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Diss Factsheets

Toxicological information

Toxicity to reproduction

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Administrative data

Endpoint:
extended one-generation reproductive toxicity - basic test design (Cohorts 1A, and 1B without extension)
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
Experimental start date (Animal arrival) 25 March 2020 Experimental completion date (Anatomical Pathology Report ) 23 February 2021
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study

Data source

Reference
Reference Type:
study report
Title:
Unnamed
Year:
2021
Report date:
2021

Materials and methods

Test guideline
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 443 (Extended One-Generation Reproductive Toxicity Study)
Deviations:
no
GLP compliance:
yes (incl. QA statement)
Limit test:
no
Justification for study design:
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of 2,2' (Octadec 9 enylimino)bisethanol on reproductive performance when administered by oral gavage administration to Han Wistar rats. Cohorts of F1 animals were used to assess the potential for systemic toxicity, and potential effects on sexual maturation and estrous cycles.


Route of Administration
The oral gavage route of administration was chosen to simulate the conditions of possible human exposure.

Rationale for Dose Level Selection
Dose levels of 30, 70 and 150 mg/kg/day were selected in conjunction with the Sponsor based on the findings from a preliminary reproductive study conducted at this laboratory (Covance study no XG05HV).

In the preliminary study oral administration of 2,2'-(Octadec-9-enylimino)bisethanol at dose levels of 30, 70 or 150 mg/kg/day had no adverse effect on general clinical condition (F0/F1), mating performance and fertility (F0), organ weights (F0) or macropathology (F0/F1). However at 150 mg/kg/day significant effects were apparent on both F0 and F1 body weight performance and two out of the eight litters showed high mortality.

Based on the findings in the preliminary study there was nothing to preclude the use of 150 mg/kg/day as the high dose for use on this OECD 443 study, with low and intermediate dose levels of 30 and 70 mg/kg/day, to provide approximately 2-fold dose intervals.

Test material

Constituent 1
Chemical structure
Reference substance name:
2,2'-(octadec-9-enylimino)bisethanol
EC Number:
246-807-3
EC Name:
2,2'-(octadec-9-enylimino)bisethanol
Cas Number:
25307-17-9
Molecular formula:
C22H45NO2
IUPAC Name:
2,2'-(Octadec-9-enylimino)bisethanol
Test material form:
liquid
Details on test material:
- Chemical name: Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)oleylamine
- EC number: 246-807-3

To the best of knowledge, the sample used is representative to the boundary composition shared and agreed by each registrant.

Test animals

Species:
rat
Strain:
Wistar
Details on species / strain selection:
Animal Model
The rat was chosen as the test species because of the requirement for a rodent species by regulatory agencies. The HanWistar (RccHan™;WIST) strain was used because of the historical control data available at this laboratory.
Sex:
male/female
Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
Strain/Species RccHan™;WIST rat.

Supplier Envigo RMS Limited.

Number of animals ordered 106 males and 106 females; males unrelated to females.
Spare animals were removed from the study room after treatment commenced.

Duration of acclimatization Six days before commencement of treatment.

Age of the F0 animals at the start of the treatment 28 to 34 days old.

Weight range of the F0 animals at the start of the treatment Males 72 to 102 g.
Females 65 to 95 g.

Animal Care and Husbandry
Environmental Control
Animal facility Limited access - to minimize entry of external biological and chemical agents and to minimize the transference of such agents between rooms.

Air supply Filtered fresh air which was passed to atmosphere and not recirculated.

Temperature and relative humidity Monitored and maintained within the range of 20-24°C and 40-70%.

There were no deviations from these ranges.

Lighting Artificial lighting, 12 hours light: 12 hours dark.

Electricity supply Public supply with automatic stand-by generators.

Animal Accommodation
Cages Cages comprised of a polycarbonate body with a stainless steel mesh lid; changed at appropriate intervals.

Solid (polycarbonate) bottom cages were used throughout the study except during pairing.

Grid bottomed cages were used during pairing. These were suspended above absorbent paper which was changed daily.

Cage distribution The cages were distributed on the racking to equalize, as far as possible, environmental influences amongst the groups.

Bedding Solid bottom cages contained softwood based bark-free fiber bedding, which was changed at appropriate intervals each week.

Environmental Enrichment
Aspen wood based product A soft white untreated wood based products; provided to each cage throughout the study (except for F0 females during lactation and except when F1 Cohort 1A animals were separated into single housing overnight during urine collection) and replaced when necessary.

Plastic shelter Provided to each cage throughout the study (except during pairing and during lactation and except when F1 Cohort 1A animals were separated into single housing overnight during urine collection) and replaced at the same time as the cages.

Paper shavings From Day 20 after mating and throughout lactation, approximately two handfuls of paper shavings were provided to each cage as nesting material; this nesting material was changed at the same frequency as the cage bedding.

Diet Supply
Diet SDS VRF1 Certified pelleted diet.

The diet contained no added antibiotic or other chemotherapeutic or prophylactic agent.

Availability Non-restricted (except when diet was removed overnight before blood sampling for hematology or blood chemistry and during urine collection).

Water Supply
Supply Potable water from the public supply via polycarbonate bottles with sipper tubes. Bottles were changed at appropriate intervals.

Availability Non-restricted (except during urine collection).

Supplier Certificates of Analysis
Certificates of analysis for the diet were scrutinized and approved before any batch of diet was released for use. Certificates of analysis were routinely provided by the water supplier.

Certificates of analysis were also received from the suppliers of the softwood based bark-free fiber bedding and Aspen wood based product.

No specific contaminants were known that may have interfered with or prejudiced the outcome of the study and therefore no special assays were performed.

Administration / exposure

Route of administration:
oral: gavage
Vehicle:
arachis oil
Details on exposure:
Test Item Preparation and Analysis
Method of preparation The required amount of test item was weighed and approximately 50% of the required volume of vehicle was added. It was magnetically stirred until uniformly mixed and then made up to the required volume with vehicle and mixed again with a magnetic stirrer until homogenous.

A series of formulations at the required concentrations were prepared by dilution of individual weighings of the test item.

Frequency of preparation Weekly.

Storage of formulation Refrigerated (2 to 8°C).

Test item accounting
Detailed records of compound usage were maintained. The amount of test item necessary to prepare the formulations and the amount actually used were determined on each occasion. The difference between these amounts was checked before the formulations were dispensed.

Formulation Analysis
Stability and homogeneity Before commencement of treatment, the suitability of the proposed mixing procedures was determined and specimen formulations at 0.5 to 50 mg/mL were analyzed to assess the stability and homogeneity of the test item in the liquid matrix (Covance Study Number NQ85KJ).

• Ambient temperature (15 to 25℃) for 24 hours.
• Refrigerated temperature (2 to 8℃) for eight days.

Achieved concentration Samples of each dose preparation l for Week 1 (F0 and F1 generation) and last week (F1 generation) were analyzed for achieved concentration of the test item.


Formulation A daily record of the usage of formulation was maintained based on weights. This balance was compared with the expected usage as a check of correct administration. No significant discrepancy was found.
Formulations were stirred using a magnetic stirrer before and throughout the dosing procedure.
Details on mating procedure:
F0 Generation
F0 pairing commenced After ten weeks of treatment.

Male/female ratio 1:1 from within the same treatment groups (sibling pairing was not permitted).

Duration of pairing Up to two weeks.

Daily checks for evidence of mating Ejected copulation plugs in cage tray and sperm in the vaginal smear.

Day 0 of gestation When positive evidence of mating was detected.

Male/female separation Day when mating evidence was detected.
Pre-coital interval Calculated for each female as the time between first pairing and evidence of mating.
Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
yes
Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
The analytical method involved extraction in acetone and dilution in acetonitrile/water/formic
acid 50/50/0.1 v/v/v followed by liquid chromatographic analysis with mass spectrometric
detection (LC-MS/MS). Sample concentrations were determined with reference to single
bracketing standards. Procedural recovery samples were prepared concurrently with samples
and results were corrected for the mean recovery value at each level at analysis.
Duration of treatment / exposure:
F0 animals For ten weeks before pairing until termination after litters were weaned.

F1 animals From weaning until termination of respective cohort; although direct exposure starts at weaning on Day 21 of age, all offspring had potential indirect exposure in utero and through the milk during lactation.

Cohort 1A : General toxicity and pathology of the tissues of the male and female reproductive systems - treated from weaning to 13 weeks of age.

Cohort 1B : Spare Cohort - treated from weaning to 14 weeks of age.


Frequency of treatment:
Once daily at approximately the same time each day. Animals were not dosed if parturition was in progress at the scheduled time of administration.
Details on study schedule:
Selection of Offspring to Form F1 Generation
Selection
Nominally Day 21 of age (direct dose administration from Day 21 of age).

Formal start of F1 generation Nominally Day 28 of age

Method Where possible, two male and two female were selected from each selected litter and were allocated to each of the two cohorts. If more were required, up to three males and three females were selected from each selected litter.

Selected animals were microchipped on Day 18 to 21 of age and separated from littermates on Day 21 of age.

Up to two male and two female offspring per group were retained as spares, to provide potential replacement in the event of any mortality. These spares had body weights and clinical signs recorded weekly and were terminated after commencement of the F1 generation.

Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
Dose / conc.:
0 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Remarks:
Group 1 (control): F0 generation, F1 generation cohorts 1A and 1B
Dose / conc.:
30 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Remarks:
Group 2: F0 generation, F1 generation cohorts 1A and 1B
Dose / conc.:
70 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Remarks:
Group 3: F0 generation, F1 generation cohorts 1A and 1B
Dose / conc.:
150 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Remarks:
Group 4: F0 generation, F1 generation cohorts 1A and 1B
No. of animals per sex per dose:
F0 generation: three groups of 25 male and 25 female rats

F1 generation
Cohorts 1A and 1B: 20 male and 20 female progeny
Control animals:
yes, concurrent vehicle
Details on study design:
Rationale for Dose Level Selection
Dose levels of 30, 70 and 150 mg/kg/day were selected in conjunction with the Sponsor based on the findings from a preliminary reproductive study conducted at this laboratory (Covance study no XG05HV).

In the preliminary study oral administration of 2,2'-(Octadec-9-enylimino)bisethanol at dose levels of 30, 70 or 150 mg/kg/day had no adverse effect on general clinical condition (F0/F1), mating performance and fertility (F0), organ weights (F0) or macropathology (F0/F1). However at 150 mg/kg/day significant effects were apparent on both F0 and F1 body weight performance and two out of the eight litters showed high mortality.

Based on the findings in the preliminary study there was nothing to preclude the use of 150 mg/kg/day as the high dose for use on this OECD 443 study, with low and intermediate dose levels of 30 and 70 mg/kg/day, to provide approximately 2-fold dose intervals.


Examinations

Parental animals: Observations and examinations:
Clinical Observations - F0 generation
Animals were inspected visually at least twice daily for evidence of ill-health or reaction to treatment. Cages were inspected daily for evidence of animal ill-health amongst the occupant(s). Any deviation from normal was recorded at the time in respect of nature and severity, date and time of onset, duration and progress of the observed condition, as appropriate.

During the acclimatization period, observations of the animals and their cages were recorded at least once per day.

Signs Associated with Dosing
Detailed observations were performed to establish and confirm a pattern of signs in association with dosing according to the following schedule:

F0 generation Week 1 - Daily.
Weeks 2 to 4 - twice weekly (middle and end of the week)
Week 5 onward - once each week (Days 0, 7, 14 and 20 after mating and Days 1, 7, 14 and 20 of lactation for F0 females).

Detailed observations were recorded at the following times in relation to dose administration:
• Prior to dosing.
• One to two hours after completion of dosing.
• As late as possible in the working day.

Clinical Signs
A detailed physical examination was performed on each animal to monitor general health according to the following schedule:

Physical examination Once each week

After mating of F0 females: Days 0, 5, 12, 18 and 20 after mating and Days 1, 7, 14 and 21 of lactation.

Particular attention was paid to possible signs of neurotoxicity such as convulsions, tremor and abnormalities of gait or behavior.

Mortality
A viability check was performed near the start and end of each working day. Animals were killed for reasons of animal welfare where necessary.

A complete necropsy was performed in all cases

Body weight
F0 males Day that treatment commenced.
Each week.
Before necropsy.
F0 females Day that treatment commenced.
Each week until mating detected.
Days 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 after mating.
Days 1, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 of lactation.
Before necropsy

Food Consumption
The weight of food supplied to each cage, that remaining and an estimate of any spilled was recorded as follows:

F0 males and females Weekly, until paired for mating.

For females after mating food consumption was performed to match the body weight recording:
Days 0-1, 2-3, 4-5, 6-7, 8-9, 10-11, 12-13, 14-15, 16-17 and 18 19 after mating
Days 1-3, 4-6, 7-13, and 14-20 of lactation.

From these records the mean weekly or daily consumption per animal (g/animal/week or g/animal/day) was calculated for each relevant phase.

Parturition Observations and Gestation Length - F0 Generation
Duration of gestation Time that elapsed between mating and commencement of parturition.

Parturition observations From Day 20 after mating animals were checked three times daily for evidence of parturition. The progress and completion of parturition was monitored; numbers of live and dead offspring were recorded and any difficulties observed were noted.

Records Made During Littering Phase - F0 Generation
The records maintained were as follows:

Clinical observations Observed approximately 24 hours after birth (Day 1 of age) and then daily for evidence of ill-health or reaction to treatment.

On Day 1 of age, all offspring received a qualitative assessment of body temperature, state of activity and reaction to handling.

Hematology, Peripheral Blood - F0 Generation
Blood samples were collected after overnight withdrawal of food. Sampling for Cohort 1A was performed on the morning after overnight collection of urine. These animals were, therefore, also deprived of water overnight but had access to water for a minimum period of one hour prior to the commencement of blood sampling procedures. Samples were collected at the following occasions:

Occasion Generation Animals
Termination F0 Adults Ten male and ten female animals per group

Animals were held under light general anesthesia induced by isoflurane. Blood samples (nominally 0.5 mL) were withdrawn from the sublingual vein, collected into tubes containing EDTA anticoagulant and examined for the following characteristics using a Bayer Advia 120 analyzer:
• Hematocrit (Hct)*
• Hemoglobin concentration (Hb)
• Erythrocyte count (RBC)
• Absolute reticulocyte count (Retic)
• Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)*
• Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)*
• Mean cell volume (MCV)
• Total leucocyte count (WBC)
• Differential leucocyte count:
• Neutrophils (N)
• Lymphocytes (L)
• Eosinophils (E)
• Basophils (B)
• Monocytes (M)
• Large unstained cells (LUC)
• Platelet count (Plt)

* Derived values calculated in ClinAxys

Blood film (prepared for all samples) - Romanowsky stain, examined for abnormalities by light microscopy, in the case of flags from the Advia 120 analyzer. Confirmation or a written description from the blood film was made where appropriate. A manual count of the differential white blood cell parameters was performed where necessary.
Additional blood samples (nominally 0.5 mL) were taken into tubes containing citrate anticoagulant and examined using a Stago STA Compact Max analyzer and appropriate reagent in respect of:
• Prothrombin time (PT) - using IL PT Fibrinogen reagent.
• Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) - using IL APTT reagent.

Blood Chemistry - F0 Generation
Blood samples were collected after overnight withdrawal of food. Sampling for Cohort 1A was performed on the morning after overnight collection of urine. These animals were, therefore, also deprived of water overnight but had access to water for a minimum period of one hour prior to the commencement of blood sampling procedures. Samples were collected at the following occasions:
Occasion Generation Animals
Termination F0 Adults Ten male and ten female animals per group
F1 Cohort 1A Ten male and ten female animals per group

Animals were held under light general anesthesia induced by isoflurane. Blood samples (nominally 0.7 mL) were withdrawn from the sublingual vein and collected into tubes containing lithium heparin as anticoagulant. After separation, the plasma was examined using a Roche Cobas 6000 Analyzer in respect of:
• Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
• Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
• Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gGT)
• Total bilirubin (Bili)
• Bile acid (Bi Ac)
• Urea
• Creatinine (Creat)
• Glucose (Gluc)
• Total cholesterol (Chol)
• Sodium (Na)
• Potassium (K)
• Chloride (Cl)
• Calcium (Ca)
• Inorganic phosphorus (Phos)
• Total protein (Total Prot)
• Albumin (Alb)

Albumin/globulin ratio (A/G Ratio) was calculated from total protein concentration and analyzed albumin concentration.


Thyroid Hormone Analysis - TSH and T4

Blood samples were collected at the following occasions:
Occasion Generation Animals
Termination F0 Adults Ten male and ten female animals per group

Ten male and ten female animals per group


Conditions Adults: Following overnight deprivation of food.
Blood sample site Adults: Sublingual vein.
Anesthetic Adults and Offspring on Day 22 of age: Isoflurane
Anticoagulant None.
Tubes Greiner Minicollect - with clot activator.
Blood volume 1 mL
Treatment of samples Samples were kept at ambient temperature (15 to 25°C) for a minimum of 30 minutes prior to centrifugation.
Centrifugation conditions At 2000g for ten minutes at 4°C.
Number of aliquots Adults and offspring on Day 22 of age: Two per animal. Aliquot 1: 0.2 mL serum for T4
Aliquot 2: residual serum for TSH
Final storage conditions Deep frozen (approximately -60°C to -90°C).
Fate of samples Aliquot 1 (T4): dispatched to the Department of Bioanalysis, Covance.
Aliquot 2 (TSH): dispatched to the Department of Immunology & Immunotoxicology, Covance.
T4 Performed by the Department of LC-MS/MS Bioanalysis, Covance.
TSH Performed by the Department of Immunology & Immunotoxicology, Covance.
Oestrous cyclicity (parental animals):
Estrous Cycle Monitoring - F0 Generation
Dry and wet smears were taken as follows:

Dry smears For 15 days before pairing, using cotton swabs.
Wet smears After pairing until evidence of mating confirmed.

For four days before scheduled termination (nominally Days 25 to 28 post partum). Females that failed to litter or mate were retained and smeared for four days starting on the day on which the first batch of ‘true’ Day 25 post partum females started smearing, and were then killed with that first batch of females.
Sperm parameters (parental animals):
Sperm Analysis - F0 Generation
Immediately after scheduled sacrifice of each F0 male and the left vas deferens, epididymis and testis were removed and the epididymis and testis were weighed.

The following tests were performed:
Sperm motility: all groups
A sample of sperm was expressed from the left vas deferens into prewarmed (target 37°C) medium M199, which contained 0.5% w/v bovine serum albumin (BSA Fraction V). A sample for assessment was taken into a 100 µm depth cannula by capillary action and, at least 200 sperm per animal analyzed using the Hamilton Thorne IVOS II Computer Assisted Sperm Analyzer (CASA).

F0 Group 1 Males 9 & 19 had insufficient sperm to assess 200.

Sperm morphology
Groups 1 and 4 A 200 µL aliquot of the sperm/medium mixture (described above) was diluted with 800 µL of 10% neutral buffered formalin. After staining with nigrosine and eosin an air-dried smear was prepared. Slides were examined by light microscopy for the assessment of sperm morphology. At least 200 sperm were assessed for each male, where possible.

F0 Group 1 Males 9 & 19 and Group 4 Male 91 & 98 had insufficient sperm to assess 200.

Sperm morphology: Groups 2 and 3 Fixed samples retained for possible future assessment.

Sperm count: Groups 1 and 4 The left cauda epididymis of each male was weighed and then the tunica was removed, then homogenized for at least 30 seconds in 10 mL of a mixture of 0.9% saline and 0.01% merthiolate (SM). An aliquot of this mixture was added to a pre-prepared IDENT stain tube before being assessed for sperm count using CASA.

Sperm count: Groups 2 and 3 Samples frozen for possible future assessment.

Homogenization-resistant spermatid counts: Groups 1 and 4 After removal of the tunica, the left testis of each male then homogenized for at least 30 seconds in 25 mL of SM. An aliquot of this mixture was added to a pre-prepared IDENT stain tube before being assessed for homogenization resistant spermatid count using CASA.

Homogenization-resistant spermatid counts: Groups 2 and 3 Samples frozen for possible future assessment.


Light Microscopy
Tissues preserved for examination were examined as follows:
Right testis (except F1 Group 4 male 480, the left tissues were used) A detailed qualitative examination was made, taking into account the tubular stages of the spermatogenic cycle. The examination was conducted in order to identify treatment related effects such as missing germ cell layers or types, retained spermatids, multinucleate or apoptotic germ cells and sloughing of spermatogenic cells into the lumen. Any cell- or stage-specificity of testicular findings was noted.

Vagina The stage of vaginal estrus was evaluated based on vaginal epithelial morphology (and appearance of the uterus and endometrial glands).
All other findings were either reported as "present" or assigned a severity grade. In the latter case one of the following five grades was used - minimal, slight, moderate, marked or severe. A reviewing pathologist undertook a peer review of the microscopic findings.
Litter observations:
Litter size
Daily records were maintained of mortality and consequent changes in litter size from Days 1-21 of age.
On Day 4 of age, litters containing more than eight offspring were reduced to eight by random culling, leaving, whenever possible, four male and four female offspring in each litter.

Sex ratio of each litter
Recorded on Days 1, 4 (before and after culling) and on Day 21 of age.

Individual offspring body weights
Recorded on Days 1, 4 (before culling), 7, 14 and 21 of age.
Selected F1 generation: Days 23, 25, 27* and 29* of age.
* - Only applicable before formal commencement of the F1 generation at nominal four weeks of age (Day 28 of age ± 2 days).

Unselected F1 offspring: Day 22 of age

Weaning of offspring The dam was removed from the litter cage and offspring were weaned on Day 21 of age.

Ano-genital distance Day 1 of age - all offspring.

Nipple/areolae count Day 13 of age - male offspring.


Sexual Maturation - F1 Generation
Males Sexual maturation was assessed by daily examination from Day 38 of age until balano-preputial separation occurred. Body weight was recorded on the day of completion of separation.
Females Sexual maturation was assessed by daily examination from Day 25 of age until vaginal opening occurred. Body weight was recorded on the day of vaginal opening.
For Cohort 1A: a wet smear was taken daily from the day of vaginal opening until first estrus was detected.

Mortality - F1 Generation
A viability check was performed near the start and end of each working day. Animals were killed for reasons of animal welfare where necessary.

A complete necropsy was performed in all cases

Body Weight - F1 Generation
The weight of animals was recorded as follows:
F1 selected animals From nominal Week 4 of age, twice during Week 1 of the F1 generation and weekly thereafter.

Before necropsy.

Food consumption - F1 Generation
F1 selected animals From nominal Week 4 of age, twice during Week 1 of the F1 generation and weekly thereafter.
From these records the mean weekly or daily consumption per animal (g/animal/week or g/animal/day) was calculated for each relevant phase.

Haematology, Peripheral Blood - F1 Cohort 1A Generation
Blood samples were collected after overnight withdrawal of food. Sampling for Cohort 1A was performed on the morning after overnight collection of urine. These animals were, therefore, also deprived of water overnight but had access to water for a minimum period of one hour prior to the commencement of blood sampling procedures. Samples were collected at the following occasions:
Occasion Generation Animals
Termination F1 Cohort 1A Ten male and ten female animals per group

Animals were held under light general anesthesia induced by isoflurane. Blood samples (nominally 0.5 mL) were withdrawn from the sublingual vein, collected into tubes containing EDTA anticoagulant and examined for the following characteristics using a Bayer Advia 120 analyzer:
• Hematocrit (Hct)*
• Hemoglobin concentration (Hb)
• Erythrocyte count (RBC)
• Absolute reticulocyte count (Retic)
• Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)*
• Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)*
• Mean cell volume (MCV)
• Total leucocyte count (WBC)
• Differential leucocyte count:
• Neutrophils (N)
• Lymphocytes (L)
• Eosinophils (E)
• Basophils (B)
• Monocytes (M)
• Large unstained cells (LUC)
• Platelet count (Plt)

* Derived values calculated in ClinAxys

Blood film (prepared for all samples) - Romanowsky stain, examined for abnormalities by light microscopy, in the case of flags from the Advia 120 analyzer. Confirmation or a written description from the blood film was made where appropriate. A manual count of the differential white blood cell parameters was performed where necessary.
Additional blood samples (nominally 0.5 mL) were taken into tubes containing citrate anticoagulant and examined using a Stago STA Compact Max analyzer and appropriate reagent in respect of:
• Prothrombin time (PT) - using IL PT Fibrinogen reagent.
• Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) - using IL APTT reagent.


Blood Chemistry - F1 Cohort 1A Generation
Blood samples were collected after overnight withdrawal of food. Sampling for Cohort 1A was performed on the morning after overnight collection of urine. These animals were, therefore, also deprived of water overnight but had access to water for a minimum period of one hour prior to the commencement of blood sampling procedures. Samples were collected at the following occasions:
Occasion Generation Animals
Termination F0 Adults Ten male and ten female animals per group
F1 Cohort 1A Ten male and ten female animals per group

Animals were held under light general anesthesia induced by isoflurane. Blood samples (nominally 0.7 mL) were withdrawn from the sublingual vein and collected into tubes containing lithium heparin as anticoagulant. After separation, the plasma was examined using a Roche Cobas 6000 Analyzer in respect of:
• Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
• Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
• Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gGT)
• Total bilirubin (Bili)
• Bile acid (Bi Ac)
• Urea
• Creatinine (Creat)
• Glucose (Gluc)
• Total cholesterol (Chol)
• Sodium (Na)
• Potassium (K)
• Chloride (Cl)
• Calcium (Ca)
• Inorganic phosphorus (Phos)
• Total protein (Total Prot)
• Albumin (Alb)

Albumin/globulin ratio (A/G Ratio) was calculated from total protein concentration and analyzed albumin concentration.

Urinalysis - F1 Cohort 1A Generation
Urine samples were collected after overnight withdrawal of food and water at the following occasion:
Occasion Generation Animals
Termination F1 Cohort 1A Ten males and ten females animals per group

The individual samples were examined for the following characteristics:
• Using manual methods:
• Clarity and Color (App) - by visual assessment
• Volume (Vol) - using a measuring cylinder
• pH - using a pH meter
• Specific gravity (SG) - by direct refractometry using a SG meter

• Using Multistix reagent strips interpreted using the Clinitek®500 instrument:
• Glucose (Gluc)
• Ketones (Keto)
• Bile pigments (Bili)
• Blood pigments (UBld)

• Using a Cobas 6000 Analyzer:
• Protein - total (T-Prot) and concentration (Prot)
• Sodium - total (T-Na) and concentration (U-Na)
• Potassium - total (T-K) and concentration (U-K)
• Chloride - total (T-Cl) and concentration (U-Cl)

A microscopic examination of the urine sediment was performed. An aliquot of the urine sample was centrifuged, stained with Kova stain and the resulting deposit spread on a microscope slide. The number of elements seen in nine high or low power fields (HPF or LPF) was recorded in the raw data and entered onto the database and the number seen /HPF or /LPF was derived from these data as described below.
• Epithelial cells (Epi)
• Leucocytes (WBC)
• Erythrocytes (RBC)
• Casts
• Other abnormal components (A)

The slide was also examined for abnormalities in spermatozoa and crystals


Thyroid Hormone Analysis - TSH and T4
Blood samples were collected at the following occasions:
Occasion Generation Animals
Termination F1 Offspring Ten litters per group on Day 4 of age
(pooled litter sample for T4 only and retained pending possible analysis)
Ten male and ten female animals per group on Day 22 of age
(from as many litters as possible)

F1 Adults - Cohort 1A Ten male and ten female animals per group

Animal numbers are documented in Attachment 13.3 and Attachment 13.4.

Conditions Adults: Following overnight deprivation of food.

Offspring: No overnight deprivation of food.
Offspring Day 4 of age: Decapitation
Offspring Day 22 of age: Orbital sinus
Anesthetic Offspring on Day 22 of age: Isoflurane
Offspring Day 4 of age: Not required
Anticoagulant None.
Tubes Greiner Minicollect - with clot activator.
Blood volume Offspring Day 22 of age: 1 mL
Offspring Day 4 of age: Maximum possible.
Treatment of samples Samples were kept at ambient temperature (15 to 25°C) for a minimum of 30 minutes prior to centrifugation.
Centrifugation conditions At 2000g for ten minutes at 4°C.
Number of aliquots Offspring on Day 22 of age: Two per animal. Aliquot 1: 0.2 mL serum for T4
Aliquot 2: residual serum for TSH
Offspring on Day 4 of age: single aliquot for T4 analysis, all available collected.
Final storage conditions Deep frozen (approximately -60°C to -90C).
Fate of samples Aliquot 1 (T4): dispatched to the Department of Bioanalysis, Covance.
Aliquot 2 (TSH): dispatched to the Department of Immunology & Immunotoxicology, Covance.
T4 Performed by the Department of LC-MS/MS Bioanalysis, Covance.
TSH Performed by the Department of Immunology & Immunotoxicology, Covance.

Cohort Specific in Life Investigations - F1 Generation
Estrous Cycle Monitoring - Cohort 1A
Dry and wet smears were taken as follows:

Wet smears (using pipette lavage) Following onset of vaginal patency until first cornified (estrus) smear was recorded.

For at least three days prior to the start of the necropsy phase and on the day of termination.
Dry smears (using cotton swabs) For two weeks from approximately Day 75 of age.

Estrous Cycle Monitoring - Cohort 1B
Wet smears were taken as follows:

Wet smears (using pipette lavage) For at least three days prior to the start of the necropsy phase and on the day of termination.

Postmortem examinations (parental animals):
Any abnormality in the appearance or size of any organ and tissue was recorded and the required tissue samples preserved in appropriate fixative.

The organs weighed, tissue samples fixed and sections examined microscopically (if applicable) are detailed as follows:

Tissue and regions examined

Abnormalities
Adrenals
Brain (cerebellum, cerebrum, midbrain)
Cecum
Colon
Duodenum
Epididymides
Esophagus
Eyes
Femurs - (longitudinal section through joint)
Heart (including auricular and ventricular regions)
Ileum
Jejunum
Kidneys
Liver (section from two lobes)
Lungs (section from two major lobes including bronchi)
Optic nerves
Ovaries with oviduct
Pancreas
Pituitary
Prostate - dorsolateral and ventral combined
Rectum
Sciatic nerves
Seminal vesicles (with coagulating gland)
Skeletal muscle
Skin with mammary glands (inguinal area)
Spinal cord (transverse and longitudinal sections at the cervical, thoracic and lumbar levels)
Spleen
Sternum - bone marrow
Stomach
Testes
Thymus
Thyroid with parathyroids
Trachea
Urinary bladder
Uterus with cervix
Vagina
Vas Deferens


Histology
F0 animals and Cohort 1A
Wet tissues Wet tissues were dispatched to the Test Site (Covance Harrogate, UK) for processing.

Tissue samples were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin wax and sectioned at a nominal four to five micron thickness. For bilateral organs, sections of both organs were prepared. A single section was prepared from each of the remaining tissues required.

Full List All adult animals killed or dying prematurely.

All terminal adult animals of Groups 1 and 4 killed at a scheduled interval.

Processing - reproductive organs and pituitary The reproductive organs were examined from F0 animals in Groups 2 and 3 that showed reduced fertility. This included males that failed to sire a pregnancy and females that were not pregnant, failed to litter or females with a litter death and abnormal estrous cycles.

Processing - stomach and jejunum All F0 and Cohort 1A males and females from Groups 2 and 3.
Processing - duodenum F0: All males from Groups 2 and 3.
Cohort 1A: All males and females from Groups 2 and 3.

Processing - ileum Cohort 1A: All males and females from Groups 2 and 3.

Processing - abnormalities only All F0/Cohort 1A terminal adult animals of Groups 2 and 3 killed at a scheduled interval.

Routine staining Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin.
Postmortem examinations (offspring):
Any abnormality in the appearance or size of any organ and tissue was recorded and the required tissue samples preserved in appropriate fixative.

For females of Cohort 1A, counts were performed for the number of ovarian follicles and corpora lutea.

Pathology procedures - Cohort 1A
Tissue and regions examined

Abnormalities
Adrenals
Brain (cerebellum, cerebrum, midbrain)
Cecum
Colon
Duodenum
Epididymides
Esophagus
Eyes
Femurs - (longitudinal section through joint)
Heart (including auricular and ventricular regions)
Ileum
Jejunum
Kidneys
Liver (section from two lobes)
Lungs (section from two major lobes including bronchi)
Lymph nodes - mesenteric
- left axillary
Optic nerves
Ovaries with oviduct
Pancreas
Pituitary
Prostate - dorsolateral and ventral combined
Rectum
Sciatic nerves
Seminal vesicles (with coagulating gland)
Skeletal muscle
Skin with mammary glands (inguinal area)
Spinal cord (transverse and longitudinal sections at the cervical, thoracic and lumbar levels)
Spleen
Sternum- bone marrow
Stomach
Testes
Thymus
Thyroid with parathyroids
Trachea
Urinary bladder
Uterus with cervix
Vagina
Vas Deferens


Pathology procedures - Cohort 1B
Tissue and regions examined

Abnormalities
Adrenals
Brain (cerebellum, cerebrum, midbrain)
Cecum
Colon
Duodenum
Epididymides
Esophagus
Eyes
Femurs - (longitudinal section through joint)
Heart (including auricular and ventricular regions)
Ileum
Jejunum
Kidneys
Liver (section from two lobes)
Lungs (section from two major lobes including bronchi)
Lymph nodes - mesenteric
- left axillary
Optic nerves
Ovaries with oviduct
Pancreas
Pituitary
Prostate - dorsolateral and ventral combined
Rectum
Sciatic nerves
Seminal vesicles (with coagulation gland)
Skeletal muscle
Skin with mammary glands (inguinal area)
Spinal cord (transverse and longitudinal sections at the cervical, thoracic and lumbar levels)
Spleen
Sternum - bone marrow
Stomach
Testes
Thymus
Thyroid with parathyroids
Trachea
Urinary bladder
Uterus with cervix
Vagina
Vas Deferens

Pathology procedures - Unselected F1 offspring on Day 22 of age
Ten male and ten females per group; one male or one female from each litter to ensure that all litters are represented.
Tissue and regions examined

Abnormalities
Brain (cerebellum, cerebrum, midbrain)
Epididymides
Ovaries
Pituitary
Prostate
Seminal vesicles
Skin with mammary glands (inguinal area)
Spleen
Testes
Thymus
Uterus with cervix and oviducts
Vagina


Sperm Analysis - F1 Cohort 1A Generation
Immediately after scheduled sacrifice of each F1 Cohort 1A male and the left vas deferens, epididymis and testis were removed and the epididymis and testis (except F1 Group 4 male 480, the right tissues were used) were weighed.

The following tests were performed:
Sperm motility: all groups A sample of sperm was expressed from the left vas deferens into prewarmed (target 37°C) medium M199, which contained 0.5% w/v bovine serum albumin (BSA Fraction V). A sample for assessment was taken into a 100 µm depth cannula by capillary action and, at least 200 sperm per animal analyzed using the Hamilton Thorne IVOS II ComputerAssisted Sperm Analyzer (CASA).


F1 Group 1 male 412 unable to assess 200 sperm. 20 samples were incorrectly analyzed using the wrong volume, reanalysis of the saved images resulted in 200 sperm not being analyzed for six samples).

Sperm morphology: Groups 1 and 4 A 200 µL aliquot of the sperm/medium mixture (described above) was diluted with 800 µL of 10% neutral buffered formalin. After staining with nigrosine and eosin an air-dried smear was prepared. Slides were examined by light microscopy for the assessment of sperm morphology. At least 200 sperm were assessed for each male, where possible.


F1 Group 1 male 413 unable to assess 200 sperm and Group 4 male 472 less than 200 sperm were analyzed in error.

Sperm morphology: Groups 2 and 3 Fixed samples retained for possible future assessment.

Sperm count: Groups 1 and 4 The left cauda epididymis of each male was weighed and then the tunica was removed, then homogenized for at least 30 seconds in 10 mL of a mixture of 0.9% saline and 0.01% merthiolate (SM). An aliquot of this mixture was added to a pre-prepared IDENT stain tube before being assessed for sperm count using CASA.

Sperm count: Groups 2 and 3 Samples frozen for possible future assessment.

Homogenization-resistant spermatid counts: Groups 1 and 4 After removal of the tunica, the left testis of each male then homogenized for at least 30 seconds in 25 mL of SM. An aliquot of this mixture was added to a pre-prepared IDENT stain tube before being assessed for homogenization resistant spermatid count using CASA.

Homogenization-resistant spermatid counts: Groups 2 and 3 Samples frozen for possible future assessment.


Histology
F0 animals and Cohort 1A
Wet tissues Wet tissues were dispatched to the Test Site (Covance Harrogate, UK) for processing.

Processing Tissue samples were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin wax and sectioned at a nominal four to five micron thickness. For bilateral organs, sections of both organs were prepared. A single section was prepared from each of the remaining tissues required.

Full List All adult animals killed or dying prematurely.

All terminal adult animals of Groups 1 and 4 killed at a scheduled interval.

Processing - reproductive organs and pituitary The reproductive organs were examined from F0 animals in Groups 2 and 3 that showed reduced fertility. This included males that failed to sire a pregnancy and females that were not pregnant, failed to litter or females with a litter death and abnormal estrous cycles.

Processing - stomach and jejunum All F0 and Cohort 1A males and females from Groups 2 and 3.

Processing - duodenum F0: All males from Groups 2 and 3.

Cohort 1A: All males and females from Groups 2 and 3.

Processing - ileum Cohort 1A: All males and females from Groups 2 and 3.

Processing - abnormalities only All F0/Cohort 1A terminal adult animals of Groups 2 and 3 killed at a scheduled interval.

Routine staining Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin.
Cohort 1B

Processing Tissue samples were dehydrated and embedded in paraffin wax.
Full List All adult animals killed or dying prematurely.
Processing - abnormalities only All animals.
Processing to block - reproductive organs Al animals (see Section 4).

On completion of the study phase the Histology slides were transferred back to the Test Facility with any necessary supporting documentation. The wet tissues, blocks and raw paper data were returned to the Test Facility.


Immunophenotyping of Spleen Leucocytes - Cohort 1A
Ten males and ten females per group from Cohort 1A were selected for immunophenotyping.
Where possible, one male or one female was assigned from each selected litter.

The whole spleen was weighed. After weighing, a 3-5 mm mid transverse section was removed and retained for histopathological evaluation. The remaining portions of the spleen was then weighed, placed in to a vial of chilled Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) and held in wet ice until processing for analysis.


Light Microscopy
Tissues preserved for examination were examined as follows:
Right testis (except F1 Group 4 male 480, the left tissues were used) A detailed qualitative examination was made, taking into account the tubular stages of the spermatogenic cycle. The examination was conducted in order to identify treatment related effects such as missing germ cell layers or types, retained spermatids, multinucleate or apoptotic germ cells and sloughing of spermatogenic cells into the lumen. Any cell- or stage-specificity of testicular findings was noted.
Ovaries F0 and Cohort 1A - Qualitative evaluation of one section from each ovary
Cohort 1A - Quantitative evaluation of five sections from the middle third from each ovary for the assessment of primordial follicle and small growing follicle population as well as evaluation of corpora lutea numbers in one section from each ovary.
Vagina The stage of vaginal estrus was evaluated based on vaginal epithelial morphology (and appearance of the uterus and endometrial glands).

All other findings were either reported as "present" or assigned a severity grade. In the latter case one of the following five grades was used - minimal, slight, moderate, marked or severe. A reviewing pathologist undertook a peer review of the microscopic findings
Statistics:
Please refer to "Any other information on materials and methods"
Reproductive indices:
Mating Performance and Fertility - F0 Generation
Individual data was tabulated. Group values were calculated for males and females separately for the following:

Percentage mating (%) = (Number of animals mating /Animals paired) x 100

Conception rate (%) = (Number of animals achieving pregnancy / Animals mated) x 100

Fertility index (%) = (Number of animals achieving pregnancy / Animals paired) x 100

Gestation Length and Gestation Index - F0 Generation
Gestation length was calculated as the number of gestation days up to and including the day on which offspring were first observed, with Day 1 = day of mating for calculation purposes. Where parturition had started overnight, this value was adjusted by subtracting half of one day.

Gestation index was calculated for each group as:

Gestation index (%) = (Number of live litters born /Animals paired) x 100
Offspring viability indices:
Sexual Maturation - F1 Generation
Individual values were tabulated for age and body weight at completion. Group mean values were calculated from individual values presented.

Survival Indices - F0 Generation
The following were calculated for each litter:
Post implantation survival index (%) = Total number of offspring born x 100
Total number of uterine implantation sites

Post-implantation survival index was expressed as 100% where the number of offspring exceeded the number of implantation sites recorded.
Live birth index (%) = (Number of offspring on Day 1 after littering / Total number of offspring born) x 100

Viability index (%) = (Number of live offspring on Day 4 before culling / Number of live offspring on Day 1 after littering) x 100

Lactation index (%) = (Number of live offspring on Day 21 after littering / Number of live offspring on Day 4 (after culling) ) x 100

Group mean values were calculated from individual litter values.

Sex Ratio - F0 Generation

The percentage of male offspring in each litter was calculated at Day 1, and for live offspring on Days 1, 4 (before and after culling) and 21 of age.

Percentage males = Number of males in litter x 100
Total number of offspring in litter

Group mean values were calculated from individual litter values.

Offspring Examinations - F0 Generation

Ano-genital distance were presented both as absolute/unadjusted and adjusted for body weight, using the weight recorded on Day 1 of age.

A check was performed to assess for the presence or absence of nipple/areolae for the male offspring on Day 13 of age. As no nipples were present, no data is presented.

Results and discussion

Results: P0 (first parental generation)

General toxicity (P0)

Clinical signs:
effects observed, non-treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
A few animals receiving 150 mg/kg/day were observed with increased salivation in association with dose administration; this sign is often seen in association with oral gavage administration and is attributed to the taste of the formulation rather than an effect of treatment.

No further signs were observed at either routine physical examination or in association with dose administration that were considered to relate to administration of the test item.
Mortality:
mortality observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence):
A total of four animals (one male and three females) were euthanized for welfare reasons.
Group 1(Control) male no. 18 was euthanized on Day 43 of treatment. Terminal signs included abnormal breathing and partially closed eyelids. Macroscopic findings at necropsy were limited to an enlarged mandibular lymph node. However, no histopathological lesions accounting for the poor clinical condition were observed.

Three females (animal nos. 278, 279 and 280 that received 150 mg/kg/day) were sacrificed following the day parturition completed, Day 2 of lactation and Day 21 of gestation, respectively.
• Terminal signs for female no 278 included thin build, labored breathing, piloerection, pallor and a hunched posture. Macroscopic examination revealed a distended stomach with abnormal gastrointestinal tract content, small spleen and thick/dark red fluid in the vagina.
Histopathological evaluation revealed treatment related findings such as slight accumulation of the foamy macrophages within the jejunum and minimal epithelial hyperplasia of the non-glandular gastric region, decreased cellularity of the splenic red pulp, minimal degranulation of the pancreas, moderate involution/atrophy of the thymus, one uterine polyp and moderate intraluminal haemorrhage the vagina and uterus.
• Terminal signs for female no. 279 included thin build, piloerection, pallor and a hunched posture. Macroscopic examination revealed thickened non-glandular mucosa of the stomach, abnormal caecal and rectal content, pale areas on the lungs and generally pale organs.
Histopathological evaluation revealed treatment related findings such as slight accumulation of the foamy macrophages within the jejunum and moderate oedema with slight hyperplasia of the gastric non-glandular region, minimal focal accumulation of the macrophages within the lung, moderate degranulation of the pancreas, moderate atrophy/involution of the thymus, moderate ulceration of the urinary bladder and moderate diffuse hyperplasia of the uterus with slight fibrinoid necrosis of the vascular media.

• Terminal signs for female no. 280 included decreased activity, piloerection, pale eyes and partially closed eyelids. Macroscopic examination revealed thickened non-glandular mucosa of the stomach, abnormal gastrointestinal tract content, abnormal nasal turbinate content and a small spleen. Histopathological evaluation revealed treatment related findings such as slight accumulation of the foamy macrophages within the jejunum and slight oedema, minimal mixed inflammation, moderate ulceration and moderate epithelial hyperplasia of the non-glandular gastric region, decreased cellularity of the splenic white pulp, slight degranulation of the pancreas and moderate diffuse hyperplasia of the uterus.

The premature deaths at 150 mg/kg/day were considered to be related to treatment.
Body weight and weight changes:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
Males receiving 2,2'-(Octadec-9-enylimino)bisethanol had low body weight gain resulting in low mean absolute body weights from Day 8 of study up to termination; a dose response was apparent. The overall bodyweight gain from Day 1 to 120 was significantly low for male receiving 70 or 150 mg/kg/day (p<0.01).

During the 10-week pre-pairing treatment period body weight gain for females during Week 4 of treatment was significantly low at all dose levels; however, the overall gain for females before pairing showed no adverse effects of treatment.

During gestation body weight gain was slightly low during Days 18-20 for females receiving 150 mg/kg/day (p<0.01); however, the overall weight gain GD0-20 showed no adverse effect of treatment.

On Day 1 of lactation mean body weight for females receiving 150 mg/kg/day was low when compared with Controls (p<0.01), however overall the bodyweight gain at 70 or 150 mg/kg/day from Day 1-21 of lactation was high when compared with Control values (p<0.01); these differences were attributed to high weight gain during the first two weeks of lactation.

PLEASE REFER TO THE ATTACHED TABLES; "BODY WEIGHT AND BODY WEIGHT CHANGE - GROP MEAN VALUES FOR MALES AND FEMALES BEFORE PAITING (F0)
Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
Males receiving 70 or 150 mg/kg/day showed low food consumption from Week 1 of treatment (p<0.05/0.01); a dose response was apparent. Males at 30 mg/kg/day also showed occasions of low consumption during Week 2 (p<0.05), Week 5(p<0.01) and Week 9 (p<0.05) of treatment.
Before pairing females at 150 mg/kg/day showed low food consumption during Weeks 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9 (p<0.05/0.01); food consumption for females receiving 30 or 70 mg/kg/day was unaffected by treatment.

During gestation females receiving 150 g/kg/day showed slightly low food consumption, with statistical significance achieved on Days 2-6 and 12-20 (p<0.05/0.01); food consumption at 30 or 70 mg/kg/day was similar to Controls.

Food consumption during lactation was unaffected by administration of 2,2'-(Octadec-9-enylimino)bisethanol at dose levels up to and including 150 mg/kg/day.

PLEASE REFER TO THE ATTACHED TABLE: "FOOD CONSUMPTION - GROUP MEAN VALUES BEFORE PAIRING (F0)
Food efficiency:
not examined
Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
not examined
Ophthalmological findings:
not examined
Haematological findings:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
Males and females receiving 70 or 150 mg/kg/day and males receiving 30 mg/kg/day showed slightly but statistically significantly shorter prothrombin clotting times when compared with Controls.

At 150 mg/kg/day the mean neutrophil count for males and females was high when compared with Controls, the difference attaining statistical significance for the male animals (p<0.01). Females at 150 mg/kg/day also showed a high mean eosinophil count when compared with Controls (p<0.05).

Males at 150 mg/kg/day also showed:
• low mean haemoglobin (p<0.01)
• low mean cell haemoglobin (p<0.01)
• low mean cell volume (p<0.05)
• high platelet count (p<0.01)

Contrary to male animals, females at all dose levels showed high mean cell haemoglobin (p<0.05) and a longer activated partial thromboplastin time at 150 mg/kg/day (p<0.01) when compared with Controls.

The effects on erythrocyte parameters in males are possibly treatment related but are only of a minor nature. The percentage of reticulocytes is not affected. Females are much less affected, actually showing a non dose related small increase of MCH which in the absence of anemia has no biological meaning.

PLEASE REFER TO THE ATTACHED TABLE: "HAEMATOLOGY - GROUP MEAN VALUES AT SCHEDULED TERMINATION (F0)"
Clinical biochemistry findings:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
Alanine transaminase activity for males and females receiving 150 mg/kg/day was elevated when compared with Controls (p<0.05). Males at 150 mg/kg/day also showed low total protein and albumin (p<0.01), with males showing a high A/G ratio at 70 mg/kg/day (p<0.05) and 150 mg/kg/day (p<0.01).

Other statistically significant differences were as follows:
• gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity at 150 mg/kg/day increased for male animals only (p<0.01)
• bile acid concentration at 150 mg/kg/day was high for males (p<0.01) but low for females (p<0.05)
• urea concentration at 70 and 150 mg/kg/day were maginally high for males only (p<0.05); however, there was no dose response and most individual values were within the concurrent control range.

• cholesterol levels at all dose levels were slightly low for females only (p<0.05)
• sodium concentrations at 150mg/kg/day were high for males (p<0.05) and low for females (p<0.05).

As observed differences to Control were of relative minor clinical significance, and mostly showed no consistency between males and females, these effects are not considered to represent adverse treatment related effects.

PLEASE REFER TO THE ATTACHED TABLE: "BLOOD CHEMISTRY - GROUP MEAN VALUES AT SCHEDULED TERMINATION (F0)"
Endocrine findings:
effects observed, non-treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
Thyroid Hormone Analysis
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Administration of 2,2'-(Octadec-9-enylimino)bisethanol by oral gavage led to no significant differences in serum TSH levels in F0 adult male animals, F1 male offspring or F1 adult female animals at dose levels up to and including 150 mg/kg/day when compared with Controls.

However, serum TSH levels were high when compared with Controls for the following:
• F0 adult females at 150 mg/kg/day
• F1 female offspring at 150 mg/kg/day
• F1 adult males at 70 or 150 mg/kg/day

These differences lacked consistency and showed no correlation with thyroxine levels and were therefore considered to be unrelated to administration of the test item.

Thyroxine (T4)

The mean serum T4 concentrations in samples obtained from F1 offspring on Day 22 of age, F0 adult females and F1 adult males were slightly variable across treatment Groups 2 to 4, but within ±20% of the mean T4 values in the respective Control group.

F0 adult male animals and F1 adult female animals that received 150 mg/kg/day showed mean serum T4 levels that were low when compared with their Control group (at 77% and 75% of Controls, respectively). As the observed differences to control are relatively minor, and show no consistent pattern between ages and sexes, they are not considered to represent adverse effects from treatment with the test substance.

PLEASE REFER TO THE TABLES IN ANY OTHER INFORMATION ON RESULTS: "GROUP MEAN SERUM TSH CONCENTRATIONS IN MALE RATS" AND "FEMALE RATS"
Urinalysis findings:
not examined
Behaviour (functional findings):
not examined
Immunological findings:
effects observed, non-treatment-related
Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
effects observed, non-treatment-related
Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
In unscheduled and terminal sacrifice animals, 2,2’-(Octadec-9-enylimino) bisethanol-related microscopic findings were observed in the stomach (both sexes administered 30, 70 or 150 mg/kg/day), jejunum (both sexes administered 70 or 150 mg/kg/day) and duodenum (males administered 150 mg/kg/day).

The predominant microscopic finding in the stomach was characterized as diffuse minimal to moderate epithelial hyperplasia of the non-glandular region associated with erosion/vesicle or ulceration in a few animals. Edema and mixed inflammation were considered secondary to the erosion/vesicle or ulceration. This finding correlated with the 2,2’-(Octadec-9-enylimino) bisethanol related macroscopic observation of edema and thickening of the non-glandular mucosa.
Foamy cell accumulation observed within the jejunum (both sexes) and duodenum (males only) correlated with the 2,2’-(Octadec-9-enylimino) bisethanol related macroscopic observation of abnormal color and thickening.

PLEASE REFER TO THE TABLE IN ANY OTHER INFORMATION ON RESULTS: "MICROSCOPIC FINDINGS - TERMINAL SACRIFICE F0 GENERATION"

Reproductive function / performance (P0)

Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:
no effects observed
Description (incidence and severity):
With the exception of one female at 150 mg/kg/day all females showed regular 4/5-day estrous cycles.

Stage of Estrous Cycle at Termination
The majority of females showed an estrus smear prior to scheduled termination.
Reproductive function: sperm measures:
no effects observed
Description (incidence and severity):
No adverse effects were observed following treatment with 2,2'-(Octadec-9-enylimino) bisethanol at dose levels up to and including 150 mg/kg/day.
Reproductive performance:
no effects observed
Description (incidence and severity):
Pre-Coital Interval
Pre-coital interval was unaffected by treatment with the vast majority of animals showing positive evidence for mating within four days of pairing, with the exception of one Control female (13-14 days) and one female at 70 mg/kg/day (5-8 days)

Mating Performance and Fertility
Mating performance and fertility did not show any adverse effects of treatment.

Gestation Length and Gestation Index
The duration of gestation was unaffected by treatment at dose levels up to and including 150 mg/kg/day; however, at 150 mg/kg/day the gestation index was slightly low when compared with Controls (91% vs 100%). This was related to the sacrifice for welfare reasons of one female on GD21 and another following completion of parturition.

Effect levels (P0)

Key result
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
150 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
histopathology: non-neoplastic

Target system / organ toxicity (P0)

Key result
Critical effects observed:
yes
Lowest effective dose / conc.:
30 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
System:
gastrointestinal tract
Organ:
stomach
Treatment related:
yes
Dose response relationship:
yes
Relevant for humans:
not specified

Results: F1 generation

General toxicity (F1)

Clinical signs:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
At 150 mg/kg/day there was a slight increase in the number of offspring (litters) with clinical signs; three litters with offspring cold to touch and two litters scattered in the cage. The general condition of offspring at 30 or 70 mg/kg/day was similar to Controls

No signs were observed at either routine physical examination or in association with dose administration that could be associated with administration of the test item.
Mortality / viability:
mortality observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
A total of eight animals died prematurely; death for five of these animals is related to accidental trauma rather than administration of the test item. From the remaining three deaths two are also unrelated to administration of the test item: Group 1 female no. 616 (no vagina) and in Group 2 male no. 512 (multiple pathology). The death of Group 4 male no. 466 is probably related to the observed effects in GI-system and is possibly test substance treatment related.

• Group 2 male no. 512 (30 mg/kg/day) was killed for reasons of animal welfare on Day 47 of the F1 generation. Terminal signs included thin build and piloerection. Macroscopic examination dark areas on the liver, small epididymides, small testes, small thymus and a distended urinary bladder. Histopathological examination revealed signs of sexual immaturity with absence of sperm, distension of the urinary bladder, thymic atrophy/involution and depletion of the pancreatic acini.

• Group 4 male no 466 (150 mg/kg/day) was killed for welfare reasons on Day 64 of the F1 generation following significant body weight loss. Macroscopic examination revealed that the stomach had an irregular surface and depressions on the non-glandular mucosa. Histopathological evaluation revealed treatment related findings such as slight accumulation of the foamy macrophages within the jejunum, ileum and duodenum, diffuse hypertrophy of the villi within the ileum and duodenum, and oedema, inflammation, erosion/vesicle and hyperplasia of the gastric non-glandular region and involution/atrophy of the thymus.

• Group 4 male no. 550 (150 mg/kg/day) was killed for welfare reasons on Day 25 of the F1 generation. Terminal signs and macroscopic findings were related to trauma of the left tibia; death was not attributed to treatment. Histopathological findings included a callus formation suggesting the bone trauma on the tibia.

• Group 4 male no. 559 (150 mg/kg/day) was found dead on Day 10 of the F1 generation. No clinical signs were observed up to Day 9. Macroscopic examination revealed findings including a perforated esophagus and adhesions in the thoracic cavity. Histopathological examination revealed minimal to moderate diffuse mixed inflammation within the thoracic cavity including heart, lungs and thymus. This death was attributed to dosing trauma and is not attributed to administration of the test item.

• Group 4 male no. 560 (150 mg/kg/day) was found dead and cannibalised on Day 74 of the F1 generation. Macroscopic examination revealed fluid in the thoracic cavity. Histopathological examination revealed minimal to moderate diffuse mixed inflammation within the thoracic cavity including heart, lungs and thymus. This death was attributed to dosing trauma and is not attributed to administration of the test item.

• Group 1 Control female no. 616 was despatched to necropsy on Day 55 of age having failed to achieve vaginal opening; macroscopic examination revealed that the vulva was imperforate. Histopathological evaluation revealed the absence of vagina and imperforate vulva.

• Group 3 female no 650 (70 mg/kg/day) was killed for welfare reasons on Day 60 of the F1 generation. Terminal signs include decreased activity, noisy breathing and pale ears. Macroscopic examination revealed a perforated esophagus, thick clear fluid in the thoracic cavity and the heart had a thickened pericardium; Histopathological examination revealed minimal diffuse mixed inflammation within the thoracic cavity including oesophagus, heart and lungs and involution/atrophy of the thymus; this death is attributed to doing trauma and is not attributed to administration of the test item.

• Group 3 female no 655 (70 mg/kg/day) was killed for welfare reasons on Day 11 of the F1 generation. Terminal signs included decreased activity, laboured breathing, thin build and piloerection. Macroscopic examination revealed findings of a perforated esophagus with fluid and adhesions in the thoracic cavity. Histopathological examination revealed treatment related findings such as slight accumulation of foamy cells within the sinuses of the mesenteric lymph node, slight to moderate mixed inflammation within the thoracic cavity, lungs and thymus, minimal hepatic necrosis and minimal splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis; this death is attributed to doing trauma and is not attributed to administration of the test item.
Body weight and weight changes:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
From Day 1 of age mean body weights for both male and female offspring at 150 mg/kg/day were significantly low when compared with Controls (p<0.01). Body weight gain at 150 mg/kg/day was also low from Day 1 up to Day 7 for males (p<0.01) and from Day 1 up to Day 14 for females (p<0.05/0.01); the overall body weight gain for both male and female offspring from Day 1 up to weaning on Day 21 of age was low at 150 mg/kg/day when compared with Controls (p<0.01).

Offspring body weight for offspring at 30 and 70 mg/kg/day showed no adverse effects of parental treatment.


At weaning on Day 21 of age selected F1 males at all dose levels and females at 30 mg/kg/day showed slight differences in mean bodyweight that were not dose related. However, both males and females at 70 or 150 mg/kg/day showed low bodyweight gain up to Day 25 of age (p<0.01) and a dose response was apparent.
At the formal commencement of the F1 generation on nominal Day 28 (±2) of age, the mean bodyweight for selected F1 animals at 150 mg/kg/day was low when compared with Controls (p<0.01). Subsequent body weight gain from Day 1 to Day 64 of the F1 generation was low for males receiving 70 or 150 mg/kg/day (p<0.01) and for females at 150 mg/kg/day (p<0.05).

PLEASE REFER TO THE ATTACHED TABLES: "BODY WEIGHT AND BODY WEIGHT CHANGE - GROUP MEAN VALUES FOR OFFSPRING (F1)"
and
"BODY WEIGHT AND BODY WEIGHT CHANGE - GROUP MEAN VALUES FOR MALES AND FEMALES (F1)"
Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
From Day 1 of the F1 generation males at 150 mg/kg/day showed slightly but significantly low food consumption when compared with Controls (p<0.05/0.01) and at 70 mg/kg/day low food consumption was recorded for male animals from Day 15 of the F1 generation low food consumption (p<0.05/0.01).

Females at 150 mg/kg/day showed slightly low food consumption from Day 8 of the F1 generation (p<0.05/0.01).

Food consumption for females at 70 mg/kg/day and for males and females at 30 mg/kg/day was essentially similar to Controls and considered unaffected by treatment.

PLEASE REFER TO THE ATTACHED TABLE: "FOOD CONSUMPTION - GROUP MEAN VALUES FOR MALES AND FEMALES (F1)"
Food efficiency:
not examined
Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
not examined
Ophthalmological findings:
not examined
Haematological findings:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
Males and females that received the test item had statistically significantly shorter prothrombin clotting times when compared with Controls (p<0.05/0.01); similar to the results for F0 animals.
Males at all dose levels showed a low haematocrit (p< 0.05/0.01) and males at 150 mg/kg/day had low haemoglobin (p<0.01) when compared with Controls. The biological relevance of this finding is limited considering the lack of changes in eyrthrocytes, with no shifts in mean cell hemaglobin, mean cell hemaglobin conentrtaion and mean cell volume.

Females that received 70 or 150 mg/kg/day had low haemoglobin (p<0.01) and mean cell haemoglobin concentration (p<0.05/0.01). Females at all dose levels had low mean cell haemoglobin (p<0.05/0.01) and females at 150 mg/kg/day also had low mean cell volume (p<0.05)and a high platelet count (p<0.01). The majority of these differences were not evident in the male animals with the exception of low haemoglobin for males that received 150 mg/kg/day. The biological relevance of the low hemagolobin is limited in view of no changes in hematocrit, RBC and reticulocytes, and only minor shifts in mean cell hemaglobin, mean cell hemaglobin conentrtaion and mean cell volume.

White blood cell counts were high for males at 150 mg/kg/day and for females at all dose levels.

• Leucocyte counts high for males at 150 mg/kg/day (p<0.05) and for females high at all dose levels(p<0.05)

• Neutrophil and monocyte counts high for males at 70 of 150 mg/kg/day(p<0.01)

• Large unstained cell count high for males at 150 mg/kg/day(p<0.05)

PLEASE REFER TO THE ATATCHED TABLE: "HAEMATOLOGY - GROUP MEAN VALUES AT SCHEDULED TERMINATION (F1 COHORT 1A)"
Clinical biochemistry findings:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
Males that received 70 or 150 mg/kg/day showed low Alkaline phosphatase activity (p<0.01), which is of no biological significance, and males at 150 mg/kg/day had slightly high Alanine amino-transferase activity (p<0.01). This was not evident in female animals, with females at 150 mg/kg/day showing high Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity (p<0.01).

Both males and females at 150 mg/kg/day had low cholesterol levels when compared with Controls (male p<0.05, females p<0.01)

Glucose and potassium levels were low for males at dose levels up to and including 150 mg/kg/day when compared with Controls (p<0.01).

Creatinine levels for females at all dose levels were low when compared with Controls (p<0.05/0.01); this decrease is oif noi biological/toxicological significance.

When compared with Controls males at 150 mg/kg/day also had marginally high plasma urea (p<0.05), with low total protein (p<0.05) and a high A/G ratio (p<0.01).

PLEASE REFER TO THE ATTACHED TABLE: "BLOOD CHEMISTRY - GROUP MEAN VALUES AT SCHEDULED TERMINATION (F1 COHORT 1A)"
Urinalysis findings:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
Urinary protein levels were significantly high for both male and females that received the test item at dose levels up to and including 150 mg/kg/day (p<0.05/0.01), but total urinary protein levels were unaffected by treatment. Other differences included:

• Low urinary output for males at 70 and 150 mg/kg/day (p<0.05)

• Low total potassium levels for males at 70 and 150 mg/kg/day (p<0.05/0.01)

• Low pH for females at all dose levels (p<0.05/0.01)

PLEASE REFER TO THE ATTACHED TABLE: "URINALYSIS - GROUP MEAN VALUES AT SCHEDULED TERMINATION (F1 COHORT 1A)"
Sexual maturation:
effects observed, non-treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
At 150 mg/kg/day completion of sexual maturation for both males and females was approximately three days later than the concurrent Controls; however, as the mean body weight at completion was similar to Controls, these delays are considered to be related to a general delay in physical development rather than a specific effect on sexual maturation.

PLEASE REFER TO THE ATTACHED TABLE: "SEXUAL MATURATION - GROUP MEAN AGE AND BODY WEIGHT AT COMPLETION (F1)"
Anogenital distance (AGD):
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
Ano-genital distance of male offspring on Day 1 of age was unaffected by parental treatment at dose levels up to and including 150 mg/kg/day.

The ano-genital distance for female offspring at 150 mg/kg/day was significantly smaller than Controls (p<0.05), but as this is a decrease rather than an increase in distance it is of no biological/toxicological significance; values at 30 or 70 mg/kg/day were similar to Controls

PLEASE REFER TO THE ATTACHED TABLE: "ANO-GENITAL DISTANCE - GROUP MEAN AND ADJUSTED VALUES FOR OFFSPRING (F1)"
Nipple retention in male pups:
no effects observed
Description (incidence and severity):
No nipples were seen on examination of male offspring on Day 13 of age
Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
Male offspring derived from the group that received 150 mg/kg/day showed slightly but statistically significantly low absolute mean brain and thymus weight when compared with Controls; in the absence of any similar observation in the female offspring at the same dose level, and since body weight relative brain and thymus weights were similar to Controls, these differences were considered to reflect the lower terminal body weights and not a specific effect of treatment on these organs.

* PLEASE REFER TO THE TABLE IN ANY OTHER INFORMATION ON RESULTS: "ORGAN WEIGHT PARAMETERS - UNSELECTED OFFPSRING ON DAY 22 OF AGE (F1)"

F1 Generation (Cohort 1A)
Body weight relative kidney weights were statistically significantly high for both males and females at all dose levels (p<0.05/0.01). Females at all dose levels and males at 70 or 150 mg/kg/day had significantly high body weight relative spleen weight (p<0.05/0.01).

2,2’-(Octadec-9-enylimino) bisethanol-related low absolute and body weight relative thymus weights were noted at the terminal sacrifice of males that received 150 mg/kg/day (p<0.01 and p<0.05 respectively). Males at 70 or 150 mg/kg/day also had high body weight relative heart weight(p<0.05) and males at 150 mg/kg/day had high bodyweight relative adrenal weight. (p<0.01).

High bodyweight relative mesenteric lymph nodes weight and liver weight were recorded for females that received 150 mg/kg/day (p<0.01 and p<0.05 respectively). The high mesenteric lymph node weights may be associated with the test item related microscopic changes identified in this tissue.

No test item related microscopic changes were detected in any of the other organs and thus no definite or adverse effect of treatment is inferred. Differences in relative brain weight and reproductive organ relative weights were considered to be secondary to the effect on body weight.

PLEASE REFER TO THE TABLE IN ANY OTHER INFORMATION ON RESULTS:"ORGAN WEIGHT PARAMETERS - TERMINAL SACRIFICE F1 GENERATION (COHORT 1A)"

Gross pathological findings:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
Macroscopic examination of offspring that died or were killed prior to scheduled termination or were culled on Day 4 of age did not reveal any findings that could be attributed to parental treatment.

Macroscopic examination of unselected F1 offspring on Day 22 of age did not reveal any abnormality and as such no data is presented.

F1 Generation (Cohort 1A)
At terminal sacrifice, thickening was noted for the stomach of some animals administered 70 or 150 mg/kg/day. This finding was inconsistently associated with depression, in both sexes, and correlated with the 2,2’-(Octadec-9-enylimino) bisethanol related microscopic observation of diffuse hyperplasia of the non-glandular mucosa, erosion/vesicles, ulceration, edema and mixed inflammation.

PLEASE REFER TO THE TABLE IN ANY OTHER INFORMATION ON RESULTS: "MACROSCOPIC FINDINGS - TERMINAL SACRIFICE F1 GENERATION (COHORT 1A)"

F1 Generation (Cohort 1B)
At terminal sacrifice, thickening was noted for the stomach of occasional animals administered 70 or 150 mg/kg/day. This finding was inconsistently accompanied with depression, in both sexes, and correlated with the 2,2’-(Octadec-9-enylimino) bisethanol related microscopic observation of diffuse hyperplasia of the non-glandular mucosa, erosion/vesicles, ulceration, edema and mixed inflammation.

PLEASE REFER TO THE TABLE IN ANY OTHER INFORMATION ON RESULTS: "MACROPSCOPIC FINSINGS - TERMINAL SACRIFICE F1 GENERATION (COHORT 1B)"

F1 Generation (Cohort 1B)
Low absolute thymus weights were noted at terminal sacrifice in males that received 150 mg/kg/day.

Other variations in organ weights consisted of decreases/increases of absolute or relative weights of pituitary glands (both sexes administered 150 mg/kg/day), testes, epididymides and seminal vesicles and coagulating glands (males administered 70 or 150 mg/kg/day) and ovaries (females administered 150 mg/kg/day).

The effects of 2,2’-(Octadec-9-enylimino) bisethanol administration on organ weights and organ weights relative to body weight are mostly characterised as consequential to changes observed in body weight and not indicative of specific organ toxicity. The lower absolute and relative thymus weight in males at 70 and at 150 mg/kg/day is indicative for a secondary thymus involution.

PLEASE REFER TO THE TABLE IN ANY OTHER INFORMATION ON RESULTS: "ORGAN WEIGHT PARAMETERS - TERMINAL SACRIFICE F1 GENERATION (COHORT 1B)"
Histopathological findings:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
In unscheduled and terminal sacrifice animals, 2,2’-(Octadec-9-enylimino) bisethanol-related microscopic findings were observed in the stomach (males administered 70 or 150 mg/kg/day and females administered 30 or 150 mg/kg/day), jejunum (both sexes administered 30, 70 or 150 mg/kg/day), duodenum (both sexes administered 150 mg/kg/day), ileum (both sexes administered 70 or 150 mg/kg/day), mesenteric lymph nodes (males and females administered 70 or 150 mg/kg/day) and thymus (males administered 70 or 150 mg/kg/day).

Findings in the stomach included diffuse hyperplasia of the non-glandular mucosa, erosion/vesicles, ulceration, edema and mixed inflammation and correlated with macroscopic observations of thickening and/or depression. Findings in the jejunum, duodenum and ileum included diffuse accumulation of foamy cells within the lamina propria and lymphangiectasis accompanied by hypertrophic villi within the duodenum and ileum. Changes observed within the mesenteric lymph nodes consisted of foamy cell accumulation within the sinuses with sinus dilation and reflect the lymph nodes drainage function of the intestinal lesions. Changes observed within the thymus consisted of atrophy/involution and considered as probably due to body weight loss.


F1 Generation (Cohort 1B)
In unscheduled and terminal sacrifice animals, 2,2’-(Octadec-9-enylimino) bisethanol-related microscopic findings were observed in the stomach (males administered 70 or 150 mg/kg/day and females administered 150 mg/kg/day) and jejunum (males administered 150 mg/kg/day); histopathological examination was limited to those with macroscopic abnormality.

Findings in the stomach included diffuse hyperplasia of the non-glandular mucosa, erosion/vesicles, ulceration, edema and mixed inflammation and correlated with macroscopic observations of thickening and/or depression. Findings in the jejunum included diffuse accumulation of foamy cells within the lamina propria.

PLEASE REFER TO THE TABLES IN ANY OTHER INFORMATION ON RESULTS:
a) "MICROSCOPIC FINDINGS - TERMINAL SACRIFICE F1 GENERATION (COHORT 1A)"
b) "MICROSCOPIC FINDINGS - TERMINAL SACRIFICE F1 GENERATION (COHORT 1B)"
Other effects:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
Litter Size, Survival Indices and Sex Ratio
The number of implantation sites, post-implantation survival, live birth index and the number of offspring on Day 1 (total and live Day 1) were unaffected by parental treatment at dose levels up to and including 150 mg/kg/day.

However, at 150 mg/kg/day the viability index on Day 4 of age was slightly low when compared with Controls at 94.6% compared with 100% in the Control group; this was attributed to litter no 289 with a viability index of 18% and no relationship to treatment was inferred.

Litter survival following standardization of the litter size on Day 4 of age up to weaning on Day 21 of age was unaffected by treatment at all dose levels.

Sex ratio showed no effects of treatment.

Estrous cycles following Vaginal Opening - Cohort 1A
The interval between completion of vaginal opening and the first estrus smear showed no adverse effects of treatment.

Estrous Cycles from nominal Day 75 of age - Cohort 1A
Assessment of estrous cycles from nominal Day 75 of age showed a slight but statistically significant shift at 150 mg/kg/day from a 4-day cycle to 4/5 day or 5-day cycles when compared with Controls (p<0.05). At 70 mg/kg/day the incidence of 4/5 day cycles was also high when compared with Controls, but this difference did not attain statistical significance. The biological significance of these findings is minimal since the normal cycle duration is 4-5 days.

Estrous cycles at 30 mg/kg/day were similar to Controls

Stage of Estrous Cycle at Termination - Cohort 1A and 1B
The majority of females showed an estrus smear prior to scheduled termination.

Ovarian Follicle Counts and Corpora Lutea - Cohort 1A
Assessment of the follicle and corpora lutea counts in the Control and high dose did not show any adverse effects of treatment.

Sperm Assessment - Cohort 1A
Following treatment at 150mg/kg/day, there was a slight but statistically significant decrease in cauda epididymis total (million), this was within the historical control range. Motility, motion, testis and morphology parameters were unaffected.

There were positive statistically significant increases in some motion parameters (STR, LIN) and decreases in morphological parameters (tail abnormal and head misshapen).

Developmental neurotoxicity (F1)

Behaviour (functional findings):
not examined

Developmental immunotoxicity (F1)

Developmental immunotoxicity:
not examined

Effect levels (F1)

Key result
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Generation:
F1
Effect level:
150 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
histopathology: non-neoplastic

Target system / organ toxicity (F1)

Key result
Critical effects observed:
yes
Lowest effective dose / conc.:
30 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
System:
gastrointestinal tract
Organ:
stomach
Treatment related:
yes
Dose response relationship:
yes
Relevant for humans:
not specified

Overall reproductive toxicity

Key result
Reproductive effects observed:
no
Lowest effective dose / conc.:
150 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Treatment related:
no

Any other information on results incl. tables

 

Group Mean Serum TSH Concentration (pg/mL) in Male Rats

Group

Treatment

Dose (mg/kg/day)

 

F0 Adults
Day 28

F1 Offspring
Day 22

F1 Adults
Cohort 1A
Day 91

 
 

1

Control

0

Mean

1260

287

542

 

SD

591

NA

304

 

%CV

46.8

NA

56.1

 

N

10

10

9

 

2

2,2'-(Octadec-9-enylimino)
bisethanol

30

Mean

2170

374

799

 

SD

1240

145

473

 

%CV

56.9

38.8

59.2

 

N

10

10

10

 

3

2,2'-(Octadec-9-enylimino)
bisethanol

70

Mean

1280

315

1140

 

SD

729

NA

617

 

%CV

56.7

NA

54.3

 

N

10

10

10

 

4

2,2'-(Octadec-9-enylimino)
bisethanol

150

Mean

1550

409

1090

 

SD

984

202

527

 

%CV

63.6

49.2

48.3

 

N

10

10

10

 

Where fewer than 66.7% of the individual values were BLQ, the mean was calculated using 0.5 x LLOQ. SD and %CV were not calculated

 

 

Group Mean Serum TSH Concentration (pg/mL) in Female Rats

Group

Treatment

Dose (mg/kg/day)

 

F0 Adults
Day 28

F1 Offspring
Day 22

F1 Adults
Cohort 1A
Day 91

 
 

1

Control

0

Mean

441

238

585

 

SD

267

NA

226

 

%CV

60.7

NA

38.6

 

N

10

10

10

 

2

2,2'-(Octadec-9-enylimino)
bisethanol

30

Mean

607

421

738

 

SD

324

NA

501

 

%CV

53.4

NA

67.9

 

N

10

10

10

 

3

2,2'-(Octadec-9-enylimino)
bisethanol

70

Mean

543

305

627

 

SD

631

NA

224

 

%CV

116.1

NA

35.7

 

N

9

10

10

 

4

2,2'-(Octadec-9-enylimino)
bisethanol

150

Mean

904

998

579

 

SD

393

876

NA

 

%CV

43.5

87.8

NA

 

N

10

10

10

 

Where fewer than 66.7% of the individual values were BLQ, the mean was calculated using 0.5 x LLOQ. SD and %CV were not calculated

 

 

 

 

Organ Weight Parameters – Terminal Sacrifice F0 Generation

Sex

2,2’- (Octadec-9-enylimino) bisethanol

Males

Females

Dose (mg/kg/day)

0

30

70

150

0

30

70

150

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kidney

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

2.484

97

99

97

1.685

101

113

115

Relative Mean Organ Weight (%)

0.545

101

110**

120**

0.693

103

110**

119**

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Liver

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

13.267

98

94

96

9.222

101

107

113

Relative Mean Organ Weight (%)

2.90

102

105

118**

3.77

103

105

117**

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Spleen

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

0.670

99

104

100

0.536

99

103

104

Relative Mean Organ Weight (%)

0.147

103

116**

124**

0.221

100

101

107

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Adrenals

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

0.059

105

98

100

0.073

104

107

107

Relative Mean Organ Weight (%)

0.0130

110

108

123**

0.0303

104

104

110*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brain

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

2.121

100

100

99

1.908

100

100

100

Relative Mean Organ Weight (%)

0.466

105

111**

122**

0.790

101

98

102

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Epididymides

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

1.462

99

99

96

 

 

 

 

Relative Mean Organ Weight (%)

0.323

103

110*

118**

 

 

 

 

Sex

2,2’- (Octadec-9-enylimino) bisethanol

Males

Females

Dose (mg/kg/day)

0

30

70

150

0

30

70

150

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Testes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

3.929

100

101

102

 

 

 

 

Relative Mean Organ Weight (%)

0.862

104

113**

126**

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ovaries and oviducts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

 

 

 

 

0.133

110

113

113

Relative Mean Organ Weight (%)

 

 

 

 

0.0548

112*

110*

117**

* = p<0.05; ** = p<0.01 statistically significant difference (absolute or relative) compared with respective control mean value.

 

 

 

Macroscopic Findings – Terminal Sacrifice F0 generation

Sex

2,2’-(Octadec-9-enylimino) bisethanol

Males

Females

Dose Level (mg/kg/day)

0

30

70

150

0

30

70

150

Stomach

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Number Examined

24

25

25

25

24

24

22

20

  Thickened

0

8

9

21

0

3

11

9

  Edematous

0

0

0

0

0

2

2

1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jejunum

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Number examined

24

25

25

25

24

24

22

20

  Abnormal color

0

0

2

5

0

0

0

3

  Thickened

0

0

0

9

0

0

0

1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Microscopic Findings – Terminal Sacrifice F0 Generation

Sex

2,2’-(Octadec-9-enylimino) bisethanol

Males

Females

Dose Level (mg/kg/day)

0

30

70

150

0

30

70

150

Stomach

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Number Examined

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  Hyperplasia, Epithelial, Non-Glandular Region

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

8

6

4

0

6

6

5

Slight

0

3

9

13

0

2

12

13

Moderate

0

0

3

6

0

1

2

7

  Erosion/Vesicle, Non-Glandular Region

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Slight

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

2

Moderate

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

0

  Ulceration, Non-Glandular Region

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

0

2

1

0

0

0

0

Slight

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

1

Moderate

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

2

  Edema, Non-Glandular Region

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

1

1

0

0

3

1

2

Slight

0

1

2

1

0

0

4

5

Moderate

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

5

  Inflammation, Non-Glandular Region

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

1

2

2

0

4

6

7

Slight

0

0

1

2

0

0

0

2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jejunum

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Number Examined

25

25

25

25

24

25

25

25

Accumulation, Foamy Cells

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

0

3

0

0

0

16

2

Slight

0

0

12

3

0

0

3

11

Moderate

0

0

7

22

0

0

0

12

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Duodenum

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Number Examined

25

25

25

25

25

0

0

25

Accumulation, Foamy Cells

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

0

0

3

0

-

-

0

Slight

0

0

0

6

0

-

-

0

Moderate

0

0

0

0

0

-

-

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Formulation Analysis

The mean achieved concentrations of formulation samples taken during the course of the study were within 6% of the nominal concentration, confirming the accuracy of formulation. The difference from mean remained within 2%, confirming precise analysis.

For First Week (F0 generation), procedural recoveries were outside of the range established during the validation. The standard and sample responses remained consistent throughout, and therefore the procedural recoveries were considered to be prepared incorrectly and were not used to correct results. All system suitability criteria for this run was met except standard comparison. At most the standards were made with an error of 10%, and the worse possible outcome is that the results are marginally outside of the acceptance criteria stated in the study plan. The results are reported for information only but considered meaningful.

For Week 1 (F1 generation) Group 1 due to a response at the same retention time as the test item, re-dilution of original samples took place and contingency samples were analyzed. Both the re-dilution of original samples and contingency samples confirmed the original results, however the response is less than the quantifiable range for the method. There are four results reported for this group.

For Last week (F1 generation), Group 2 had a difference from mean outside of specified limits. Re-dilutions of original samples provided variable results and therefore were deemed unreliable. The contingency samples were analyzed, and confirmed the original results, therefore four results are reported for this group and the co-efficient of variation was 10.17%.

For Last week (F1 generation) contingency analysis, procedural recoveries were outside of the range established during the validation. No results were deemed outliers and therefore were used to correct results.

For all other occasions, procedural recoveries remained within the range established during the validation, confirming the continued accuracy of the analytical procedure.

 

Organ Weight Parameters – Unselected offspring on Day 22 of age (F1)

Sex

2,2’- (Octadec-9-enylimino) bisethanol

Males

Females

Dose (mg/kg/day)

0

30

70

150

0

30

70

150

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Body weight (g)

49.2

99

100

91*

54.1

107

106

95

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Thymus

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

0.196

97

99

88*

0.192

106

109

91

Relative Mean Organ Weight (%)

0.398

98

99

97

0.426

99

103

96

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Spleen

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

0.212

109

97

88

0.192

116

118

104

Relative Mean Organ Weight (%)

0.431

110

96

97

0.426

108

111

109

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brain

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

1.461

97

96

94*

1.367

103

102

97

Relative Mean Organ Weight (%)

2.970

98

96

104

3.031

96

97

101

* = p<0.05; ** = p<0.01 statistically significant difference (absolute or relative) compared with respective control mean value.

 

 

Organ Weight Parameters – Terminal Sacrifice F1 Generation (Cohort 1A)

Sex

2,2’- (Octadec-9-enylimino) bisethanol

Males

Females

Dose (mg/kg/day)

0

30

70

150

0

30

70

150

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Thymus

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

0.411

93.4

81.5**

66.4**

0.323

106.5

97.5

96.9

Relative Mean Organ Weight (%)

0.110

94.5

90.9

84.5*

0.145

108.9

101.3

106.2

 

Mesenteric lymph nodes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

0.018

100

100

133.3

0.015

153.3

126.6

173.3*

Relative Mean Organ Weight (%)

0.0049

104

112.2

173.4

0.0070

150

131.4

181.4*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kidney

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

2.297

107

105

90*

1.448

104

105

105

Relative Mean Organ Weight (%)

0.619

107*

117**

113**

0.648

107**

110**

115**

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Heart

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

1.029

101

94

84**

0.744

103

97

92

Relative Mean Organ Weight (%)

0.278

101

105*

107*

0.333

105

101

101

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sex

2,2’- (Octadec-9-enylimino) bisethanol

Males

Females

Dose (mg/kg/day)

0

30

70

150

0

30

70

150

Liver

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

12.689

103

93

84*

7.520

103

104

109

Relative Mean Organ Weight (%)

3.40

102

104

105

3.36

105

108

120**

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Spleen

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

0.634

107

98

93

0.443

110

105

107

Relative Mean Organ Weight (%)

0.171

106

109*

117**

0.198

113*

109*

117**

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Adrenals

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

0.067

97

98

92

0.074

100

96

96

Relative Mean Organ Weight (%)

0.0181

97

110

117**

0.330

102

101

106

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brain

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

2.038

102

97

93**

1.887

100

97*

96**

Relative Mean Organ Weight (%)

0.553

102

109*

118**

0.848

103

101

106

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Epididymides

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

1.274

100

95

87**

 

 

 

 

Relative Mean Organ Weight (%)

0.345

100

107

110**

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Testes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

3.637

102

100

99

 

 

 

 

Relative Mean Organ Weight (%)

0.98

103

113**

125**

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ovaries and oviducts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

 

 

 

 

0.121

109

101

110

Relative Mean Organ Weight (%)

 

 

 

 

0.540

112

106

121**

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

* = p<0.05; ** = p<0.01 statistically significant difference (absolute or relative) compared with respective control mean value.

 

 

 

Organ Weight Parameters – Terminal Sacrifice F1 Generation (Cohort 1B)

Sex

2,2’- (Octadec-9-enylimino) bisethanol

Males

Females

Dose (mg/kg/day)

0

30

70

150

0

30

70

150

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pituitary

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

0.009

100

100

89**

0.013

92

100

85**

Relative Mean Organ Weight (g)

0.0023

100

104

113*

0.0057

95

96

88**

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Thymus

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

0.372

110

98

73**

0.325

99

102

91

Relative Mean Organ Weight (g)

0.0956

111

103

88

0.141

103

102

98

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sex

2,2’- (Octadec-9-enylimino) bisethanol

Males

Females

Dose (mg/kg/day)

0

30

70

150

0

30

70

150

Testes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

3.743

101

103

102

 

 

 

 

Relative Mean Organ Weight (g)

0.96

101

109**

125**

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Seminal vesicles and coagulating glands

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

1.045

105

120*

97

 

 

 

 

Relative Mean Organ Weight (g)

0.267

105

128**

119**

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Epididymides

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

1.280

104

103

94

 

 

 

 

Relative Mean Organ Weight (g)

0.329

104

109*

115**

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ovaries and oviducts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Absolute Weight (g)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

0.124

104

106

110**

Relative Mean Organ Weight (g)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

0.0540

108

107

119**

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

* = p<0.05; ** = p<0.01 statistically significant difference (absolute or relative) compared with respective control mean value.

 

 

Macroscopic Findings – Terminal Sacrifice F1 Generation (Cohort 1A)

Sex

2,2’-(Octadec-9-enylimino) bisethanol

Males

Females

Dose Level (mg/kg/day)

0

30

70

150

0

30

70

150

Stomach

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Number Examined

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

  Thickened

1

1

5

7

0

0

3

4

  Depression

0

0

0

2

0

0

1

1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Macroscopic Findings – Terminal Sacrifice F1 Generation (Cohort 1B)

Sex

2,2’-(Octadec-9-enylimino) bisethanol

Males

Females

Dose Level (mg/kg/day)

0

30

70

150

0

30

70

150

Stomach

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Number Examined

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

  Thickened

0

0

3

2

0

0

0

1

  Depression

0

0

3

4

0

0

0

2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Microscopic Findings – Terminal Sacrifice F1 Generation (Cohort 1A)

Sex

2,2’-(Octadec-9-enylimino) bisethanol

Males

Females

Dose Level (mg/kg/day)

0

30

70

150

0

30

70

150

Stomach

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Number Examined

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  Hyperplasia, Epithelial, Non-Glandular Region

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

0

6

7

0

0

0

6

Slight

0

0

1

7

0

0

0

7

Moderate

0

0

0

3

0

0

0

1

  Erosion/Vesicle, Non-Glandular Region

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

Slight

0

0

2

3

0

0

0

3

Moderate

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

  Ulceration, Non-Glandular Region

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Slight

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

Moderate

0

0

0

2

0

1

0

1

  Edema, Non-Glandular Region

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

0

0

4

0

1

0

5

Slight

0

0

4

3

0

0

0

1

Moderate

0

0

0

3

0

0

0

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sex

2,2’-(Octadec-9-enylimino) bisethanol

Males

Females

Dose Level (mg/kg/day)

0

30

70

150

0

30

70

150

Stomach

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  Inflammation, Non-Glandular Region

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

0

3

5

0

0

0

3

Slight

0

0

2

4

0

1

0

2

Jejunum

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Number Examined

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

  Accumulation, Foamy Cells

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

1

15

1

0

2

8

0

Slight

0

0

0

7

0

0

0

9

Moderate

0

0

0

10

0

0

0

11

Marked

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

  Lymphangiectasis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

Duodenum

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Number Examined

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

  Accumulation, Foamy Cells

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

0

0

10

0

0

0

2

Slight

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

1

  Hypertrophy, Villous

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

0

0

12

0

0

0

1

Slight

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

  Lymphangiectasis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

0

0

3

0

0

0

0

Ileum

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Number Examined

20

20

20

20

19

20

19

20

  Accumulation, Foamy Cells

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

0

4

12

0

0

3

6

Slight

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Moderate

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

  Hypertrophy, Villous

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

0

0

8

0

0

0

1

Slight

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

  Lymphangiectasis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mesenteric Lymph Node

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Number Examined

20

20

20

20

19

20

20

20

  Accumulation, Foamy Cells

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

0

8

0

0

0

7

0

Slight

0

0

11

3

0

0

11

5

Moderate

0

0

1

14

0

0

1

13

Marked

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

2

  Dilated/Cystic, Sinuses

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

2

3

0

0

1

1

2

Slight

0

0

1

5

0

0

0

11

Moderate

0

0

0

14

0

0

0

6

Thymus

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Number Examined

20

18

18

20

20

0

1

20

  Involution/Atrophy

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

0

2

13

0

0

1

1

Slight

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Microscopic Findings – Terminal Sacrifice F1 Generation (Cohort 1B)

Sex

2,2’-(Octadec-9-enylimino) bisethanol

Males

Females

Dose Level (mg/kg/day)

0

30

70

150

0

30

70

150

Stomach

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Number Examined

0

1

5

8

0

0

0

3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  Hyperplasia, Epithelial, Non-Glandular Region

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Slight

0

0

2

1

0

-

-

2

Moderate

0

0

2

5

0

-

-

1

  Erosion/Vesicle, Non-Glandular Region

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

0

0

1

0

-

-

0

Slight

0

0

0

1

0

-

-

0

  Ulceration, Non-Glandular Region

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Slight

0

0

0

0

0

-

-

1

Moderate

0

0

0

1

0

-

-

0

  Edema, Non-Glandular Region

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

0

2

1

0

-

-

2

Slight

0

0

0

2

0

-

-

0

  Inflammation, Non-Glandular Region

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

0

2

2

0

-

-

1

Slight

0

0

0

2

0

-

-

1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jejunum

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Number Examined

0

1

0

1

0

-

-

0

Accumulation, Foamy Cells

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

0

0

0

1

0

-

-

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:
Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for both systemic and reproductive toxicity in the Han Wistar rat is 150 mg/kg/day and the NOAEL for the local gastrointestinal irritant effect was not established and lies below 30 mg/kg/day.
Executive summary:

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of 2,2'‑(Octadec‑9‑enylimino)bisethanol on reproductive performance when administered  by oral gavage administration to Han Wistar rats. Cohorts of F1 animals were used to assess the potential for systemic toxicity, and potential effects on sexual maturation and estrous cycles.

Dose levels for the EOGRTS were selected after evaluation in a RF in which four groups of eight male and eight female rats received 2,2’‑(Octadec-9-enylimino)bisethanol at doses of 0, 30, 70 or 150 mg/kg/day by oral gavage. Males were treated daily for 15 days before pairing and until termination. Females were treated daily for 15 days before pairing, throughout pairing, gestation and lactation. The F1 generation comprised of 10 male and 10 female progeny from each group, and they continued to receive the relevant dose, as per the F0 generation, throughout the study until termination following sexual maturation at approximately eight weeks of age. The oral administration at dose levels of 30, 70 or 150 mg/kg/day had no adverse effect on general clinical condition (F0/F1), mating performance and fertility (F0), organ weights (F0) or macropathology (F0/F1). However, at 150 mg/kg/day clear effects were apparent on both F0 and F1 body weight performance and two out of the eight litters at this dose level were compromised resulting in high mortality/litter death. It was not clear whether this is indicative for a too severe perinatal toxicity or mostly accidental as suggested based on results on similar structures. Based on the findings in this preliminary study it was decided to use of 150 mg/kg/day as the high dose in the subsequent OECD 443 study.

In the F0 generation of the EOGRTS, three groups of 25 male and 25 female rats received 2,2'‑(Octadec‑9‑enylimino)bisethanol at dose levels of 30, 70 or 150 mg/kg/day at a volume dose of 4 mL/kg/day. Males were treated for ten weeks before pairing, up to necropsy after litters were weaned. Females were treated for ten weeks before pairing, throughout pairing up to necropsy on Day 28 of lactation.

For the F0 generation data were recorded on clinical condition, body weight, food consumption, estrous cycles, mating performance and fertility, gestation length and parturition observations and reproductive performance.  Clinical pathology (hematology, blood chemistry and thyroid-related hormones), sperm assessment, organ weight, macroscopic pathology and microscopic pathology investigations were performed. 

For F1 offspring, clinical condition, litter size and survival, sex ratio, body weight, ano‑genital distance, organ weights and macropathology were assessed.  Nipple counts were performed on male offspring on Day 13 of age.  Serum samples that were collected from selected offspring on Day 22 of age were analysed for thyroid-related hormones.

The F1 generation comprised of two cohorts:

Cohort 1A: 20 male and 20 female progeny were selected from each dose group and continued to receive 2,2'‑(Octadec‑9‑enylimino)bisethanol at doses of 0 (Control), 30, 70 or 150 mg/kg/day from weaning until scheduled sacrifice at approximately Week 13 of age. 

Cohort 1B: 20 male and 20 female progeny were selected from each dose group and continued to receive 2,2'‑(Octadec‑9‑enylimino)bisethanol at doses of 0 (Control), 30, 70 or 150 mg/kg/day from weaning until scheduled sacrifice at approximately Week 14 of age. 

For F1 Cohort 1A, data were recorded on clinical condition, body weight, food consumption, sexual maturation and estrous cycles. Clinical pathology (hematology, blood chemistry, urinalysis and biomarkers), sperm assessment, ovarian follicle and corpora lutea counts, organ weight, macroscopic pathology, full microscopic pathology and immunophenotyping investigations were performed. 

For F1 Cohort 1B, data was recorded on clinical condition, body weight, food consumption, sexual maturation, organ weight and macroscopic pathology investigations were performed.

 

Results

Oral administration of 2,2’-(Octadec-9-enylimino) bisethanol to Han Wistar rats at dose levels of 30, 70 and 150 mg/kg/day showed no treatment-related effects on general condition (F0/F1), estrous cycles (F0/F1), thyroid hormones(F0/F1), sperm parameters (F0/F1), mating performance (F0), fertility (F0), gestation length (F0), ano genital distance (F1), spleen cell immunophenotyping (F1) or sexual maturation (F1).

There was a total of four premature deaths at 150 mg/kg/day that were considered to relate to treatment; three F0 females and one F1 male.  Macroscopic and histopathological examination of these animals revealed findings related to the stomach and small intestine. 

Histopathological examination of F0 and F1 animals at scheduled termination revealed findings in the non-glandular portion of the stomach that consisted of epithelial hyperplasia associated with erosion/vesicle or ulceration, edema and mixed inflammation and correlated with macroscopic observations of thickened stomach and depressions. The combination of these findings was considered adverse in this study at all dose levels. The higher neutrophil counts for F0 males and females at 150 mg/kg/day, the higher eosinophil counts in F0 females at 150 mg/kg/day, and the higher white blood cell counts in F1 males at 150 mg/kg/day and F1 females at all dose levels were considered likely to reflect the mixed inflammation in the stomach.

In the jejunum (F0/F1), duodenum (F0/F1) and ileum (F1) showed histopathological changes at scheduled termination.  

  • In the F0 adults the jejunum and duodenum showed foamy cell accumulation within the lamina propria, probably related to the absorption of the test item and/or metabolites and correlated with the macroscopic observations of thickened and abnormal color. The jejunum was more severely affected than the duodenum. At the severity observed this is likely to compromise function and indicates an adverse effect for the males and females administered 70 or 150 mg/kg/day.
  • In the F1 adults the intestine showed diffuse accumulation of the foamy cells within the lamina propria and lymphangiectasis (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) accompanied by villous hypertrophy (duodenum and ileum), with the jejunum being  most severely affected. At the severity noted is likely to compromise function and indicates an adverse effect for the males and females administered 70 or 150 mg/kg/day.  The mesenteric lymph nodes showed accumulation of the foamy cells and dilation of the sinuses: this change is secondary to the intestinal findings, reflecting the drainage function of these lymph nodes.

For both the F0 and F1 adult animals the reductions observed inlife on both body weight gain and food consumption are therefore considered to be secondary to these histopathological findings.  As a consequence of these effects on the F0 adult animals the body weight and body weight gain of F1 offspring was low at 150 mg/kg/day and the F1 adults showed atrophy/involution of the thymus.

Body weight relative kidney weights for both F0 and F1 adult animals were marginally high when compared with Controls but absolute kidney weights were generally unaffected.  F0 males at 70 and 150 mg/kg/day and F1 males at 150 mg/kg/day had marginally high plasma urea levels.  There was no histopathological correlate  for these findings and no adverse or conclusive effect on renal function was inferred.

There were a number of minor changes in haematology, blood chemistry and urinalysis and organ weight parameters, but none were supported by any test item related microscopic changes in the full range of tissues examined and are of uncertain significance and limited biological relevance and may be incidental or minor consequences to the primary pathology observed and likely not direct effects of the test substance.

The stomach changes are considered to represent a local effect of the irritancy of the test item rather than any systemic effect of toxicity however in view of the mortality at 150 mg/kg/day and the extent of the histopathological changes in the stomach at all doses and small intestine at 70 and 150 mg/kg/day these findings are considered as adverse.  Therefore the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for the local irritant effect was not established and the NOAEL for both systemic and reproductive toxicity is considered to be 150 mg/kg/day.

 

Conclusion

Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for both systemic and reproductive toxicity in the Han Wistar rat is 150 mg/kg/day and the NOAEL for the local gastrointestinal irritant effect was not established and lies below 30 mg/kg/day.