Sodium phenylacetate

Endpoint summary

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Genetic toxicity in vitro

Description of key information

Based on the prediction done using the OECD QSAR toolbox version 3.3 with log kow as the primary descriptor and considering the five closest read across substances, gene mutation was predicted for Sodium phenylacetate. The study assumed the use of Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102 with S9 metabolic activation system. Sodium phenylacetate was predicted to not induce gene mutation in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102 in the presence of S9 metabolic activation system and hence, according to the prediction made, it is not likely to classify as a gene mutant in vitro.

Based on the predicted result it can be concluded that the substance is considered to not toxic as per the criteria mentioned in CLP regulation.

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Remarks:

Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation

Type of information:

(Q)SAR

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

results derived from a valid (Q)SAR model and falling into its applicability domain, with limited documentation / justification

Justification for type of information:

Data is from OECD QSAR Toolbox version 3.3 and the supporting QMRF report has been attached

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: Refer below principle

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Prediction is done using OECD QSAR Toolbox version 3.3, 2017

GLP compliance:

not specified

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Specific details on test material used for the study:

- Name of test material: Sodium phenylacetate
- IUPAC name: Sodium phenylacetate
- Molecular formula: C8H8O2Na
- Molecular weight: 159.13 g/mol
- Smiles notation: c1(ccccc1)CC(=O)[O-].[Na+]
- InChl: 1S/C8H8O2.Na/c9-8(10)6-7-4-2-1-3-5-7;/h1-5H,6H2,(H,9,10);/q;+1/p-1
- Substance type: Organic
- Physical state: No data

Target gene:

Histidine

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102

Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):

Not applicable

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

not specified

Cytokinesis block (if used):

No data

Metabolic activation:

with

Metabolic activation system:

S9 metabolic activation system

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

No data

Vehicle / solvent:

No data

Untreated negative controls:

not specified

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

not specified

True negative controls:

not specified

Positive controls:

not specified

Positive control substance:

not specified

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

No data

Rationale for test conditions:

No data

Evaluation criteria:

Prediction is done consideering a dose depenednt increase in the number of revertants/plate

Statistics:

No data

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium, other: TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102

Metabolic activation:

with

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

not specified

Vehicle controls validity:

not specified

Untreated negative controls validity:

not specified

Positive controls validity:

not specified

Additional information on results:

No data

Remarks on result:

no mutagenic potential (based on QSAR/QSPR prediction)

The prediction was based on dataset comprised from the following descriptors: "Gene mutation"
Estimation method: Takes highest mode value from the 8 nearest neighbours
Domain  logical expression:Result: In Domain

((((((((("a" or "b" or "c" or "d" )  and ("e" and ( not "f") )  )  and ("g" and ( not "h") )  )  and ("i" and ( not "j") )  )  and "k" )  and "l" )  and ("m" and ( not "n") )  )  and ("o" and ( not "p") )  )  and ("q" and "r" )  )

Domain logical expression index: "a"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Aryl OR Carboxylic acid by Organic Functional groups ONLY

Domain logical expression index: "b"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Aryl AND Carboxylic acid by Organic Functional groups (nested)

Domain logical expression index: "c"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Aliphatic Carbon [CH] AND Aliphatic Carbon [-CH2-] AND Aromatic Carbon [C] AND Carbonyl, aliphatic attach [-C(=O)-] AND Miscellaneous sulfide (=S) or oxide (=O) AND Olefinic carbon [=CH- or =C<] by Organic functional groups (US EPA)

Domain logical expression index: "d"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Anion AND Aromatic compound AND Carbonic acid derivative AND Carboxylic acid derivative AND Carboxylic acid salt AND Cation by Organic functional groups, Norbert Haider (checkmol)

Domain logical expression index: "e"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Non binder, without OH or NH2 group by Estrogen Receptor Binding

Domain logical expression index: "f"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Moderate binder, NH2 group OR Moderate binder, OH grooup OR Non binder, impaired OH or NH2 group OR Non binder, MW>500 OR Non binder, non cyclic structure OR Strong binder, NH2 group OR Strong binder, OH group OR Very strong binder, OH group OR Weak binder, NH2 group OR Weak binder, OH group by Estrogen Receptor Binding

Domain logical expression index: "g"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as No alert found by Protein binding by OASIS v1.3

Domain logical expression index: "h"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Acylation OR Acylation >> Direct acylation involving a leaving group OR Acylation >> Direct acylation involving a leaving group >> (Thio)Acyl and (thio)carbamoyl halides and cyanides  OR Acylation >> Direct acylation involving a leaving group >> Azlactones and unsaturated lactone derivatives  OR Acylation >> Direct acylation involving a leaving group >> Carbamates  OR Acylation >> Direct acylation involving a leaving group >> N-Acylated heteroaromatic amines  OR Acylation >> Direct acylation involving a leaving group >> N-Acylsulfonamides  OR Acylation >> Direct acylation involving a leaving group >> Sulphonyl halides or cyanides  OR Acylation >> Ester aminolysis OR Acylation >> Ester aminolysis >> Amides OR Acylation >> Ester aminolysis >> Dithiocarbamates OR Acylation >> Ester aminolysis or thiolysis OR Acylation >> Ester aminolysis or thiolysis >> Activated aryl esters  OR Acylation >> Ring opening acylation OR Acylation >> Ring opening acylation >> beta-Lactams  OR Michael Addition OR Michael Addition >> Michael addition on conjugated systems with electron withdrawing group OR Michael Addition >> Michael addition on conjugated systems with electron withdrawing group >> alpha,beta-Carbonyl compounds with polarized double bonds  OR Michael Addition >> Michael addition on conjugated systems with electron withdrawing group >> Conjugated systems with electron withdrawing groups  OR Michael Addition >> Michael addition on conjugated systems with electron withdrawing group >> Cyanoalkenes OR Michael Addition >> Michael addition on conjugated systems with electron withdrawing group >> Nitroalkenes OR Michael Addition >> Michael type addition on azoxy compounds OR Michael Addition >> Michael type addition on azoxy compounds >> Azoxy compounds  OR Michael Addition >> Polarised Alkenes OR Michael Addition >> Polarised Alkenes >> Polarised Alkene - alkenyl pyridines, pyrazines, pyrimidines or triazines  OR Michael Addition >> Quinoide type compounds OR Michael Addition >> Quinoide type compounds >> Quinone methide(s)/imines; Quinoide oxime structure; Nitroquinones, Naphthoquinone(s)/imines  OR Nucleophilic addition OR Nucleophilic addition >> Addition to carbon-hetero double bonds OR Nucleophilic addition >> Addition to carbon-hetero double bonds >> Ketones OR Nucleophilic addition >> Nucleophilic addition reaction at polarized N-functional double bond OR Nucleophilic addition >> Nucleophilic addition reaction at polarized N-functional double bond >> C-Nitroso compounds  OR Schiff base formation OR Schiff base formation >> Direct acting Schiff base formers OR Schiff base formation >> Direct acting Schiff base formers >> 1,2-Dicarbonyls and 1,3-Dicarbonyls  OR Schiff base formation >> Pyrazolones and Pyrazolidinones derivatives OR Schiff base formation >> Pyrazolones and Pyrazolidinones derivatives >> Pyrazolones and Pyrazolidinones  OR SN1 OR SN1 >> Nucleophilic substitution (SN1) on alkyl (aryl) mercury cations OR SN1 >> Nucleophilic substitution (SN1) on alkyl (aryl) mercury cations >> Mercury compounds  OR SN2 OR SN2 >> Nucleophilic substitution at a Nitrogen atom OR SN2 >> Nucleophilic substitution at a Nitrogen atom >> N-Nitroso compounds  OR SN2 >> Nucleophilic substitution at a Nitrogen atom >> N-Oxicarbonyl amides, N-Acyloxy-N-alkoxyamides  OR SN2 >> Nucleophilic substitution at sp3 carbon atom OR SN2 >> Nucleophilic substitution at sp3 carbon atom >> (Thio)Phosphates  OR SN2 >> Nucleophilic substitution at sp3 carbon atom >> Alkyl halides  OR SN2 >> Nucleophilic substitution at sp3 carbon atom >> alpha-Activated haloalkanes  OR SN2 >> Nucleophilic substitution at sp3 carbon atom >> N-Nitroso compounds  OR SN2 >> Nucleophilic substitution at the central carbon atom of N-nitroso compounds OR SN2 >> Nucleophilic substitution at the central carbon atom of N-nitroso compounds >> N-Nitroso_compounds  OR SN2 >> Nucleophilic substitution on benzilyc carbon atom OR SN2 >> Nucleophilic substitution on benzilyc carbon atom >> alpha-Activated benzyls  OR SN2 >> Ring opening SN2 reaction OR SN2 >> Ring opening SN2 reaction >> Epoxides, Aziridines and Sulfuranes  OR SN2 >> SN2 Reaction at a sp3 carbon atom OR SN2 >> SN2 Reaction at a sp3 carbon atom >> Activated alkyl esters and thioesters  OR SNAr OR SNAr >> Nucleophilic aromatic substitution on activated aryl and heteroaryl compounds OR SNAr >> Nucleophilic aromatic substitution on activated aryl and heteroaryl compounds >> Activated aryl and heteroaryl compounds by Protein binding by OASIS v1.3

Domain logical expression index: "i"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as No alert found by Protein binding by OECD

Domain logical expression index: "j"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Acylation OR Acylation >> Direct Acylation Involving a Leaving group OR Acylation >> Direct Acylation Involving a Leaving group >> Acetates OR Michael addition OR Michael addition >> Polarised Alkenes OR Michael addition >> Polarised Alkenes >> Polarised alkene - esters OR Michael addition >> Quinones and Quinone-type Chemicals OR Michael addition >> Quinones and Quinone-type Chemicals >> Pyranones (and related nitrogen chemicals) OR SN2 OR SN2 >> SN2 reaction at a nitrogen atom OR SN2 >> SN2 reaction at a nitrogen atom >> N-Acetoxy-N-acetyl-phenyl OR SN2 >> SN2 reaction at sp3 carbon atom OR SN2 >> SN2 reaction at sp3 carbon atom >> Allyl acetates and related chemicals by Protein binding by OECD

Domain logical expression index: "k"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as No superfragment by Superfragments ONLY

Domain logical expression index: "l"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Bioavailable by Lipinski Rule Oasis ONLY

Domain logical expression index: "m"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Alkali Earth AND Non-Metals by Groups of elements

Domain logical expression index: "n"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Halogens OR Metals OR Transition Metals by Groups of elements

Domain logical expression index: "o"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Anion AND Aromatic compound AND Carbonic acid derivative AND Carboxylic acid derivative AND Carboxylic acid salt AND Cation by Organic functional groups, Norbert Haider (checkmol)

Domain logical expression index: "p"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Alcohol OR Alkylarylether OR Alpha-aminoacid OR Amine OR Azo compound OR Carbonyl compound OR Carboxylic acid OR Carboxylic acid ester OR Carboxylic acid hydrazine OR CO2 derivative (general) OR Dialkylether OR Ether OR Heterocyclic compound OR Hydrazine derivative OR Hydroxy compound OR Imine OR Ketone OR Nitrile OR Nitro compound OR Primary alcohol OR Primary aliphatic amine OR Primary amine OR Secondary alcohol OR Secondary aliphatic amine OR Secondary amine OR Secondary mixed amine (aryl, alkyl) OR Sulfenic acid derivative OR Sulfonamide OR Sulfonic acid derivative OR Tertiary amine OR Tertiary mixed amine OR Thioether OR Thiohemiaminal by Organic functional groups, Norbert Haider (checkmol)

Domain logical expression index: "q"

Parametric boundary:The target chemical should have a value of log Kow which is >= -2.53

Domain logical expression index: "r"

Parametric boundary:The target chemical should have a value of log Kow which is <= 0.693

Conclusions:

Sodium phenylacetate was predicted to not induce gene mutation in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102 in the presence of S9 metabolic activation system and hence, according to the prediction made, it is not likely to classify as a gene mutant in vitro.

Executive summary:

Based on the prediction done using the OECD QSAR toolbox version 3.3 with log kow as the primary descriptor and considering the five closest read across substances, gene mutation was predicted for Sodium phenylacetate. The study assumed the use of Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102 with S9 metabolic activation system. Sodium phenylacetate was predicted to not induce gene mutation in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102 in the presence of S9 metabolic activation system and hence, according to the prediction made, it is not likely to classify as a gene mutant in vitro.

Based on the predicted result it can be concluded that the substance is considered to not toxic as per the criteria mentioned in CLP regulation.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed (negative)

Genetic toxicity in vivo

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Additional information

Gene mutation in vitro:

Prediction model based estimation and data from read across chemicals have been reviewed and summarized to determine the mutagenic nature of Sodium phenylacetate. The summary is as mentioned below:

Based on the prediction done using the OECD QSAR toolbox version 3.3 with log kow as the primary descriptor and considering the five closest read across substances, gene mutation was predicted for Sodium phenylacetate. The study assumed the use of Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102 with S9 metabolic activation system. Sodium phenylacetate was predicted to not induce gene mutation in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102 in the presence of S9 metabolic activation system and hence, according to the prediction made, it is not likely to classify as a gene mutant in vitro.

In a gene toxicity test by Sustainability Support Services (2015) for 70 -80% structurally similar read across chemical, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells were exposed to Methyl phenylacetate (RA CAS no 101 -41 -7) in the concentration of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 or 5.0 mM both with and without metabolic activation for 3 hours. The results showed that there was no evidence of cytotoxicity after treatment. Independently of tested Methyl phenylacetate concentration, the results showed no evidence of gene toxicity. Therefore, it is considered that Methyl phenylacetate in the concentration of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 or 5.0 mM does not cause genetic mutation(s) when CHO cells are exposed to the test chemical in the presence or absence of metabolic activation.

In a read across chemical study with 60 -70% structural similarity performed by Mortelmans et al (Environmental Mutagenesis, 1986), Benzyl Acetate (RA CAS no 140 -11 -4) was examined for its ability to cause mutagenic changes when tested in five strains of the bacteria Salmonella typhimurium, specifically, TA 1535, TA 1537, TA97, TA 98 and TA 100 through the preincubation assay method.Preliminary dose range finding study was performed initially to set the doses for the main study. The test was conducted both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation using male rat and hamster liver derived S-9 mix at dose levels of 0, 33, 100, 333, 1000, 3333 or 10000 ug/plate. The test was repeated and atleast three plates were used at each dose level. Benzyl Acetate did not induce mutation in the Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98, TA100, TA1535 or TA1537 both in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation system and hence is not likely to be mutagenic under the conditions of this study.

In another study conducted by Florin et al. (Toxicology, 1980), Benzyl Acetate (RA CAS no 140 -11 -4) having 60 -70% structural similarity was investigated for its ability to induce mutagenic activity when tested in an in vitro reverse mutagenicity test using four strains of the bacteria Salmonella typhimurium, specifically TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535 and TA 1537. Spot test was performed for the chemical at dose levels of 0.03, 0.3, 3 and 30 µmol/plate. The study was conducted both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation using S9 mix from Aroclor 1254 or methylcholanthrene induced rats. Benzyl acetate is not mutagenic in the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 strains TA 98, TA 100, TA1535 and TA37 with and without S9 metabolic activation system and hence is not likely to classify as gene mutant in vitro.

Based on the data available for the target chemical and its read across, Sodium phenylacetate does not exhibit gene mutation in vitro. Hence the test chemical is not likely to classify as a gene mutant in vitro as per the criteria mentioned in CLP regulation.

Justification for classification or non-classification

Based on the data available for the target chemical and its read across, Sodium phenylacetate does not exhibit gene mutation in vitro. Hence the test chemical is not likely to classify as a gene mutant in vitro as per the criteria mentioned in CLP regulation.