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EC number: 201-069-1 | CAS number: 77-92-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: The study was well documented and meets generally accepted scientific principles, but it was not conducted in compliance with GLP and no analytical monitoring was carried out.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Bringmann and Kuhn (1977)
- Deviations:
- not specified
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method: dispersion, neutralised. - Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: water flea
- Strain: Daphnia magna IRCHA
- Source: Laboratory culture
- Age at study initiation: <24h
- Feeding during test: not reported
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: not reported
- Type and amount of food: dry algae - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 24 h
- Test temperature:
- ca. 20 °C
- pH:
- 7.6-7.7
- Dissolved oxygen:
- Saturated oxygen levels in test water
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- A range of concentrations to achieve three or more responses between 0 and 100% immobilisation. Details on concentrations tested not reported.
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: flask
- Size: 50 ml
- Aeration: none
- No. of organisms per vessel: 10
- No. of vessels per concentration: 2
- No. of vessels per control: 2
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: standardised synthetic fresh water
- Intervals of water quality measurement: daily
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: the test solution was neutralised.
- Photoperiod: 9h artificial light
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: immobility. - Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Key result
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 1 535 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: P95%
- Remarks:
- 1436-1641 mg/L
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC0
- Effect conc.:
- 1 206 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC100
- Effect conc.:
- 2 083 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Reported as standard statistical methods available at the time the study was conducted and analysis of EC50 on probit scale.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- A 24h EC50 of 1535 mg/L has been determined for the effects of the test substance in a neutralised test solution on immobility of the freshwater flea Daphnia magna.
Reference
A test was also carried out without neutralisation of the test solution resulting in a higher toxicity of the test substance due to lower pH. The 24 h LC values with Daphnia magna in a non-neutralised solution were as follows:
LC0 | 73 |
LC50 | 85 |
LC100 | 98 |
Description of key information
Short-term toxicity to invertebrates: A number of publications are available indicating low short-term toxicity to inverebrates using a Weight of Evidence approach
Freshwater: EC50 ca. 120 -1535 mg/L with Daphnia magna (Ellis 1937, as reported in OECD SIDS 2001, and Bringmann and Kuhn 1982, rel. 4 and 2 respectively).
Marine: EC50 >50 to 160 mg/L with Dreissena polymorpha and Carcinus maenas (Cope et al. 1997 and Portman and Wilson 1971, both rel. 4).
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water invertebrates
Fresh water invertebrates
- Effect concentration:
- 1 535 mg/L
Additional information
Freshwater
A reliable 24h LC50
value of 1535 mg/L has been determined for the effects of the test
substance on immobility of Daphnia magna in a neutralised
solution (Bringmann and Kuhn 1982). Although reported as an LC50
value it can be considered analogous to an EC50 value based
on immobility; it is difficult to differentiate dead and immobile
daphnids by visual inspection. The
study reflects the lowest value that is available for this endpoint and
is part of the weight of evidence for low toxicity of citric acid to the
freshwater compartment.
A further freshwater invertebrate
reliability 4 study indicates that citric acid is of low short-term
toxicity and has been used in a weight of evidence approach:
Ellis (1937, as reported in European Chemical Bureau, IUCLID Dataset Citric Acid, 2000) determined a 72h EC50 of ca. 120 mg/L for the effects of citric acid on immobility of the freshwater flea D. magna. It was not possible to access the original source and the study has been assigned reliability 4.
Khomenco et al. (1969, as reported in OECD SIDS 2001 on Citric Acid CAS 77-92-9) determined an EC50 of 98 mg/L for the effects of citric acid on immobility of the freshwater flea D. magna, based on a geometric mean. The duration of the test is unkown and the original source could not be accessed (refernced in OECD SIDS 2001). In addition the conclusions are said to indicate that acidity is likely to be the cause of the effects seen. Therefore the study has not been taken into account in the assessment.
Marine
A reliable 48h EC50 value of >50 mg/L has been determined for the effects of citric acid on substrate reattachment abilities of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha (Cope et al. 1997). The study does not present a conclusive EC50 (> value), however it has been selected as weight of evidence for low short-term toxicity to marine aquatic invertebrates.
A reliability 4 study (due to lack of information on the test methodology) indicates that citric acid is of low short-term toxicity to invertebrates in neutralised solutions:
Portmann & Wilson (1971) reported an LC50 of 160 mg/L for the effects of citric acid on mortality of the crab Carcinus maenas.
Additionally, Nelson and Kursar (1999) report a 24 h LD50 of 190-279 mg/L (three experiments) for the effects of citric acid on mortality of the marine invertebrate Artemia franciscana. Citric acid is a strong acid and there is no evidence that the pH of the test medium was neutralised. At a concentration of 200 mg/L it is estimated that the solution would have a pH <4. The test organisms are not expected to be significantly more sensitive than the freshwater species Daphnia magna, where an EC50 of 1535 mg/L has been determined in a neutralised solution with citric acid. Therefore it is likely that effects reported are due to low pH. This study has not been selected as part of the weight of evidence approach.
In addition, a SafePharm 2006 study is reported in the CLH consultation on citric acid, indicating a 48 h EC50 value 34 mg/L. The study has been assigned reliability 1, however the pH is 8 in the controls and decreases with increasing citric acid concentrations, down to pH 4.1-4.2 at 100 mg/L. OECD 202 guidance indicates that "If the pH does not remain in the range 6-9, then a second test could be carried out, adjusting the pH of the stock solution to that of the dilution water before addition of the test substance.", therefore the study deviates from the guidance. The outcome of the study is likely to have been negatively affected by the pH of the medium and the results are disregarded by the current reviewer.
Access to the report has not been purchased, for details please refer to the CLH consultation here https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/c721decb-298f-92a3-b425-55cbf9c6cc9b [accessed January 2019]
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