 | 59.22 | 10.47 | 17.7 |
0.47* | 9 | 56.67 | 9.41 | 16.6 |
1.03* | 10 | 59.6 | 7.89 | 13.2 |
2.27* | 10 | 55.3 | 12.44 | 22.5 |
5.0* | 10 | 62.9 | 8.66 | 13.8 |
* - the mean for this group is significantly less than the control mean at alpha = 0.05 (1- sided) by a
tâ test with Bonferroni adjustment of alpha level
s.d. - standard deviation
n - number of parent animal
cv - coefficient of variation
The No Observed Effect Loading Rate (NOELR) after 21-day exposure was 0.10 mg/l. NOEC is based upon no significant change of reproduction for exposed group compared to control group. The Lowest Observed Effect Loading Rate (LOELR) after 21-day exposure was 0.21 mg/l.
Summary data analysed using software TOXEDO (5) providing EL50 values, gave following results:
Loading rate mg/l |
Females at the end | Offspring at termination | Offspring per female | Inhibition in percent |
Control | 18 | 1309 | 72.72 | - |
0.05 | 9 | 625 | 69.44 | 4.5 |
0.1 | 10 | 638 | 63.8 | 12.3 |
0.21 | 9 | 533 | 59.22 | 18.6 |
0.47 | 9 | 510 | 56.67 | 22.1 |
1.03 | 10 | 596 | 59.6 | 18 |
2.27 | 10 | 553 | 55.3 | 24 |
5 | 10 | 629 | 62.9 | 13.5 |
There was not observed reproduction toxicity more than 50% in daphnids exposed to test substance WAF of all loading rates after 21 days. EL50 was greater than 5 mg/l. Time of first brood production was the 10th day of test duration for all WAFs and control.
Complex data, for each concentration of test substance, for reproduction toxicity with Daphnia magna are given in APPENDIX 1.
Chemical analysis
The test preparations were analysed for Total Organic Carbon (TOC). Analysis of the new medium (at 0 hours) test preparations showed measured test concentration (corrected for control) to range from 0.013 to 1.424 mg/l. Analysis of the old medium (after 48 or 72 hours) test preparations showed measured test concentration (corrected for control) to range from 0.055 to 1.719 mg/l with the one exception., 4.196 mg/l at loading rate 0.10 mg/l. There was no significant decline in measured test concentrations over 48 and 72 hours period in the highest test concentration.
Chemical analysis of TOC showed that measured concentrations in old medium for ranged from 83% to 97% of nominal concentration of WAF at loading rate 5 mg/l. In the WAFs with the lower loading rates, the TOC concentration in new medium was
approximately in the same range as in the control vessel and in old medium the TOC concentration was mostly higher than in control (this consider due to feeding of animals). Thus, the measurements of TOC originated form the test items was not possible due to low
test concentration and feeding of animals.
Given that toxicity cannot be attributed to a single component or mixture of components but to the test material as a whole the results were based on loading rates only.
Table 1: Daphnia Reproduction Data
Loading rate (mg/L) |
Females alive at end of test |
Offspring at termination |
Offpsring per female |
Inhibition in percent |
Control |
18 |
1309 |
72.72 |
- |
0.05 |
9 |
625 |
69.44 |
4.5 |
0.10 |
10 |
638 |
63.80 |
12.3 |
0.21 |
9 |
533 |
59.22 |
18.6 |
0.47 |
9 |
510 |
56.67 |
22.1 |
1.03 |
10 |
596 |
59.60 |
18.0 |
2.27 |
10 |
553 |
55.30 |
24.0 |
5.00 |
10 |
629 |
62.90 |
13.5 |
Description of key information
The EL50 (Effective Loading Rate) of the test substance, Shale oil, in the test of reproduction to Daphnia magna
with 21-day exposure was greater than 5 mg/l. The No Observed Effect Loading Rate (NOELR) after 21-day exposure
was the concentration of WAF at loading rate 0.10 mg/l.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water invertebrates
Fresh water invertebrates
- Effect concentration:
- 0.1 mg/L
Additional information
Similar values for short-term toxicity to daphnia were observed between the middle fraction and light fraction of shale oil. This, combined with analytical data which showed the two fractions to be compositionally similar, support the validity of a read-across approach to address the long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates endpoint. Hence, the study conducted on the middle fraction of shale oil, is considered robust enough to be the key study for the light fraction.
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