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EC number: 446-630-3 | CAS number: 181587-01-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 04 - 11 Apr 2014
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 221 (Lemna sp. Growth Inhibition Test)
- Version / remarks:
- adopted 2006
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- - Concentrations: 0 (control), 0 (solvent control), 0.0476, 0.152, 0.488, 1.56 and 5.00 mg a.i./L (day 0, day 3 (old and newe solutios), day 7)
- Sampling method: 10 mL samples were taken - Vehicle:
- yes
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Method: Stock solution of 50.0 g a.i./L prepared by diluting 0.5183 g test item into 10 mL dimethylformamide (DMF). 100 µL of the stock solution were transferred into 1 L distilled water to obtain the desired highest test concentration solution. Lower test concentration solutions were made via serial dilution (3.2x dilution factor) from the next higher test concentration. An additional 69 µL of DMF was added to these solutions. All vessels were brought to a volume of 1 L with filter sterilized 1 X AAP Media after adding the appropriate volume of the next higher test solution.
- Differential loading: no
- Controls: control: dilution water only (control) and dilution water containing 100µL DMF/L (solvent control)
- Chemical name of vehicle: dimethylformamide (DMF)
- Concentration of vehicle in test medium: stock solution: 100%, final test solutions: 100µL/L, control: 0%, solvent control: 100µL/L
- Evidence of undissolved material: Test and stock solution were clear and colorless with no precipitates - Test organisms (species):
- Lemna gibba
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: gibbous duckweed
- Strain: G3
- Source: Received from United States Department of Agriculture Fruit Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland , USA on 03 Jun 2014
- Method of cultivation: Maintained under test conditions in an environmental chamber for at least 14 days immediately prior to experimental initiation. Culture renewed at least once each week. Light intensity: 5800 ± 15% lux, temperature: 25.0 ± 2.0 °C - Test type:
- semi-static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 7 d
- Test temperature:
- 24.7 - 25.7°C
- pH:
- 7.5 - 8.6
- Conductivity:
- 604 - 1756 µmos/cm
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal: 0 (control), 0 (solvent control), 0.0476, 0.152, 0.488, 1.56 and 5.00 mg a.i./L
Mean measured: < LOQ (control), < LOQ (solvent control), 0.0390, 0.123, 0.408, 1.36, and 4.07 mg a.i./L - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Incubation chamber used: yes
- Test vessel: crystallization dishes
- Type (delete if not applicable): closed
- Material: borosilicate glass, size: 250 mL, headspace, fill volume: 100 mL
- Type of cover: sterile glass Petri dish lids
- Renewal rate of test solution: one test solution renewal on day 3
- No. of fronds per vessel: 12
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 4
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 4
- No. of vessels per vehicle control (replicates): 4
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: yes
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: filter sterilized (0.20 µm filter) 20xAAP medium according to OECD 221
- Culture medium different from test medium: no
- Intervals of water quality measurement: ph and conductivity: day 0, 3 (old and new solutions) and 7 from all test levels, temperature: continuously measured
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Sterile test conditions: yes
- Adjustment of pH: no
- Photoperiod: continuous light
- Light intensity and quality: 6540 - 6710 lux (mean: 6619 lux)
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED:
- Determination of frond number: visual enumeration (day 0, 3, 5 and 7)
- Determination of biomass: dry weight (day 0 and 7, plants were dried at approximately 60°C for approximately 3 days, transferred to a desiccator to cool to ambient temperature, and then weighed)
- Other: phytotoxic effects (daily)
RANGE-FINDING STUDY
- Test concentrations: 0 (control), 0 (solvent control), 0.040, 0.20, 1.0 and 5.0 mg a.i./L
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: inhibition based on frond counts compared to controls: -2.6, 1.6, 0.0 and 31.2% - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- IC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 4.07 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% confidence limit: not determinable
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.039 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% confidence limit: 1.92 - 2.59 mg a.i./L
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1.36 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% confidence limit: 0.991 - 2.76 mg a.i./L
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- IC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 4.07 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% confidence limit: not determinable
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- other: IC20
- Effect conc.:
- 3.94 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% confidence limit: 2.58 - n.a.
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- other: IC20
- Effect conc.:
- > 4.07 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% confidence limit: not determinable
- Details on results:
- - Any visual signs of phytotoxicity (abnormalities):
Fronds appeared normal and healthy in the controls and in the four lowest test levels during the entire study.
- Other: On study days 3 through termination, fronds in the highest treatment level were curled. - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Raw or transformed data from treatment groups were compared to controls for normality and homogeneity of variance using the Shapiro-Wilks test and Bartletts's equality of variance test, respectively. If normality and homogeneity of variance were demonstrated for the raw or transformed values, then parametric analyses were conducted using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's test. If normality and/or homogeneity of variance were not demonstrated on raw or transformed values, nonparametric procedures were used. The IC10, IC20, and IC50 values, and the respective 95% confidence intervals, were calculated using linear interpolation.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- For further details please refer to “Any other information on results incl. tables”.
Reference
Table 1: Mean Values for Frond Number Yield and Frond Growth Rates During the Exposure of Lemna gibba to the test item
Mean Measured Concentration (mg a.i./L) |
Frond Number Yield |
% Inhibition |
Frond Number Growth Rate (fronds/hour) |
% Inhibition |
||
Control |
179.3 |
NA |
|
0.0165 |
NA |
|
Solvent Control |
171.0 |
NA |
|
0.0162 |
NA |
|
Pooled Controls |
175.1 |
NA |
|
0.0163 |
NA |
|
0.0390 |
173.3 |
1.1 |
|
0.0163 |
0.37 |
|
0.123 |
159.8 |
8.8 |
* |
0.0158 |
3.1 |
* |
0.408 |
157.8 |
9.9 |
* |
0.0158 |
3.5 |
* |
1.36 |
145.8 |
16.8 |
* |
0.0153 |
6.2 |
* |
4.07 |
103.3 |
41.0 |
* |
0.0135 |
17.7 |
* |
*Statistically significant difference from control (Dunnett's one-tailed test; p ≤ 0.05).
% Inhibition=100-((Treatment group parameter mean / pooled control parameter mean)*100). Calculations were performed in Microsoft Excel on unrounded values. Manual calculations may vary slightly.
Table 2: Mean Values for Dry Weight Yield and Dry Weight Growth Rates During the Exposure of Lemna gibba to the test item
Mean Measured Concentration (mg a.i./L) |
Biomass Yield |
% Inhibition |
Biomass Growth Rate (grams/hour) |
% Inhibition |
||
Control |
0.0227 |
NA |
|
0.0168 |
NA |
|
Solvent Control |
0.0251 |
NA |
|
0.0173 |
NA |
|
Pooled Controls |
0.0239 |
NA |
|
0.0170 |
NA |
|
0.0390 |
0.0224 |
6.2 |
|
0.0167 |
2.1 |
|
0.123 |
0.0243 |
-1.7 |
|
0.0171 |
-0.50 |
|
0.408 |
0.0277 |
-16.0 |
|
0.0179 |
-5.3 |
|
1.36 |
0.0203 |
14.9 |
|
0.0162 |
4.9 |
|
4.07 |
0.0128 |
46.5 |
* |
0.0137 |
19.8 |
* |
*Statistically significant difference from control (Dunnett's one-tailed test; p ≤ 0.05).
% Inhibition=100-((Treatment group parameter mean / pooled control parameter mean)*100). Calculations were performed in Microsoft Excel on unrounded values. Manual calculations may vary slightly.
Table 3: Measured Test Concentrations During the Exposure of Lemna gibba to the test item
Nominal Concentration (mg a.i./L) |
Day 0 Measured Concentration (mg a.i./L) |
Day 0 % Nominal |
Day 3 (old) Measured Concentration (mg a.i./L) |
Day 3 (old) % Nominal |
Day 3 (new) Measured Concentration (mg a.i./L) |
Day 3 (new) % Nominal |
Day 7 Measured Concentration (mg a.i./L) |
Day 7 % Nominal |
Mean Measured Concentration (mg a.i./L) |
Percent Mean Measured Concentration |
Control |
< 0.005 |
--- |
< 0.005 |
--- |
< 0.005 |
--- |
< 0.005 |
--- |
< 0.005 |
--- |
Solvent Control |
< 0.005 |
--- |
< 0.005 |
--- |
< 0.005 |
--- |
< 0.005 |
--- |
< 0.005 |
--- |
0.0476 |
0.0475 |
100% |
0.0412 |
86% |
0.0365 |
77% |
0.0307 |
64% |
0.0390 |
82% |
0.152 |
0.152 |
100% |
0.130 |
85% |
0.115 |
76% |
0.0965 |
64% |
0.123 |
81% |
0.488 |
0.499 |
102% |
0.425 |
87% |
0.386 |
79% |
0.323 |
66% |
0.408 |
84% |
1.56 |
1.56 |
100% |
1.35 |
86% |
1.34 |
86% |
1.17 |
75% |
1.36 |
87% |
5.00 |
4.98 |
100% |
4.34 |
87% |
3.81 |
76% |
3.16 |
63% |
4.07 |
81% |
LOQ = 0.005 mg a.i./L
Mean measured values are based on unrounded numbers using Microsoft Excel. Manual calculations using rounded data may vary slightly.
Table 4: Validity criteria for OECD 221.
Criterion from the guideline |
Outcome |
Validity criterion fulfilled |
The doubling time of frond number in the control must be less than 2.5 days (60 h), corresponding to approximately a seven-fold increase in seven days and an average specific growth rate of 0.275 d-1. |
doubling time: 1.77 days or 42 hours |
yes |
Description of key information
IC50 (7 d) = > 4.07 mg/L (mean measured, Lemna gibba, OECD 221)
NOEC (7 d) = 0.039 mg/L (mean measured, Lemna gibba, OECD 221)
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC50 for freshwater plants:
- 4.07 mg/L
- EC10 or NOEC for freshwater plants:
- 0.039 mg/L
Additional information
Toxicity to aquatic plants was investigated in a study performed according to OECD 221 with duckweed Lemna gibba G3 under static-renewal conditions.
L. gibba was exposed to the test item to nominal concentrations between 0.0476 and 5.0 mg a.i./L, a control and solvent control containing 100 µLN, N-dimethylformamide/L. Testing solutions were renewed once (after 3 days) during the test. Testing solutions were prepared up to the limit of solubility in the test system. Mean measured test item concentrations were between 81% and 87% of nominal concentrations.
Derived IC50 values based on growth rate inhibition (frond number and dry weight) was > 4.07 mg/L (mean measured). Growth rate NOEC values based on frond number and dry weight were 0.0390 mg/L (mean measured) and 1.36 mg/L (mean measured), respectively.
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