1,4-Benzodioxane-2-carboxylic acid

Endpoint summary

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Genetic toxicity in vitro

Description of key information

Bacterial reverse mutation test:

The test item is not mutagenic in the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay and in the Escherichia coli reverse mutation assay.

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

From 2018-12-17 to 2019-01-17

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Remarks:

Study performed to current OECD guidelines with no significant deviations and run in OECD GLP certified lab.

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Version / remarks:

1997

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Purity: 99.7%
Batch No.: 80031745a

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100

Species / strain / cell type:

E. coli WP2 uvr A

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

Type and composition of metabolic activation system:
- source of S9 : prepared from male Sprague Dawley rats that had been injected intraperitoneally with Aroclor 1254 (500 mg/kg body weight)
- method of preparation of S9 mix : S9-mix was prepared immediately before use and kept refrigerated. S9-mix contained per 10 mL: 30 mg NADP and 15.2 mg
glucose-6-phosphate in 5.5 mL Milli-Q water; 2 mL 0.5 M sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.4; 1 mL 0.08 M MgCl2 solution; 1 mL 0.33 M KCl solution. The above solution was filter (0.22 μm)-sterilized. To 9.5 mL of S9-mix components 0.5 mL S9-fraction was added (5% (v/v) S9-fraction) to complete the S9-mix.
- quality controls of S9 (e.g., enzymatic activity, sterility, metabolic capability): Each S9 batch was characterized with the mutagens benzo-(a)-pyrene (Sigma) and 2-aminoanthracene, which require metabolic activation, in tester strain TA100 at concentrations of 5 μg/plate and 2.5 μg/plate, respectively.

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

Dose-range Finding Test: TA100 and the WP2uvrA, both with and without S9-mix, 1.7, 5.4, 17, 52, 164, 512, 1600 and 5000 μg/plate.
First Experiment: TA1535, TA1537 and TA98, both with and without S9-mix, 52, 164, 512, 1600 and 5000 μg/plate.
Second Experiment: TA1535, TA1537, TA98, TA100 and WP2uvrA, both with and without S9-mix, 52, 164, 512, 1600 and 5000 μg/plate.

Vehicle / solvent:

- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide)

- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: A solubility test was performed based on visual assessment. The test item formed a clear to light yellow solution in DMSO.

Untreated negative controls:

no

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

sodium azide

Remarks:

For TA1535, without metabolic activation

Untreated negative controls:

no

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: ICR-191

Remarks:

For TA1537, without metabolic activation

Untreated negative controls:

no

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

2-nitrofluorene

Remarks:

For TA1537 and TA98, without metabolic activation

Untreated negative controls:

no

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

methylmethanesulfonate

Remarks:

For TA100, without metabolic activation

Untreated negative controls:

no

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide

Remarks:

For WP2uvrA, without metabolic activation

Untreated negative controls:

no

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: 2-aminoanthracene

Remarks:

For TA1535, TA1537, TA98, TA100 and WP2uvrA, with metabolic activation

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF TREATMENT/ EXPOSURE:
- Cell density at seeding (if applicable): 1.0 ± 0.1 at 700 nm (1E+09 cells/mL)

TREATMENT AND HARVEST SCHEDULE:
- Preincubation period, if applicable: 30 ± 2 minutes for second experiment
- Exposure duration/duration of treatment: 48 ± 4 h both for dose-range finding test, First Experiment and Second Experiment.

METHODS FOR MEASUREMENT OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: the reduction of the bacterial background lawn, the increase in the size of the microcolonies and the reduction of the revertant colonies were observed.

Evaluation criteria:

A Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay and/or Escherichia coli reverse mutation assay is considered acceptable if it meets the following criteria:
a) The vehicle control and positive control plates from each tester strain (with or without S9-mix) must exhibit a characteristic number of revertant colonies when compared against relevant historical control data generated at Charles River Den Bosch.
b) The selected dose-range should include a clearly toxic concentration or should exhibit limited solubility as demonstrated by the preliminary toxicity range-finding test or should extend to 5 mg/plate.
c) No more than 5% of the plates are lost through contamination or some other unforeseen event. If the results are considered invalid due to contamination, the experiment will be repeated.

Statistics:

A test item is considered negative (not mutagenic) in the test if:
a) The total number of revertants in tester strain TA100 or WP2uvrA is not greater than two times the concurrent control, and the total number of revertants in tester strains TA1535, TA1537 or TA98 is not greater than three times the concurrent control.
b) The negative response should be reproducible in at least one follow up experiment.

A test item is considered positive (mutagenic) in the test if:
a) The total number of revertants in tester strain TA100 or WP2uvrA is greater than two times the concurrent control, or the total number of revertants in tester strains TA1535, TA1537 or TA98 is greater than three times the concurrent control.
b) In case a repeat experiment is performed when a positive response is observed in one of the tester strains, the positive response should be reproducible in at least one follow up experiment.

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1535

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1537

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 98

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 100

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Key result

Species / strain:

E. coli WP2 uvr A

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

Dose range finding test / First Experiment
- Precipitate: Precipitation of the test item on the plates was not observed at the start or at the end of the incubation period in any tester strain.
- Toxicity: No reduction of the bacterial background lawn and no biologically relevant decrease in the number of revertants were observed.
- Mutagenicity: In the direct plate test, no increase in the number of revertants was observed upon treatment with the test item under all conditions tested.
Second Experiment
- Precipitate: Precipitation of the test item on the plates was not observed at the start or at the end of the incubation period.
- Toxicity:
There was no reduction in the bacterial background lawn and no biologically relevant decrease in the number of revertants at any of the concentrations tested in all tester strains in the absence and presence of S9-mix.
In strains TA1537 (presence of S9-mix) and TA98 (absence of S9-mix), fluctuations in the number of revertant colonies below the laboratory historical control data range were observed. However, since no dose-relationship was observed, these reduction are not considered to be caused by toxicity of the test item. It is more likely these reductions are caused by an incidental fluctuation in the number of revertant colonies.
- Mutagenicity: In the pre-incubation test, no increase in the number of revertants was observed upon treatment with the test item under all conditions tested.

STUDY RESULTS
- Concurrent vehicle negative and positive control data : The negative and strain-specific positive control values were within the laboratory historical control data ranges indicating that the test conditions were adequate and that the metabolic activation system functioned properly.

Conclusions:

In conclusion, the test item is not mutagenic in the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay and in the Escherichia coli reverse mutation assay.

Executive summary:

This study was to determine the potential of the test item and/or its metabolites to induce reverse mutations according to OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay).

Strains of Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium; TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537), and at the tryptophan locus of Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain WP2uvrA were treated with the test substance in the presence or absence of an exogenous mammalian metabolic activation system (S9). The test was performed in two independent experiments, at first a direct plate assay was performed and secondly a pre-incubation assay.

 

In the dose-range finding study, the test item was initially tested up to concentrations of 5000 μg/plate in the strains TA100 and WP2uvrA in the direct plate assay. In the first mutation experiment, the test item was tested up to concentrations of 5000 μg/plate in the strains TA1535, TA1537 and TA98. In the second mutation experiment, the test item was tested up to concentrations of 5000 μg/plate in the tester strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98, TA100 and WP2uvrA in the pre-incubation assay. In all three experiments the test item did not precipitate on the plates at this dose level. The bacterial background lawn was not reduced at any of the concentrations tested and no biologically relevant decrease in the number of revertants was observed.

The negative and strain-specific positive control values were within the laboratory historical control data ranges indicating that the test conditions were adequate and that the metabolic activation system functioned properly.

The test item did not induce a significant dose-related increase in the number of revertant (His+) colonies in each of the four tester strains (TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100) and in the number of revertant (Trp+) colonies in tester strain WP2uvrA both in the absence and presence of S9-metabolic activation. These results were confirmed in a follow-up experiment.

 

In conclusion, the test item is not mutagenic in the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay and in the Escherichia coli reverse mutation assay.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed (negative)

Genetic toxicity in vivo

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Additional information

Bacterial reverse mutation test:

This study was to determine the potential of the test item and/or its metabolites to induce reverse mutations according to OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay).

Strains of Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium; TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537), and at the tryptophan locus of Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain WP2uvrA were treated with the test substance in the presence or absence of an exogenous mammalian metabolic activation system (S9). The test was performed in two independent experiments, at first a direct plate assay was performed and secondly a pre-incubation assay.

 

In the dose-range finding study, the test item was initially tested up to concentrations of 5000 μg/plate in the strains TA100 and WP2uvrA in the direct plate assay. In the first mutation experiment, the test item was tested up to concentrations of 5000 μg/plate in the strains TA1535, TA1537 and TA98. In the second mutation experiment, the test item was tested up to concentrations of 5000 μg/plate in the tester strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98, TA100 and WP2uvrA in the pre-incubation assay. In all three experiments the test item did not precipitate on the plates at this dose level. The bacterial background lawn was not reduced at any of the concentrations tested and no biologically relevant decrease in the number of revertants was observed.

The negative and strain-specific positive control values were within the laboratory historical control data ranges indicating that the test conditions were adequate and that the metabolic activation system functioned properly.

The test item did not induce a significant dose-related increase in the number of revertant (His+) colonies in each of the four tester strains (TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100) and in the number of revertant (Trp+) colonies in tester strain WP2uvrA both in the absence and presence of S9-metabolic activation. These results were confirmed in a follow-up experiment.

 

In conclusion, the test item is not mutagenic in the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay and in the Escherichia coli reverse mutation assay.

Justification for classification or non-classification

Negative result in Ames study.

Therefore in accordance with Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 Table 3.5.1, this substance should not be classified as a mutagen.