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EC number: 248-289-4 | CAS number: 27176-87-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Additional information
Environmental fate and pathways
Environmental exposure
Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid is produced by reacting SO3 and LAB (linear alkyl benzene) in a continuous closed reactor. In the dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid reaction process, the measured concentrations of SO2, NaOH were 0.0026 and 0.0356 mg/m3, which were below the occupational exposure limit of 0.2 mg/m3 and 2 mg/m3, respectively. And the dust are emitted to atmosphere but the concentration of the substances were below 10% level of environmental emission standard (10 mg/m3).
All occurred waste organic solvents are burned by waste consignment treatment. Wastewater is treated chemically and biologically, and then it is discharged to wastewatertreatment plant. Most of the substance that is used in industrial and consumer products as surfactant and ingredient in detergents will be disposed of by the sewerage system. Exposure of the environment may occur mainly via effluents of STP’s and application of sewage sludge in agriculture.
Environmental fate
The environmental fate assessment for dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DDBSA) is based on US EPA’s Estimation Programs Interface (EPI) Suite. EPI Suite provides estimations of physical/chemical properties and environmental fate properties.
Based on the output of the model, dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DDBSA) is highly unlikely to bioaccumulate in the environment or aquatic organisms (i.e. fish) because the low value for the log Kow (4.78).
This also supports that the chemical is soluble in water such that it will exhibit mobility through the soil. In addition, the low log Koc (3.6) further supports the expected soil mobility. The model-calculated linear and non-linear biodegradation probabilities suggest that the linear carbon chain will biodegrade rapidly, whereas the benzene ring is not expected to biodegrade as rapidly. The extremely low vapor pressure along with the short half life of approximately 7.85 hours indicates that if this chemical is present in the soil, it is not likely to be volatile and is expected to degrade rapidly.
The output parameters from the EPI Suite model support that any potential impacts of this chemical is expected to be very short-lived. This is because it is not likely to persist in water or microbial soils and sediments. As a result, the environmental fate of Dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DDBSA) is not likely to be of concern.
Hydrolysis will be not a significant factor in determining the environmental fate of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid.
Based on the results, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid was hydrolytically stable (half life > 1 year) specified by the OECD Guidelines. Since the chemical is degradable less than 10% after 5 days in this test condition, it is presumably stable in water. (Hydrolytically stable).
Stability
Phototransformation in air
Using the AOPWIN QSAR model, the photochemical degradation rate of Dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid in the atmosphere is16.3582 E-12 cm3/molecule-sec, with a resultant predicted half live of 7.846 Hrs (0.654 Days (12-hr day; 1.5E6 OH/cm3))
OVERALL OH Rate Constant = 16.3582 E-12 cm3/molecule-sec
HALF-LIFE = 0.654 Days (12-hr day; 1.5E6 OH/cm3)
HALF-LIFE = 7.846 Hrs
Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid has low vapor pressure (1.06E-008 Pa) indicating significant amounts of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid are unlikely to be present in the atmosphere for photodegradation. The estimated half-life is about 7.8 hours (OH rate constant 16.36x10-12cm3/ molecule-sec) with the AOPWIN (US EPA, 2011).
If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.0000000000793 mm Hg at 25 deg C (0.0000000000793 mm Hg is equivalent to vapour pressure of 1.06E-008 Pa ) indicates significant amounts of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid are unlikely to be present in the atmosphere for photodegradation and therefore Dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight.
Phototransformation in water
After 30 minutes the Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS) have been decomposed and removal of the DBS absorption is complete after 2 hours of the light exposure.Rapid photodegradation (within 2 hours of light exposure).
Dodecylbenzene sulfonate is rapidly photodegraded in aqueous aerated TiO2 suspensions. The reaction involves fast decomposition of the aromatic ring followed by slower oxidation of the aliphatic chain.
Data are available on the photodegradation of Na-C12 LAS in water.
Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (CAS No.25155-30-0, EC Number; 246-680-4) is a very closeanalogue of the dissociated acid because it readily dissociates in water and release the dodecylbenzene sulfonic anion in solution.
The results are as follows:
Table Photodegradations of Na-C12 LAS
Light source |
Light spectrum |
Test material |
Result |
References |
Xe lamp |
>330 nm |
Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate |
Rapid (<1-2 hours) decomposition |
Hidakaet al., 1985 |
Mercury vapor lamp |
200-350 nm |
Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate |
>95% photolytic degradation after 20 minutes |
Matsuura and Smith, 1970 |
Mercury lamp |
400-580 nm |
Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate |
The presence of humic substances delayed the photodegradation |
Hermannet al., 1997 |
Phototransformation in soil
If released to soil, Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 2360. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process.
Therefore testing for Phototransformation in soils does not need to be performed.
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction during which molecules of water (H2O) are split into hydrogen cations (H+, conventionally referred to as protons) and hydroxide anions (OH−) in the process of a chemical mechanism).
The study of MOE 2008 was performed following “OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals No. 111: Hydrolysis as function of pH. The preliminary test was performed at 50 ±5°C and pH 4, 7 and pH 9. The hydrolysis of the substance was less than 10% over the 5 days, so a definitive test was not performed. Based on these results, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid was hydrolytically stable (half life > 1 year) specified by the OECD Guidelines .
Since the chemical is degradable less than 10% after 5 days in this test condition, it is presumably stable in water. (Hydrolytically stable)
Biodegradation
Data of following studies are demonstrating rapid biodegradation of C12-LAS (including Na-LAS) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Temmink and Klapwijk (2004) conducted OECD 301F test and the result is that more than 60% of mineralisation was achieved within 28 days.
For dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid, the available study indicates 69% of the material mineralized after 28 days ,OECD 301B test (USEPA 1992).
Ward and Larson (1989) conducted a laboratory study and observed the biodegradation rate constant and half-life for C12-LAS in sludge-amended soil. The biodegradation rate constant for C12-LAS is 0.030 day-1and half-life for C12-LAS is 23.1 days. Scheunertet al., (1987) measured the biomineralization rate of dodecylbenzenesulfonate in soil/water suspension under anaerobic and aerobic conditions for 42 days. The results (40.6%14CO2: aerobic, 51.9%14CO2: anaerobic) showed that the substance was readily biodegradable by the micro-organisms present in soil.
Summary of Biodegradation
Type/ Method |
Test material |
Degradation |
Duration |
References |
Aerobic/ OECD 301F |
C12-LAS |
> 60 % of mineralisation |
28 days |
Temmink and Klapwijk, 2004 |
Aerobic/ Other |
Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid |
75 % |
11 days |
Cook and Glodman, 1974 |
Aerobic/ OECD 301B |
Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid |
69 % of mineralisation |
28 days |
USEPA 1992 |
Aerobic/ Other |
C12-LAS |
50% |
23.1 days |
Ward and Larson, 1989 |
Aerobic and Anaerobic/ Other |
Dodecylbenzenesulfonate |
40.6%14CO2of mineralization (aerobic), 51.9%14CO2of mineralization (anaerobic) |
42 days |
Scheunertet al., 1987 |
Biodegradation in water:screening tests
Data of following studies are demonstrating rapid biodegradation of C12-LAS (including Na-LAS) under aerobic conditions. Temmink and Klapwijk (2004) conducted OECD 301F test and the result is that more than 60% of mineralisation was achieved within 28 days.
Cook and Glodman, 1974 conducted Biodegradation of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DBS), at 10 ppm was measured 75% after 11 days and test temperature was maintained at 20 deg C for 17 days. The sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DBS) could be conclued as readily degradable.
For dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid, the available study indicates 69% of the material mineralized after 28 days ,OECD 301B test (USEPA 1992).
Table Summary of Biodegradation in water:screening tests
Type/ Method |
Test material |
Degradation |
Duration |
References |
Aerobic/ OECD 301F |
C12-LAS |
> 60 % of mineralisation |
28 days |
Temmink and Klapwijk, 2004 |
Aerobic/ Other |
Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid |
75 % |
11 days |
Cook and Glodman, 1974 |
Aerobic/ OECD 301B |
Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid |
69 % of mineralisation |
28 days |
USEPA 1992 |
Biodegradation in water and sediment: simulation tests
In the study of Federle TW and Itrich NR 1997, Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (14C-ring C12LAS) was tested as model compounds in two sludges.
- Within 8 h, 41−44% was evolved as 14CO2,
- 1−2% remained as parent,
- 24−33% was incorporated into biomass,
- and 10−15% was present as intermediates, primarily sulfophenylcarboxylates.
Primary and complete biodegradation were best described by a first-order model. First-order rate constants for LAS were 0.96−1.10 h-1 for primary loss and 0.50−0.53 h-1 for complete degradation. This approach provides an accurate and comprehensive kinetic picture of biodegradation under realistic conditions as well as information on the mechanism of biodegradation.
Biodegradation of Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (14C-ring C12LAS), at 1mg/l was measured>96% after 6 hours and test temperature was maintained at 20 deg C.
In the study of Kubodera T, Muto T and Yamamoto T 1978 Dodecylbenzenesulfonate 14C (DBS-14C) was tested as model compound.
Biodegradation of Dodecylbenzenesulfonate 14C(DBS-14C)at76ppmwas measured>90% after 90 hours and test temperature was maintained at 24 deg C.
DBS decreased from 76.0 ppm to less than 0.6 ppm at 90h (Readily degradation).The biodegradation of DBS-14C has three periods of rapid adsorption period, acclimation period, and degradation process. 1-Tetralone, 1-indanone, 4-methyl-1-tetralone, naphthalene were the decomposition products
Biodegradation in soil
Ward and Larson (1989) conducted a laboratory study and observed the biodegradation rate constant and half-life for C12-LAS in sludge-amended soil. The biodegradation rate constant for C12-LAS is 0.030 day-1and half-life for C12-LAS is 23.1 days. Scheunertet al., (1987) measured the biomineralization rate of dodecylbenzenesulfonate in soil/water suspension under anaerobic and aerobic conditions for 42 days. The results (40.6%14CO2: aerobic, 51.9%14CO2: anaerobic) showed that the substance was readily biodegradable by the micro-organisms present in soil.
Table Summary of Biodegradationin soil
Type/ Method |
Test material |
Degradation |
Duration |
References |
Aerobic/ Other |
C12-LAS |
50% |
23.1 days |
Ward and Larson, 1989 |
Aerobic and Anaerobic/ Other |
Dodecylbenzenesulfonate |
40.6%14CO2of mineralization (aerobic), 51.9%14CO2of mineralization (anaerobic) |
42 days |
Scheunertet al., 1987 |
Bioaccumulation
An estimated BCF is70.79 by BCFWIN Modelbased on log Kow =4.78(US EPA, 2011). Bioconcentrations of total C12-LAS in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), and amphipod (Hyalella azteca) were investigated during 32 days. At 32 days, total C12-LAS bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for the three species ranged from 36 to 119 (Versteeg and Rawlings, 2003).These experimental and estimated BCF values suggest that dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid has a low potential for bioaccumulation.
This substance has a limited potential to bioaccumulate (based on log Kow used by BCF estimates:4.78, and predicted bioconcentration factors, log BCF = 1.850 (EPIWIN/BCF Program).
The estimated BCF of 70.79 L/kg wet-wt was measured by calculation from EPI SuiteTM v4.1 Program.
These values would suggest very low bioaccumulation potential.
This is Exposure Assessment Tools and Models made from EPA (Environmental Protection Agency).
BCFBAF Program (v3.01) Results:
==============================
SMILES : O=S(=O)(c1ccc(cc1)CCCCCCCCCCCC)O
CHEM : Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-
MOL FOR: C18 H30 O3 S1
MOL WT : 326.50
--------------------------------- BCFBAF v3.01 --------------------------------
Summary Results:
Log BCF (regression-based estimate): 1.85 (BCF = 70.8 L/kg wet-wt)
Biotransformation Half-Life (days) : 1.32 (normalized to 10 g fish)
Log BAF (Arnot-Gobas upper trophic): 2.71 (BAF = 509 L/kg wet-wt)
Log Kow (experimental): not available from database
Log Kow used by BCF estimates: 4.78
Equation Used to Make BCF estimate:
Log BCF = 1.85 (Ionic; 11 or more -CH2- groups)
Estimated Log BCF = 1.850 (BCF = 70.79 L/kg wet-wt)
Bioaccumulation: terrestrial
This substance has a limited potential to bioaccumulate (based on log Kow used by BCF estimates:4.78, and predicted bioconcentration factors, log BCF = 1.850 (EPIWIN/BCF Program).
The estimated BCF of 70.79 L/kg wet-wt was measured by calculation from EPI SuiteTM v4.1 Program.
These values would suggest very low bioaccumulation potential.
This is Exposure Assessment Tools and Models made from EPA (Environmental Protection Agency).
--------------------------------- BCFBAF v3.01 --------------------------------
Summary Results:
Log BCF (regression-based estimate): 1.85 (BCF = 70.8 L/kg wet-wt)
Biotransformation Half-Life (days) : 1.32 (normalized to 10 g fish)
Log BAF (Arnot-Gobas upper trophic): 2.71 (BAF = 509 L/kg wet-wt)
Log Kow (experimental): not available from database
Log Kow used by BCF estimates: 4.78
Equation Used to Make BCF estimate:
Log BCF = 1.85 (Ionic; 11 or more -CH2- groups)
Estimated Log BCF = 1.850 (BCF = 70.79 L/kg wet-wt)
===========================================================
Whole Body Primary Biotransformation Rate Estimate for Fish:
===========================================================
TYPE | NUM | LOG BIOTRANSFORMATION FRAGMENT DESCRIPTION | COEFF | VALUE
Frag | 1 | Linear C4 terminal chain [CCC-CH3] | 0.0341 | 0.0341
Frag | 1 | Sulfonic acid / salt -> aromatic attach | 0.0248 | 0.0248
Frag | 1 | Alkyl substituent on aromatic ring | 0.1781 | 0.1781
Frag | 1 | Aromatic-CH2 | -0.3365 | -0.3365
Frag | 4 | Aromatic-H | 0.2664 | 1.0655
Frag | 1 | Methyl [-CH3] | 0.2451 | 0.2451
Frag | 10 | -CH2- [linear] | 0.0242 | 0.2419
Frag | 1 | Benzene | -0.4277 | -0.4277
L Kow| * | Log Kow = 4.78 (KowWin estimate) | 0.3073 | 1.4704
MolWt| * | Molecular Weight Parameter | | -0.8372
Const| * | Equation Constant | | -1.5058
============+============================================+=========
RESULT | LOG Bio Half-Life (days) | | 0.1213
RESULT | Bio Half-Life (days) | | 1.322
NOTE | Bio Half-Life Normalized to 10 g fish at 15 deg C |
============+============================================+=========
Biotransformation Rate Constant:
kM (Rate Constant): 0.5242 /day (10 gram fish)
kM (Rate Constant): 0.2948 /day (100 gram fish)
kM (Rate Constant): 0.1658 /day (1 kg fish)
kM (Rate Constant): 0.09322 /day (10 kg fish)
Arnot-Gobas BCF & BAF Methods (including biotransformation rate estimates):
Estimated Log BCF (upper trophic) = 2.704 (BCF = 506 L/kg wet-wt)
Estimated Log BAF (upper trophic) = 2.707 (BAF = 508.9 L/kg wet-wt)
Estimated Log BCF (mid trophic) = 2.806 (BCF = 639.2 L/kg wet-wt)
Estimated Log BAF (mid trophic) = 2.828 (BAF = 673.4 L/kg wet-wt)
Estimated Log BCF (lower trophic) = 2.831 (BCF = 677.5 L/kg wet-wt)
Estimated Log BAF (lower trophic) = 2.911 (BAF = 814 L/kg wet-wt)
Arnot-Gobas BCF & BAF Methods (assuming a biotransformation rate of zero):
Estimated Log BCF (upper trophic) = 3.729 (BCF = 5355 L/kg wet-wt)
Estimated Log BAF (upper trophic) = 4.670 (BAF = 4.677e+004 L/kg wet-wt)
Transport and distribution
Adsorption / desorption
The log of the adsorption coefficient (KOC) of LAS-C12 was estimated to be log KOC = 3.21 which is equal to a KOC value of 2360 . Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (CAS No. 25155-30-0) is a very close analogue of the dissociated acid because it readily dissociates in water and release the dodecylbenzene sulfonic anion in solution.
The log of the adsorption coefficient (KOC) ofDodecylbenzenesulphonic acidwas estimated to be log KOC =3.5691which is equal to a KOC value of 3707 using the KOCWIN v2.00 QSARmethod.
KOCWIN Program (v2.00) Results:
==============================
SMILES : O=S(=O)(c1ccc(cc1)CCCCCCCCCCCC)O
CHEM : Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-
MOL FOR: C18 H30 O3 S1
--------------------------- KOCWIN v2.00 Results ---------------------------
Koc Estimate from MCI:
---------------------
First Order Molecular Connectivity Index ........... : 10.537
Non-Corrected Log Koc (0.5213 MCI + 0.60) .......... : 6.0928
Fragment Correction(s):
1 Sulfonic acid (-S(=O)-OH) ............. : -2.0000
Corrected Log Koc .................................. : 4.0928
Estimated Koc: 1.238e+004 L/kg <===========
Koc Estimate from Log Kow:
-------------------------
Log Kow (Kowwin estimate) ......................... : 4.78
Non-Corrected Log Koc (0.55313 logKow + 0.9251) .... : 3.5691
Fragment Correction(s):
1 Sulfonic acid (-S(=O)-OH) ............. : 0.0000
Corrected Log Koc .................................. : 3.5691
Estimated Koc: 3707 L/kg <===========
Henry's Law constant
The estimated Henrys Law Constant (25 deg C) measured by calculation from EPI SuiteTM v4.1, HENRYWIN v3.20 Program was 6.27E-008 atm-m3/mole (6.35E-003 Pa-m3/mole) , which is almost zero.
This is Exposure Assessment Tools and Models made from EPA (Environmental Protection Agency).
Distribution modelling.
Dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid has no affinity to be in air and sediment. The direct emissions to soil and surface water are significant, therefore Dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid will be almost exclusively be found in soil and surface water.
Mackay fugacity modelling (level 3) indicates that, taking into account degradation and using inflow parameters which are consistent with the known production tonnage of this substance in, fugacity coefficient indicates that environmental concentrations in water are predicted to be 3.24e-013 (atm), in air (atm) 2.53e-014 and soil 4.92e-014 (atm) and sediment to be 2.03e-013 (atm).
These are negligible low levels. This can be considered a worse case prediction as it assumes all product is emitted with no emission control systems used.
Other distribution data
These results suggest for Dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid that direct and indirect exposure from distribution in media is unlikely.
Based on low vapor pressure and low estimated log Pow, expected to partition to water and soil. Not expected to partition to air, sediments or biota.
Therefore testing for distribution in media does not need to be performed.
The estimated STP Fugacity Model and Volatilization From Water were measured by calculation from EPI SuiteTM v4.1 Program.
This is Exposure Assessment Tools and Models made from EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) .
Volatilization From Water
=========================
Chemical Name: Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-
Molecular Weight : 326.50 g/mole
Water Solubility : 9.1359 mg/l
Vapor Pressure : 1.06E-008 Pa at 25C.
Henry's Law Constant: 6.27E-008 atm-m3/mole (estimated by Bond SAR Method)
RIVER LAKE
--------- ---------
Water Depth (meters): 1 1
Wind Velocity (m/sec): 5 0.5
Current Velocity (m/sec): 1 0.05
HALF-LIFE (hours) : 1.687E+004 1.842E+005
HALF-LIFE (days ) : 703.1 7677
HALF-LIFE (years) : 1.925 21.02
STP Fugacity Model: Predicted Fate in a Wastewater Treatment Facility
=====================================================
(using 10000 hr Bio P,A,S)
PROPERTIES OF: Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-
Molecular weight (g/mol) 326.5
Aqueous solubility (mg/l) 0
Vapour pressure (Pa) 0
(atm) 0
(mm Hg) 0
Henry 's law constant (Atm-m3/mol) 6.27E-008
Air-water partition coefficient 2.56424E-006
Octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) 60256
Log Kow 4.78
Biomass to water partition coefficient 12052
Temperature [deg C] 25
Biodeg rate constants (h^-1),half life in biomass (h) and in 2000 mg/L MLSS (h):
-Primary tank 0.00 9601.66 10000.00
-Aeration tank 0.00 9601.66 10000.00
-Settling tank 0.00 9601.66 10000.00
STP Overall Chemical Mass Balance:
---------------------------------
g/h mol/h percent
Influent 1.00E+001 3.1E-002 100.00
Primary sludge 4.24E+000 1.3E-002 42.42
Waste sludge 2.65E+000 8.1E-003 26.49
Primary volatilization 1.00E-005 3.1E-008 0.00
Settling volatilization 2.45E-005 7.5E-008 0.00
Aeration off gas 6.03E-005 1.8E-007 0.00
Primary biodegradation 1.29E-002 4.0E-005 0.13
Settling biodegradation 3.47E-003 1.1E-005 0.03
Aeration biodegradation 4.57E-002 1.4E-004 0.46
Final water effluent 3.05E+000 9.3E-003 30.47
Total removal 6.95E+000 2.1E-002 69.53
Total biodegradation 6.21E-002 1.9E-004 0.62
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