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EC number: 207-306-5 | CAS number: 460-19-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Long-term toxicity to fish
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- fish early-life stage toxicity
- Type of information:
- read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study
- Justification for type of information:
- Ethanedinitrile, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), potassium cyanide and sodium cyanide can be considered as a chemical category, along with and acetone cyanohydrin (ACH, also known as 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanenitrile), based on structural similarity, common breakdown/metabolic products in physical and biological systems, and similar physico-chemical properties. Particular attention is paid to the dissociation constant of HCN. Ethanedinitrile breaks down in aqueous solution into cyanide ion (CN-) and cyanate ion (OCN-) (Cotton and Wilkinson 1980). Ethanedinitrile due to its low log Kow (0.07) and relatively high solubility in water (2.34 g/L) needs to get dissolved in aqueous solutions in lungs to enter the body. The rate of hydrolysis of ethanedinitrile is very fast (Ajwa 2015). Also, in the vast majority of environmental and physiologic conditions, the cyanide salts will dissolve in water to form hydrogen cyanide. The physico-chemical hazards and toxicity therefore result from the activity of HCN. An ECETOC Task Force, in the 2007 ECETOC Joint Assessment of Commodity Chemicals (JACC) Report No. 53, “Cyanides of Hydrogen, Sodium and Potassium, and Acetone Cyanohydrin (CAS No. 74-90-8, 143-33-9, 151-50-8 and 75-86-5)” supports the development of the chemical category inclusive hydrogen cyanide, sodium and potassium cyanides. Hydrogen cyanide (Index No.006-006-00-X) and salts of hydrogen cyanides (Index No.006-007-00-5) are both listed in Annex VI, Table 3.1 of Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008, entry 006-007-00-5, and are restricted in comparable ways taking into account physical characteristics. Thus, the assignment of ethanedinitrile to a chemical category does not result in a less protective regulatory status.
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: OECD 203 Fish, Acute toxicity test
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Resembling the guideline with broadened scope of research by inclusion of juvenile, fry and egg stages
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Remarks:
- Not reported, but performed (1978) by a prestigious US leading public associations using standardized methods
- Test organisms (species):
- other: see below
- Details on test organisms:
- 1. Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas (Rafinesque)
2. Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus (Rafinesque)
3. Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, formerly Salmo gairdneri (Richardson). - Test type:
- flow-through
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Test temperature:
- 4.0 - 30.0 °C
- pH:
- 6.0 - 8.0
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 3.36 - 9.26 mg/l
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 0.121 - < 0.352 mg/L
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks:
- Fathead minnow eggs
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 0.081 - < 0.122 mg/L
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks:
- Fathead minnow swim-up fry
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 0.082 - < 0.137 mg/L
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks:
- Fathead minnow juveniles
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 0.58 - < 0.935 mg/L
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks:
- Bluegill eggs
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 0.232 - < 0.371 mg/L
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks:
- Bluegill swim-up fry
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 0.075 - < 0.125 mg/L
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks:
- Bluegill juveniles
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 0.057 mg/L
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks:
- Oncorhynchus mykiss
- Details on results:
- 95% confidence limit was 0.0557 – 0.0587 mg. L-1
- Conclusions:
- For most species, juveniles were most sensitive and eggs most resistant to HCN. Temperature has a significant effect on acute toxicity of HCN with juvenile fish in general becoming more sensitive at lower temperatures. Oxygen below 5 mg.l-L results in increased sensitivity for all tested juveniles.
Long-term and chronic toxicity to fish:
Exposure of aquatic organisms is not expected as the fumigant is used for treatment of wood in enclosed spaces. The only emission of the active substance to the air will occur during ventilation of the fumigated wood. The substance will be dispatched in the air and will get quickly diluted due to its high volatility. The substance will stay in the air based on its physical and chemical properties and will not transfer to other environmental compartments such as soil and water as confirmed by models in the environmental fate part of dossier (10.3 Fate and behaviour in air).
Fish early life stage toxicity test:
Exposure of aquatic organisms is not expected as the fumigant is used for treatment of wood in enclosed spaces. The only emission of the active substance to the air will occur during ventilation of the fumigated wood. The substance will be dispatched in the air and will get quickly diluted due to its high volatility. The substance will stay in the air based on its physical and chemical properties and will not transfer to other environmental compartments such as soil and water as confirmed by models in the environmental fate part of dossier (10.3 Fate and behaviour in air). - Executive summary:
Materials and methods
Different stages used for acute tests were eggs, fry and juveniles. Eggs and fry were randomly placed in test chambers with 20 litres of test solution; eggs and fry were tested on screen bottomed acrylic cylinders covered with a bakelite lid and held in a 20-liter chamber. Sodium cyanide from the stock solution was delivered to test chambers from the interminent-flow diluters. NaCN hydrolyses to form free cyanide – CN-ion and molecular HCN. At pH 6.0 – 8.0 in most natural water the molecular (un-ionized) HCN predominates with less than 6 % free cyanide occurring in the ionic form below pH 8 at 25 °C. Eggs and fry were tested immediately on introduction to the test chambers; juveniles were held in test chambers for three days prior to HCN expose. Free cyanide concentrations in each chamber were determined daily.
Observations on mortality were made daily. Acute toxicity of hydrogen cyanide was determined at temperatures from 4 °C to 30 °C and oxygen concentrations from 3.36 to 9.26 mg. L-1on different species life stages, with single water source and using uniform test procedures. 337 acute toxicity tests were designed to determine the 96-hour median lethal HCN concentration (LC50) and the median lethal threshold concentration (LTC).
Free cyanide concentration in each chamber was determined daily by the spectrophotometric method according to Epstein with calculated HCN concentrations based on corresponding pH and temperature measurements and using the dissociation constants of molecular HCN. This method was used as standard method for examination of water by the renowned US leading public associations.
Table 8.2.2.1 – 1.: Test organisms
Criteria
Details
Species/strain
1. Fathead minnow,Pimephales promelas(Rafinesque)
2. Bluegill,Lepomis macrochirus(Rafinesque)
3. Rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss, formerlySalmo gairdneri (Richardson).
Source
1. Fathead minnow were cultured in test laboratory from brood stock originally obtained from the U.S. EPA´s ERL, Duluth. Juvenile wild-stock fatheads were collected from Como Lake in St. Paul.
2. Bluegill was obtained from wild stock with eggs spawned and fry hatched in the laboratory.
Juvenile bluegills were collected from local waters.
3.Oncorhynchus mykisswere obtained as newly hardened eggs or as 24-hour fry from state hatcheries.
Age/size
1. Sac fry, length 5-; Swim-up, length 5-, Juveniles, length 26-
2. Sac fry, length; Swim-up, length, Juveniles, length 13-
3. Juveniles, length 40 -68 mm
Pre-treatment
Juveniles held at test conditions for 7 days before being placed in the test chambers. Juveniles from the field were given prophylactic treatment with neomycin and tetracycline at 20 mg. L-1for 4-hour periods on 3 consecutive days.
Feeding of animals during test
No
Table 8.2.2.1 – 2.: Test system
Criteria
Details
Test type
Flow-through
Volume of test vessels
Test chambers for juveniles and trout swim-up were glass aquaria 50x24x20 cc high filled with 20 litres of test solution.
Eggs and fry were tested in screen bottomed acrylic cylinders each covered with a bakelite lid and held in a 20-liter chamber - the portion of water from each cycle flowed upward through the screen to the outlet.
Number of animals/vessel
1. 25-50 eggs; 25 sac fry; 25 swim-up fry; 10 juveniles
2. 25-50 eggs; 10-50 sac fry; 10-50 swim-up fry; 10-20 juveniles
3. 10 juveniles
Number of vessels/ concentration
1
Results and discussion:
Acute toxicity varied from 0.057 mg. L-1for juvenile rainbow trout to 0.191 mg. L-1for field stocks of juvenile fathead minnows. Juvenile fish were more sensitive at lower temperatures and at oxygen levels below 5 mg. L-1. The difference in median lethal concentration between field stock fathead minnows, the most resistant species tested, and rainbow trout juveniles was approximately threefold. Eggs of all tested species were the most resistant life stage. Slope of the log-probit toxicity curves is smallest for egg tests and increases to that for juveniles.
LC50
Fathead minnow eggs : from 0.121 to 0.352 mg.L-1
Fathead minnow swim-up fry: from 0.081 to 0.122 mg. L-1
Fathead minnow juveniles: from 0.082 to 0.137 mg. L-1
Bluegill eggs: from 0.580 to 0.935 mg. L-1(expresed as LTC)
Bluegill swim-up fry: from 0.232 to 0.371 mg. L-1
Bluegill juveniles: from 0.075 to 0.125 mg. L-1
Oncorhynchus mykiss: 0.0572 mg. L-1
(95% confidence limit was 0.0557 – 0.0587 mg. L-1).
Table 8.2.2.1 – 3. Acute toxicity of HCN to fathead minnow eggs expressed as 96-hour LC50and median lethal concentrations at hatching
°C
DO mg.L-1
pH
96-hour LC50
mg.L-1
95%
Confidence limits
Hatch
LC50
mg.L-1
99%
Confidence limits
15.2
6.36
7.86
0.352
274-453
0.126
90.9-174
20.0
6.13
7.88
0.273
162-463
0.118
97.3-142
24.9
3.51
7.72
0.202
130-314
0.116
86.6-157
24.8
4.46
7.95
0.121
77.3-190
0.113
83.0-154
25.0
5.52
7.90
0.184
115-293
0.180
122-266
25.0
6.34
8.00
0.196
140-274
0.162
135-193
24.9
7.25
7.99
0.202
-
0.187
-
Table 8.2.2.1 – 4.: Acute toxicity of HCN to fathead minnow swim-up fry expressed as 96-hour LC50and median lethal threshold concentrations
°C
DO mg.L-1
pH
96-hour LC50
mg. L-1
95%
Confidence limits
LTC
mg. L-1
95%
Confidence limits
15.0
6.38
7.86
0.122
104-143
0.102
92.8-113
20.0
6.14
7.89
0.0991
88.9-111
0.0961
83.6-110
24.6
3.77
7.84
0.0816
71.2-93.6
0.0816
71.2-93.6
24.7
5.14
7.96
0.108
90.3-130
0.108
90.3-130
24.9
6.17
8.02
0.113
96.5-133
0.113
96.5-133
Table 8.2.2.1 – 5.: Acute toxicity of HCN to fathead minnow juveniles expressed as 96-hour LC50and median lethal threshold concentrations
°C
DO mg.L-1
pH
96-hour LC50
mg. L-1
95%
Confidence limits
LTC
mg. L-1
95%
Confidence limits
15.0
6.07
7.86
0.121
116-125
0.119
115-123
20.0
3.58
7.70
0.128
109-149
0.123
105-143
19.8
4.68
7.80
0.0824
76.4-88.9
0.0824
76.4-88.9
20.0
5.20
7.78
0.125
117-133
0.123
116-132
20.0
6.07
7.91
0.137
122-153
0.137
122-153
20.0
7.13
7.90
0.131
124-138
0.131
124-138
24.8
3.58
7.75
0.106
87.9-129
0.106
87.9-129
25.0
5.08
7.83
0.119
111-129
0.119
111-129
25.1
6.13
7.98
0.129
124-133
0.129
124-133
25.2
7.04
7.96
0.120
113-128
0.120
113-138
Table 8.2.2.1 – 6.: Acute toxicity of HCN to bluegill eggs and swim-up fry expressed as 96-hour LC50and median lethal threshold of hatching concentrations
°C
DO mg.L-1
pH
96-hour LC50
mg. L-1
95%
Confidence limits
LTC
mg. L-1
95%
Confidence limits
Eggs
25.2
3.39
7.70
-
-
0.690
461-1033
25.0
4.99
7.79
-
-
0.535
240-1192
25.1
6.09
7.92
-
-
0.693
572-841
25.0
6.90
7.90
-
-
0.580
343-980
Fry
20.0
5.99
7.89
0.365
188-709
0.205
156-270
24.9
3.59
7.72
0.232
147-366
0.109
99.9-120
24.9
5.08
7.80
0.232
147-366
0.149
117-189
24.9
6.01
7.93
0.276
241-316
0.218
193-247
24.8
6.81
7.90
0.271
200-368
0.194
110-340
Table 8.2.2.1 – 7.: Acute toxicity of HCN to bluegill juveniles expressed as 96-hour LC50and median lethal threshold of hatching concentrations
°C
DO mg.L-1
pH
96-hour LC50
mg. L-1
95%
Confidence limits
LTC
mg. L-1
95%
Confidence limits
8.4
6.08
7.80
0.083
-
0.0617
59.3-64.2
9.7
8.35
7.94
<0.092
-
-
-
15.0
6.07
7.83
0.087
81.0-93.8
0.0871
81.0-93.8
15.1
7.03
7.92
0.075
66.0-85.2
Table 8.2.2.1 – 6.: Acute toxicity of HCN to bluegill eggs and swim-up fry expressed as 96-hour LC50and median lethal threshold of hatching concentrations
°C
DO mg.L-1
pH
96-hour LC50
mg. L-1
95%
Confidence limits
LTC
mg. L-1
95%
Confidence limits
Eggs
25.2
3.39
7.70
-
-
0.690
461-1033
25.0
4.99
7.79
-
-
0.535
240-1192
25.1
6.09
7.92
-
-
0.693
572-841
25.0
6.90
7.90
-
-
0.580
343-980
Fry
20.0
5.99
7.89
0.365
188-709
0.205
156-270
24.9
3.59
7.72
0.232
147-366
0.109
99.9-120
24.9
5.08
7.80
0.232
147-366
0.149
117-189
24.9
6.01
7.93
0.276
241-316
0.218
193-247
24.8
6.81
7.90
0.271
200-368
0.194
110-340
Table 8.2.2.1 – 7.: Acute toxicity of HCN to bluegill juveniles expressed as 96-hour LC50and median lethal threshold of hatching concentrations
°C
DO mg.L-1
pH
96-hour LC50
mg. L-1
95%
Confidence limits
LTC
mg. L-1
95%
Confidence limits
8.4
6.08
7.80
0.083
-
0.0617
59.3-64.2
9.7
8.35
7.94
<0.092
-
-
-
15.0
6.07
7.83
0.087
81.0-93.8
0.0871
81.0-93.8
15.1
7.03
7.92
0.075
66.0-85.2
*Based on the mean measured concentrations.
Conclusion
For most species, juveniles were most sensitive and eggs most resistant to HCN. Temperature has a significant effect on acute toxicity of HCN with juvenile fish in general becoming more sensitive at lower temperatures. Oxygen below 5 mg.l-L results in increased sensitivity for all tested juveniles.
Fish full life cycle test
Exposure of aquatic organisms is not expected. The substance will be dispatched in the air and will get quickly diluted due to its high volatility. The substance will stay in the air based on its physical and chemical properties and will not transfer to other environmental compartments such as soil and water as confirmed by models in the environmental fate part of dossier, CA 7.3.2.
Bioconcentration in fish
Exposure of aquatic organisms is not expected. The substance will be dispatched in the air and will get quickly diluted due to its high volatility. The substance will stay in the air based on its physical and chemical properties and will not transfer to other environmental compartments such as soil and water as confirmed by models in the environmental fate part of dossier, CA 7.3.2.
Ethanedinitrile has log Pow=0.07 (CA 2.7) therefore bioaccumulation is not probable.
Reference
Acute toxicity varied from 0.057 mg. L-1for juvenile rainbow trout to 0.191 mg. L-1for field stocks of juvenile fathead minnows. Juvenile fish were more sensitive at lower temperatures and at oxygen levels below 5 mg. L-1. The difference in median lethal concentration between field stock fathead minnows, the most resistant species tested, and rainbow trout juveniles was approximately threefold. Eggs of all tested species were the most resistant life stage. Slope of the log-probit toxicity curves is smallest for egg tests and increases to that for juveniles. |
Table8.2.2.1 – 3. Acute toxicity of HCN to fathead minnow eggs expressed as 96-hour LC50and median lethal concentrations at hatching
Table8.2.2.1 – 4.: Acute toxicity of HCN to fathead minnow swim-up fry expressed as 96-hour LC50and median lethal threshold concentrations
Table8.2.2.1 – 5.: Acute toxicity of HCN to fathead minnow juveniles expressed as 96-hour LC50and median lethal threshold concentrations
Table8.2.2.1 – 6.: Acute toxicity of HCN to bluegill eggs and swim-up fry expressed as 96-hour LC50and median lethal threshold of hatching concentrations
Table 8.2.2.1 –7.: Acute toxicity of HCN to bluegill juveniles expressed as 96-hour LC50and median lethal threshold of hatching concentrations
Table 8.2.2.1 –8.: Acute toxicity of HCN to Oncorhynchus mykiss juveniles expressed as 96-hour LC50and median lethal threshold concentrations
Table 8.2.2.1 –9.: Effect data
|
*Based on the mean measured concentrations. |
Description of key information
Acute toxicity varied from 0.057 mg. L-1for juvenile rainbow trout to 0.191 mg. L-1for field stocks of juvenile fathead minnows. Juvenile fish were more sensitive at lower temperatures and at oxygen levels below 5 mg. L-1. The difference in median lethal concentration between field stock fathead minnows, the most resistant species tested, and rainbow trout juveniles was approximately threefold. Eggs of all tested species were the most resistant life stage. Slope of the log-probit toxicity curves is smallest for egg tests and increases to that for juveniles.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
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