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EC number: 224-580-1 | CAS number: 4418-26-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Repeat oral toxicity:
In a study in the monkey ( Macaca mulatta) gavage doses 0, 50, 100, 200 or 300 mg/kg bw/day (single animal/group)– DHA equivalent, DHA or DHA-Na dosed. One year study, for doses up to 100 mg/kg bw/day, no adverse toxicity was evident. Adverse toxicity at 200 or 300 mg/kg bw/day. NOAEL 100 mg/kg bw/day.
In a study in the rat gavage doses 10 to 300 mg/kg bw/day, 24 doses in 34 days; treatment related mortality and adverse toxicity at 300 mg/kg bw/day. No adverse effects at 0, 10, 30, 100 mg/kg bw/day. NOAEL 100 mg/kg bw/day.
In a two -year study in the rat by dietary dosing, animals (25/group) were dosed at 0.02, 0.05, and 0.10 % (by weight, DHA – equivalent to 200, 500 or 1000 ppm or 20, 50 or 100 mg/kg bw/day). No adverse toxicity was seen. A NOEL of 1000 ppm (100 mg/kg bw/day) is proposed.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Repeated dose toxicity: via oral route - systemic effects
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- sub-chronic toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- Circa 1950
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- A sub-chronic, one-year, study in primates, dosed by oral gavage, in which key indicators of toxicity and pathology were monitored. Additionally, some TK parameters were assessed.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- monkey
- Strain:
- other: Macaca mulatta
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Imported rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), that had been acclimatised for several months in the laboratory were fully adapted to the laboratory environment, diet, and handling, were used in this work.
The animals were caged separately aud maintained on "Complete Laboratory Chow" (Purina) supplemented with canned tomatoes, fresh fruits and vegetables, and peanuts. At the start of the experiment tho monkeys were apparently in excellent condition and had all gained considerable weight since their arrival in the laboratory. - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Details on route of administration:
- Repeated oral doses of dehydroacetic acid in olive oil solution (5% cent) and of its sodium salt in water solution (10% cent) were administered by stomach tube to these monkeys at dosage levels of 0, 50, 100, 200 or 300 mg/kg bw/day – DHA equivalent, DHA or DHA-Na dosed. All doses of the sodium salt were calculated on the basis of its dehydroacetic acid equivalent.
- Vehicle:
- water
- Details on oral exposure:
- See above
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- One year
- Frequency of treatment:
- Daily - not precisely specified in publication.
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 50 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 200 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- One/group; with the exception of one animal (no. 90) all animals were female
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- Monkeys at 200 mg/kg bw/day dosed only 3-4 days a week due to adverse clinical condition.
- Positive control:
- No
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- Twice weekly body weights, daily observations.
Blood taken periodically for haematology, plasma N content and DHA analysis. Urine was also examined for DHA analysis. - Sacrifice and pathology:
- Sacrificed at one year, heart, liver, kidneys and spleen sampled; blood taken for urea-N analysis an d lung, heart, kidney, spleen, adrenal, pancreas testis, ovary, bone marrow stomach, small intestine, voluntary muscle, bladder, lymph node, thyroid and brain sampled for histopathological examination. Liver and kidney stained with Oil Red O for lipid assessment.
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- At 300 mg/kg bw/day inappetence, ataxia, vomiting and clonic and tonic convulsions. Monkeys at this dosage were killed before scheduled termination.
At 200 mg/kg bw/day ataxia, conjvulsions, retching, salivation and vomiting - discontinuation of dosing for up to 3 days lead to a recovery - Mortality:
- mortality observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence):
- One monkey (no. 95) on day 26 (after the 20th dose)
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- At 200 or 300 mg/kg bw/day body weight loss.
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- At 200 or 300 mg/kg bw/day inappetance recorded.
- Food efficiency:
- not specified
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not specified
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not specified
- Haematological findings:
- not specified
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Urinalysis findings:
- not specified
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not specified
- Immunological findings:
- not specified
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- no effects observed
- Gross pathological findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No effects recorded at 200 mg/kg bw/day or below.
- Neuropathological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- At 200 or 300 mg/kg bw/day ataxia, convulsions.
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No effects recorded at 200 mg/kg bw/day or below. At 300 mg/kg bw/day one animal show moderate degenerative changes to the tubular epithelium of the kidney. Considerable inflammation in the small intestine was noted for the animal which died.
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not specified
- Other effects:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- In one monkey treated at 50 mg/kg bw/day the total lipid content of the liver was increased.
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Effect level:
- >= 200 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- clinical signs
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: no adverse effects observed
- Critical effects observed:
- yes
- Lowest effective dose / conc.:
- 200 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- System:
- central nervous system
- Treatment related:
- yes
- Dose response relationship:
- no
- Relevant for humans:
- no
- Conclusions:
- At 300 mg/kg bw/day the monkeys were killed (before scheduled termination due to adverse toxicity: inappetence, body weight loss, ataxia, vomiting and clonic and tonic convulsions. One animal showed moderate degenerative changes to the tubular epithelium of the kidney. Considerable inflammation in the small intestine was noted for the animal which died.
At 200 mg/kg bw/day inappetence and body weight loss were seen; discontinuation of dosing for up to 3 days lead to a recovery; however, if this wasn’t the case the animals failed showing signs of ataxia, retching, salivation and vomiting. Force feeding the animals helped to alleviate the symptoms. Because of this animals in this group were dosed 3 or 4 times a week only.
At 50 or 100 mg/kg bw/day no adverse effects were observed. There were no changes in either the blood chemistry of haematological investigations. No adverse histopathological abnormalities were seen
in this study with the exception of a monkey treated at 50 mg/kg bw/day where the total lipid content of the liver was increased.
A NOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw/day was determined. - Executive summary:
Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) -1/group - were treated with DHA or DHA-Na via oral gavage at 0, 50, 100, 200 or 300 mg/kg bw/day.
At 300 mg/kg bw/day the monkeys were killed (before scheduled termination) due to adverse toxicity.
At 200 mg/kg bw/day inappetence and body weight loss were seen.
At 50 or 100 mg/kg bw/day no adverse effects were observed. A NOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw/day was determined.
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- Circa 1950
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Essentially an oral gavage four week sub-chronic toxicity study, conducted in the rat (a well-established experimental model), in which key toxicity endpoints were evaluated.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- not specified
- Details on species / strain selection:
- not specified
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- not specified
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- olive oil
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 24 doses in 34 days
- Frequency of treatment:
- Daily - presumed not at weekends
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 10 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 30 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 5 or 6
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- Male rats 10 weeks old at start of study
- Positive control:
- No
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- General condition, body weight
- Sacrifice and pathology:
- Pathology (lung, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, adrenal, pancreas, testis, and stomach), histopathology, blood urea-N
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- At 300 mg/kg bw/day - animals were emaciated, thin and unkempt
- Mortality:
- mortality observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence):
- At 300 mg/kg bw/day - two deaths, one at 7 days the other at 11 days (7 doses). Remaining rats killed after 11 days. No adverse effects at 0, 10, 30, 100 mg/kg bw/day
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- At 300 mg/kg bw/day - 20 to 30% of their body weight loss. No adverse effects at 0, 10, 30, 100 mg/kg bw/day
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not specified
- Food efficiency:
- not specified
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not specified
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not specified
- Haematological findings:
- not specified
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not specified
- Urinalysis findings:
- not specified
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not specified
- Immunological findings:
- not specified
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- no effects observed
- Gross pathological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- At 300 mg/kg bw/day - contracted stomach with blood tinged contents, a congested mucosa, and a few haemorrhagic areas.
No adverse effects at t 0, 10, 30, 100 mg/kg bw/day - Neuropathological findings:
- not specified
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- not specified
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEL
- Effect level:
- ca. 300 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- clinical signs
- mortality
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: No adverse toxicity at 100 mg/kg bw/day.
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- yes
- Lowest effective dose / conc.:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- System:
- gastrointestinal tract
- Organ:
- stomach
- Treatment related:
- yes
- Dose response relationship:
- no
- Relevant for humans:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- General condition and body weight at 0, 10, 30, 100 mg/kg bw/day was unaffected. Additionally, no adverse effects were noted for blood urea-N or after histopathological examination of selected tissues (lung, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, adrenal, pancreas, testis, and stomach). At 300 mg/kg bw/day loss, two deaths occurred (7 & 11 days). The remaining animals at 300 mg/kg bw/day were killed after 11 days (7 doses). These animals lost 20 to 30% of their body weight and were thin and unkempt. Examination of each of these animals revealed marked emaciation and contracted stomach with blood tinged contents, a congested mucosa, and a few haemorrhagic areas. The NOAEL was onsidered to be 100 mg/kg bw/day.
- Executive summary:
In a repeat dose toxicity study (24 doses in 34 days) rats were dosed by oral gavage: 2 groups of 5 or 6 (10 weeks old at start), the dosages were: 0, 10, 30, 100 or 300 mg/kg bw/day (vehicle: olive oil).
There were no adverse effects at 10, 30, 100 mg/kg bw/day. At 300 mg/kg bw/day loss, two deaths occurred (7 & 11 days), there was 20 to 30% body weight loss, the animals appeared thin and unkempt and had a contracted stomach with blood tinged contents, a congested mucosa, and a few haemorrhagic areas. A NOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw/day was determined.
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Justification for type of information:
- refer to analogue justification provided in IUCLID section 13
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEL
- Effect level:
- ca. 300 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- clinical signs
- mortality
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: No adverse toxicity at 100 mg/kg bw/day.
- Critical effects observed:
- yes
- Lowest effective dose / conc.:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- System:
- gastrointestinal tract
- Organ:
- stomach
- Treatment related:
- yes
- Dose response relationship:
- not specified
- Relevant for humans:
- not specified
- Endpoint:
- chronic toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- Circa 1950
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Primarily a chronic dietary, two-year, study in rats in which key indicators of toxicity and pathology were monitored. Additionally, some TK parameters were assessed.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Details not specified
Diet was a modified Sherman diet - Route of administration:
- oral: feed
- Details on route of administration:
- Note: Diets containing 0.02, 0.05, and 0.10 % (by weight) DHA – equivalent to 200, 500 or 1000 ppm or 20, 50 or 100 mg/kg bw/day).
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on oral exposure:
- Two year feeding study
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Two years
- Frequency of treatment:
- Daily
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 ppm
- Dose / conc.:
- 200 ppm
- Remarks:
- 0.02% or 20 mg/kg bw/day
- Dose / conc.:
- 500 ppm
- Remarks:
- 0.05% or 50 mg/kg bw/day
- Dose / conc.:
- 1 000 ppm
- Remarks:
- 0.10% or 100 mg/kg bw/day
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 25
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent no treatment
- Details on study design:
- Rats 2-3 months old; 25 each sex/group; 5 same sex/cage, food & water ad lib. A group of ten female rats, receiving the diet containing 0.05% DHA, and a similar group of controls, were selected for periodic hematological studies during the course of the experiment
- Positive control:
- No
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- Clinical condition, body weight and food consumption (twice/week) , haematology (erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration, total leucocyte count, and differential count) - frequency not specified
- Sacrifice and pathology:
- After 237 days on the experimental diets, two female rats from each of the groups were sacrificed in order to obtain plasma for DHA analyses. After two years on the diets containing DHA all of the surviving rats were starved overnight, weighed, killed by decapitation, aud examined. The.heart, liver, kidneys, spleen, and testes from,each rat were weighed.
- Other examinations:
- Oxalated blood was taken for urea-N determinations and a portion of the liver from each animal was frozen with dry ice for subsequent analysis of the total lipid content. Total lipids were determined gravimetrically.
- Statistics:
- The t-test was used in comparing the mean values obtained on the experimental groups with those of the controls; probability values (P) of 0.05 or less indicated a signiûcant difference.
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Mortality:
- mortality observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence):
- Considered to be age-related and due to infection
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- no effects observed
- Food efficiency:
- not specified
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not specified
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not specified
- Haematological findings:
- not specified
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- At termination, the total liver lipid values were significantly higher in the 1000 ppm dose group.
- Urinalysis findings:
- not specified
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- no effects observed
- Immunological findings:
- not specified
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- no effects observed
- Gross pathological findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Mild fatty changes in the liver were observed in most of the animals in each of the groups, control as well as experimental groups. These changes were usually very mild in degree (as substantiated by the liver weights and liver lipid values) and were observed in Oil Red O stained sections as small, brilliantly stained globules diffuse in distribution, although usually most numerous in the periportal areas.
- Neuropathological findings:
- not specified
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Mild fatty changes in the liver were observed in most of the animals in each of the groups, control as well as experimental groups.
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- ca. 1 000 ppm
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- histopathology: non-neoplastic
- other: Liver lipid analysis
- Critical effects observed:
- no
- System:
- hepatobiliary
- Organ:
- liver
- Conclusions:
- General condition and body weight during the in-life phase at all doses were essentially similar. At termination, the body weights of the males were higher than the controls. Haematological parameters were unaffected. No adverse treatment related pathological changes at any dosage were reported. Changes seen after terminal necropsy were considered to be related to the age of the rats. At term ination, the total liver lipid values were significantly higher in the top dose group. No histopathological changes were seen at any dosage, however lipid staining of the livers revealed staining particularly in the periportal areas. There were also some incidences of hyaline casts in the renal tubules but there was no apparent relationship to treatment. The NOAEL was consider to be 1000 ppm (100 mg/kg bw/day).
- Executive summary:
Male and female rats treated via the diet for 2 years with DHA were not adversely affected by treatment at any dosage. Lipid staining of the livers revealed some staining aprticularly in the periportal areas,
additionally the lipid content of the liver was increased at 1000 ppm, an adverse relationship to treatment was not concluded. A NOAEL of 1000 ppm (100 mg/kg bw/day) was considered appropriate.
- Endpoint:
- chronic toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Justification for type of information:
- refer to analogue justification provided in IUCLID section 13
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- ca. 1 000 ppm
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- histopathology: non-neoplastic
- other: Liver lipid analysis
- Remarks on result:
- other: Equivalent to 100 mg/kg bw/day
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
Referenceopen allclose all
See attached summary of results.
See attached results summary from paper
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- 100 mg/kg bw/day
- Study duration:
- subchronic
- Species:
- rat
- System:
- other: liver, stomach
- Organ:
- liver
- stomach
Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation - systemic effects
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
- Data waiving:
- study scientifically not necessary / other information available
- Justification for data waiving:
- a short-term toxicity study does not need to be conducted because exposure of humans via inhalation in production and/or use is not likely as based on the provided thorough and rigorous exposure assessment
Reference
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation - local effects
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
- Data waiving:
- study scientifically not necessary / other information available
- Justification for data waiving:
- a short-term toxicity study does not need to be conducted because exposure of humans via inhalation in production and/or use is not likely as based on the provided thorough and rigorous exposure assessment
Reference
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Repeated dose toxicity: dermal - systemic effects
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Repeated dose toxicity: dermal - local effects
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Mode of Action Analysis / Human Relevance Framework
These data suggest that the liver may be a target, e.g. changes in liver lipid content/distribution. This may be an adaptive response, no overt adverse pathology of the liver was stated. Some effects were also noted on the stomach but the significance of systemic toxicity here was considered equivocal.
In the study in the monkey,only a single monkey/dose group was used, the biological significance of any findings therefore may be open to interpretation.
Additional information
Justification for classification or non-classification
No significant adverse toxicity/pathology on the organs and tissues examined was noted . Changes in the liver (weight, pathology, lipid content/distribution) were considered to be in relation to xenobiotic induced changes in metabolism and therefore an adaptive response. No classification is proposed.
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