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EC number: 205-521-9 | CAS number: 142-09-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Genetic toxicity in vitro
Description of key information
There are two in vitro mutagenicity studies concerning the mutagenic potential for n-hexyl methacrylate available where n-hexyl methacrylate was negative in vitro (Ames test, Zeiger et al., (1987)) and (Ames test, Waegenmachers et al, (1984)).
Bacterial gene mutation assay
The potential of n-hexyl methacrylate (n-HMA) to induce reverse mutation in Salmonella typhimurium (strains: TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535, TA 1537) was evaluated according to a protocol comparable to the OECD guidelines 471 (Zeiger et al., 1987). n-HMA was tested in single experiment, with and without a metabolic activation system, according to the preincubation method (20 min at 37 °C). Concentrations of n-HMA (0, 0.1, 0.33, 1, 3., 10, 33, 100, 333, 1000, 3333, and 10000 µg/plate.), overnight culture of S. typhimurium (0.05-0.10 ml) and S-9 mix or buffer were incubated without shaking for 20 minutes. The top agar was added and the contents of the tubes were mixed and poured onto the surfaces of Petri dishes. His+ (histidine dependent) colonies arising on plates were machine-counted after two days incubation at 37 °C. Testing was without metabolic activation, with 10% rat liver S-9, or with 10% hamster liver S-9. The positive control chemicals induced a significant increase of the revertant frequency in all tester strains, either with or without metabolic activation. n-HMA was negative, in the presence and absence of metabolic activation, in all tester strains.
Furthermore the potential of n-hexyl methacrylate (n-HMA) to induce reverse mutation in Salmonella typhimurium (strains: TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535, TA 1537, TA1538) was evaluated on triplicate plates according to a protocol comparable to the OECD guidelines 471 (standard Ames assay, Waegermakers et al., 1984). n-hexyl methacrylate was tested with and without a metabolic activation system, according to the standard procedure as described by Ames et al. (1975). At least 4 concentrations up to 2500 µg/plate were tested. n-HMA was diluted in DMSO prior to use. Solvent controls, positive controls and sterility controls for S9 mix were run with each experiment. His+ (histidine dependent) colonies arising on plates were manually-counted after 48 to 72 h after incubation in the dark at 37 °C. The positive control chemicals induced a significant increase of the revertant frequency in all tester strains, either with or without metabolic activation. n-HMA was negative, in the presence and absence of metabolic activation, in all tester strains.
Short description of key information:
There are two in vitro mutagenicity studies concerning the mutagenic
potential for n-hexyl methacrylate available where n-hexyl methacrylate
was negative in vitro (Ames test, Zeiger et al., (1987)) and (Ames test,
Waegemaekers et al., (1984)). The results of genetic toxicity studies from
the category Lower Alkyl (C1-C8) Methacrylates support the findings in
n-hexyl methacrylate which are structurally closely
related and are considered to be representative for the genetic toxicity
of n-hexyl methacrylate.
So we expect n-hexyl methacrylate to be none mutagenic as well.
Endpoint Conclusion: No adverse effect observed (negative)
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
- Remarks:
- Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Similar to OECD-guideline 471. Study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assesment
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Method: standard procedure as described by Ames et al. (1975) Ames test
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of assay:
- bacterial reverse mutation assay
- Target gene:
- his-
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium, other: TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, TA100
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- AROCLOR 1254 or phenobarbitone induced rat liver S9 mix.
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- 40-25000 µg/plate
- Vehicle / solvent:
- - Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: DMSO
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- 9-aminoacridine
- sodium azide
- benzo(a)pyrene
- other: 2-Aminoantracene
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay, Ames test
To minimise evaporation treated plates were sealed in glass air-tight exposure jars. - Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium, other: TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, TA100
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results (migrated information):
negative
Using a valid scientific method, n-Hexyl methacrylate was negative for genotoxicity in the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay. - Executive summary:
The potential of n-hexyl methacrylate (n-HMA) to induce reverse mutation in Salmonella typhimurium (strains: TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535, TA 1537, TA1538) was evaluated on triplicate plates according to a protocol comparable to the OECD guidelines 471 (standard Ames assay, Waegermakers et al., 1984). n-hexyl methacrylate was tested with and without a metabolic activation system, according to the standard procedure as described by Ames et al. (1975). At least 4 concentrations up to 2500 µg/plate were tested. n-HMA was once tested with phenobarbial-induced S9 mix, once with Aroclor-1254 -induced S9 mix and twice without any additional metabolizing system. n-HMA was diluted in DMSO prior to use. Solvent controls, positive controls and sterility controls for S9 mix were run with each experiment. His+ (histidine dependent) colonies arising on plates were manually-counted after 48 to 72 h after incubation in the dark at 37 °C. The positive control chemicals induced a significant increase of the revertant frequency in all tester strains, either with or without metabolic activation. n-HMA was negative, in the presence and absence of metabolic activation, in all tester strains.
Using a valid scientific method, n-Hexyl methacrylate was negative for genotoxicity in the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay.
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
- Remarks:
- Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Similar to OECD-guideline 471. Study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment.
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Method: Ames test
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of assay:
- bacterial reverse mutation assay
- Target gene:
- his-
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- S9 mix from Aroclor 1254 induced Sprague Dawley rat liver and male Syrian Hamster liver (10 %).
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- At least five doses tested in triplicate.
S. typhimurium TA 100: 3 - 333 µg/plate (without activation), 100 - 10000 µg/plate (with activation, hamster liver and rat liver S-9-mix)
S. typhimurium TA 1535: 3- 333 µg/plate (without activation), 100 - 10000 µg/plate (with activation, hamster liver and rat liver S-9-mix)
S. typhimurium TA 1537: 0.1 - 100 µg/plate (without activation), 100 - 10000 µg/plate (with activation, hamster liver and rat liver S-9-mix)
S. typhimurium TA 98: 3 - 333 µg/plate (without activation), 100 - 10000 µg/plate (with activation, hamster liver and rat liver S-9-mix - Vehicle / solvent:
- DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxid
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- other: without S9: sodium azide, 9-aminoacridine and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine. With S9: 2-aminoanthracene
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay
Two preincubation assays were conducted. - Evaluation criteria:
- An individual trial was judged (+) mutagenic if a dose related increase over the corresponding solvent control was seen, and it was judged weakly mutagenic (+W) if a low dose response was seen. A trial was considered questionable (?) if a dose related increase was judged insufficiently high to justify a call of "+W" if only a single dose was elevated over control or if a non-dose related increase was seen. A chemical was judged weakly mutagenic "+W' or mutagenic "+" if it produced a reproducible, dose related increase in his+ revertants over the corresponding solvent controls in replicate trials.
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- S9 mix from Aroclor 1254 induced Sprague Dawley rat liver and male Syrian Hamster liver (10% in test concentration)
- Remarks on result:
- other: all strains/cell types tested
- Remarks:
- Migrated from field 'Test system'.
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results (migrated information):
negative
Using a valid scientific method, n-Hexyl methacrylate was negative for genotoxicity in the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay. - Executive summary:
The potential of n-hexyl methacrylate (n-HMA) to induce reverse mutation in Salmonella typhimurium (strains: TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535, TA 1537) was evaluated according to a protocol comparable to the OECD guidelines 471 (Zeiger et al., 1987). n-HMA was tested in single experiment, with and without a metabolic activation system, according to the preincubation method (20 min at 37 °C). Concentrations of n-HMA (0, 0.1, 0.33, 1, 3., 10, 33, 100, 333, 1000, 3333, and 10000 µg/plate.), overnight culture of S. typhimurium (0.05-0.10 ml) and S-9 mix or buffer were incubated without shaking for 20 minutes. The top agar was added and the contents of the tubes were mixed and poured onto the surfaces of Petri dishes. His+ (histidine dependent) colonies arising on plates were machine-counted after two days incubation at 37 °C. Testing was without metabolic activation, with 10% rat liver S-9, or with 10% hamster liver S-9. The positive control chemicals induced a significant increase of the revertant frequency in all tester strains, either with or without metabolic activation. n-HMA was negative, in the presence and absence of metabolic activation, in all tester strains.
Using a valid scientific method, n-Hexyl methacrylate was negative for genotoxicity in the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay.
Referenceopen allclose all
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed (negative)
Genetic toxicity in vivo
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
Methacrylates behave as a chemical family when studied for genotoxicity potential and, with few exceptions based on alerting chemical structures, new compounds in this family may be considered for waiver from acutal testing based on structure-activity relationships. Therefore the genotoxic behaviour of a similar chemical can be predicted with confidence by inclusion within this chemical class, thus avoiding unnessary testing. (Johannsen FR et al.(2008) Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 50: 322 - 335)
Data availability
For n-hexyl methacrylate gene mutation data in bacteria are available in vitro. Data from the category Lower Alkyl (C1-C8) Methacrylates support the findings in n-hexyl methacrylate. In vivo data for n-hexyl methacrylate are not available.
Data from analogous substances and metabolites
Analogous substances
Reliable in vitro gene mutation assays in mammalian cells, test method OECD Guideline 476 (In vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test), are available for methyl methacrylate (CAS 80-62-6); ethyl methacrylate (CAS 97-63-2) and 2-ethyl-hexyl methacrylate (CAS 688-84-6). In general, methyl methacrylate and ethyl methacrylate were positive in high and mainly toxic concentrations in several mouse lymphoma assays (small colony mutants, indicating that the genetic effect was derived from clastogenicity and not from gene mutations). 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate did not induce gene mutations at the HPRT locus in V79 cells (this study is attached as read-across information).
Further support for the absence of genotoxic potential in vivo can be gained by read-across from MMA (CAS 80-62-6), referring to a dominant lethal test in CD-1 mice (Anderson and Hodge, 1976). In this study groups of 20 male CD-1 mice were exposed via inhalation to MMA at 100, 1000, or 9000 ppm (416, 4160 and 37440 mg/m³) for 6 h/day for 5 days. Each male was subsequently mated with 2 different unexposed female mice weekly over a period of 8 weeks. MMA did not induce dominant lethal mutations as indicated by no adverse effect on total implants and early or late post-implantation death in the offspring of treated males compared to controls (this study is attached as read-across information).
Metabolites
It has been established that the lower alkyl methacrylates have a common mode of chemical reactivity via the C=C double bond and Michael addition and as such this lends them the potential to be chemically reactive towards macromolecules such as protein and DNA though a mechanism of electrophilic attack, albeit with a low reactivity (see ch. 5.1.3 toxicokinetics; Schwöbel et al., 2010, Cronin, 2012, 2015). It has also been established that the primary metabolic pathway of the esters is fast hydrolysis by ubiquitous carboxylesterases in the human body with a half-life in the order of minutes (Jones 2002). The resultant acid (methacrylic acid) and alcohol metabolites are non genotoxic.
The EU ESR on MAA (methacrylic acid, CAS 79-41-4) concluded: “Methacrylic acid is negative in a bacterial gene mutation test. Further testing on methacrylic acid is lacking. However, taking into consideration the data on the structurally related substance methyl methacrylate - which indicate that this substance does not express a genotoxic potential in vivo - there is no need for further testing.”
None of the lower alkyl alcohol metabolites are regarded as mutagenic.
Summary
Overall, n-hexyl methacrylate is negative in gene mutation tests in in bacteria. This, also, is supported by analogous substances from the lower alkyl methacrylates category. In conclusion, n-hexyl methacrylate is regarded as non-genotoxic.
Short description of key
information:
Gene mutation in bacteria
Negative S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, and TA 100, with and
without metabolic activation (similar to OECD 471) (Zeiger, 1987)
Negative S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA1538, TA 98, and TA 100, with and without metabolic activation (similar to OECD 471) (Waegemaekers, 1984)
Endpoint Conclusion: No adverse effect observed (negative)
Justification for classification or non-classification
According to the available data and the CLP criteria for classification as germ cell mutagens, no classification is warranted for n-hexyl methacrylate.
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