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EC number: 225-004-1 | CAS number: 4602-84-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Short-term toxicity to fish
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Justification for type of information:
- REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
The read-across hypothesis is based on different compounds with qualitatively similar properties using the analogue approach, following Scenario 2 of the Read-Across Assessment Framework (ECHA 2017).
2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S)
Target substance: Farnesol (CAS: 4602-84-0; EC: 225-004-1)
Source substance: Nerolidol (CAS: 7212-44-4; EC: 230-597-5)
3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
For the prediction of environmental effects, farnesol and nerolidol have similar levels of acute aquatic effects and supporting data are available for farnesol for the read-across endpoint. Both substances have similar bioaccumulation potential and degradation is accounted for in the source study (by maintaining test item concentrations) so that degradation effects do not affect the prediction. Farnesol may undergo Michael-type addition reactions at the end hydroxyl group, however reaction may be inhibited by steric hindrance. Indicative experimental data for farnesol suggest that toxicity effects in the predicted endpoint are not worse than observed for nerolidol.
4. DATA MATRIX
See "Read-across justification" in Section 13.2. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 1.43 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: CL: 1.30 to 1.58 mg/L
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 1.34 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- behaviour
- Remarks on result:
- other: CL: 1.22 to 1.48 mg/L
- Details on results:
- - Behavioural abnormalities: Affected fish lost schooling benaviour, swam near the tank bottom and were hypoactive. They were also underreactive to external stimuli, had increased respiration, were darkly coloured and lost equilibrium prior to death.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- The 96-hour LC50 value for Pimephales promelas was determined to be 1.43 mg/L.
- Executive summary:
Pimephales promelas were exposed to nerolidol for 96 hours. The LC50 was determined to be 1.43 mg/L and the EC50 for behavioural abnormalities was determined to be 1.34 mg/L. The guideline and GLP status of the study are unknown, however the study was well-reported and is reliable with restrictions (Klimisch 2). This data may be used as key data, as nerolidol is a suitable read-across source to the target substance based on similar chemical structure and hazard data.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 11 August 1986 - 15 August 1986
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- Study guideline and GLP status unknown, however study is well-reported.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- - Principle of test: Fish were exposed to 5 concentrations of the test item alongside a control for 96 hours.
- Short description of test conditions: 25.5 °C, pH 8.0, 60 mg/L dissolved oxygen, 44.5 mg/L CaCO3 (hardness), 40.8 mg/L CaCO3 (alkalinity). Average measured concentrations varied up to 3.40% of nominal concentrations.
- Parameters analysed / observed: Mortality and clinical sings were observed at 0, 5, 24, 47, 72 and 96 hours. - GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method: A toxicant stock prepared by diluting the test substance to a concentration of 17.7 mg/L. The stock was stirred. - Test organisms (species):
- Pimephales promelas
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): 32 days
- Length at study initiation (length definition, mean, range and SD): 18.7 mm (SD: 3.404mm)
- Weight at study initiation (mean and range, SD): 0.073 g (SD: 0.0365 g) - Test type:
- not specified
- Water media type:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Hardness:
- 44.5 mg/L CaCO3
- Test temperature:
- 25.5 °C
- pH:
- 8.0
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 7.0 mg/L
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations of 0 (control), 0.64, 0.98, 1.50, 2.30 and 3.54 mg/L
Measured (and corrected) concentrations of < 0.16 (control), 0.63, 0.98, 1.48, 2.34 and 3.40 mg/L
Recovery: 92.6 % - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 2.0 L tank volume
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): 18 v/d additions
- No. of organisms per concentration (replicates): 20
- No. of organisms per control (replicates): 20
- Biomass loading rate: 0.730 g/L
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Alkalinity: 40.8 mg/L - Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 1.43 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: CL: 1.30 to 1.58 mg/L
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 1.34 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- behaviour
- Remarks on result:
- other: CL: 1.22 to 1.48 mg/L
- Details on results:
- - Behavioural abnormalities: Affected fish lost schooling benaviour, swam near the tank bottom and were hypoactive. They were also underreactive to external stimuli, had increased respiration, were darkly coloured and lost equilibrium prior to death.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- The 96-hour LC50 value for Pimephales promelas was determined to be 1.43 mg/L.
- Executive summary:
Pimephales promelas were exposed to nerolidol for 96 hours. The LC50 was determined to be 1.43 mg/L and the EC50 for behavioural abnormalities was determined to be 1.34 mg/L. The guideline and GLP status of the study are unknown, however the study was well-reported and is reliable with restrictions (Klimisch 2).
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- secondary literature
- Remarks:
- Data were summarised from the US EPA Pesticides Ecotoxicity database and the original study is unretrievable.
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Test organisms (species):
- Oncorhynchus mykiss (previous name: Salmo gairdneri)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Weight at study initiation (mean and range, SD): 0.27 g - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 1.8 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- not specified
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CL: 1.4 to 2.2 mg/L
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- The 96-hour LC50 for Oncorhynchus mykiss was determined to be 1.8 mg/L.
- Executive summary:
The 96-hour LC50 for Oncorhynchus mykiss was determined to be 1.8 mg/L. The reliability of this study is not assignable (Klimisch 4) as the study was summarised from the US EPA Pesticides Ecotoxicity database and the original study is unretrievable.
Referenceopen allclose all
Description of key information
The 96-hour LC50 value for Pimephales promelas exposed to nerolidol was determined to be 1.43 mg/L. Nerolidol is a suitable as a read-across substance to farnesol based on similarity of chemical structure and physicochemical properties.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water fish
Fresh water fish
- Effect concentration:
- 1.43 mg/L
Additional information
Acute fish toxicity data are available for the read-across substance nerolidol. In a published study with Pimephales promelas, the 96 -hour LC50 was determined to be 1.43 mg/L (Brooke et al. 1984 -90). It is unknown if the study was conducted according to guideline or GLP, however sufficient details were reported for the test substance, organisms and test conditions. an appropriate number of test concentrations were used with adequate spacing factor, sufficient replicates were used, test concentrations were analytically verified, and a dose-response curve is observed with appropriate statistical significance. Therefore, the study is considered to be reliable with restrictions (Klimisch 2).
Read-across for this endpoint is appropriate as the test substance and the read across substance nerolidol are very similar in chemical structure, differing only by the interchange of a hydroxyl group and double bond on carbon positions 1 and 2, and very similar in physico-chemical properties. Acute toxicities to aquatic invertebrates (Daphnia) are in the same order of magnitude for both substances, and this was observed to be the most sensitive aquatic species in acute tests. Given the similarities in chemical and biological effects, nerolidol is considered to be a suitable read-across substance to fill this endpoint.
Since the nerolidol study is reliable and read-across is appropriate, this study is considered as key data for short-term toxicity to fish.
Supporting data is also available for the farnesol, in which the 96-hour LC50 for Oncorhynchus mykiss was determined to be 1.8 mg/L. The original study is referenced from the US EPA (1992) and could not be retrieved, therefore the reliability of the study could not be assigned (Klimisch 4). Although the reliability of this study cannot be assessed, the LC50 result is very similar to the LC50 from the key study with the read across substance, supporting the read across approach.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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