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EC number: 229-653-1 | CAS number: 6640-22-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 24 OCT 2013 - 5 FEB 2014
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)
- Version / remarks:
- 2004
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- ISO 6341 (Water quality - Determination of the Inhibition of the Mobility of Daphnia magna Straus (Cladocera, Crustacea))
- Version / remarks:
- 2012
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.2 (Acute Toxicity for Daphnia)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- Hess. Ministerium für Umwelt, Energie, Landwirtschaft and Verbraucherschutz, Mainzer Straße 80, 65189 Wiesbaden (1 Feb 2013)
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- - Concentrations: all
- Sampling method: For analysis, samples of control and test media were taken at the start and the end of exposure for both exposure periods (0-24 hour, 24-48 hour). The samples were diluted 1:4 with methanol:buffer pH 9.00 (1:1, v:v) and filtered.
- Sample storage conditions before analysis: no - Vehicle:
- yes
- Remarks:
- reconstituted water
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
The test medium (reconstituted water and test item) was prepared freshly. For this purpose, the test item was weighed into freshly reconstituted water and then shortly stirred with a mini shaker - Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Daphnia magna
- Strain/clone: Straus
- Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): < 24 h
- Method of breeding: Parent daphnids were used for reproduction until they were about 6 weeks old. Then they were replaced by newborn offspring. They were kept in individual 100 mL test vessels containing approximately 60 mL reconstituted water.
- Source: Daphnia magna Straus of the parent generation was originally bred by IBACON GmbH (Roßdorf, Germany). The clone was bred in the laboratories of Merck KGaA at a water temperature of 20 ± 2°C
- Feeding during test : No
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: To avoid an acclimation phase before start of the study, reconstituted water was used during culture as well as during toxicity studies.
- Acclimation conditions (same as test or not): same
- Type and amount of food: The daphnids were fed ad libitum with unicellular green algae Desmodesmus subspicatus
- Feeding frequency: three times per week
- Health during acclimation (any mortality observed): The daphnids were visually inspected for motility. If daphnids did not make any swimming movements within 15 seconds after their containers have been gently agitated, they were considered to be immobile and were not used for the study.
METHOD FOR PREPARATION AND COLLECTION OF EARLY INSTARS OR OTHER LIFE STAGES, INCLUDING CULTURING CONDITIONS:
When the study was planned, all offspring were separated from their parents less than 24 hours before start of the experimental part, so on the following morning when exposure began, all offspring were not older than 24 hours. Before start of the experimental phase, the young daphnids were separated from their different parent animals and put into a collective test vessel containing reconstituted water. At the start of the experimental phase the daphnids were cautiously removed using a pipette, separated from the reconstituted water using a fine-mesh sieve, and placed into the test vessels containing test media (test item group) or reconstituted water (control). - Test type:
- semi-static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- yes
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Hardness:
- 2.5 mmol/L (250 mg CaCO3/L)
- Test temperature:
- 20.8 - 21.5°C
- pH:
- 7.48 - 7.65
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 7.41 - 8.82 mg O2/L
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- nominal: 0, 100 mg/L
measured (0 h): < 0.094 (LOD), 100.489 mg/L (test solution I)
measured (24 h): < 0.094 (LOD), 90.450 mg/L (test solution I)
measured (24 h): < 0.094 (LOD), 98.064 mg/L (test solution II)
measured (48 h): < 0.094 (LOD), 90.562 mg/L (test solution II)
The concentration of the test material has been satisfactorily maintained within ± 20% of the nominal concentration throughout the test and, therefore, the biological results can be based on the nominal value. - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: glass vessel
- Type (delete if not applicable): open
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: fill volume 20 mL
- Aeration: no
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): after 24 h
- No. of organisms per vessel: 5
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 4
- No. of vessels per vehicle control (replicates): 4
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
The water was composed according to ELENDT (1990). The reconstituted water contained the following chemicals (analytical grade), which were dissolved in fully demineralized water to obtain the following concentrations:
Main components mg/L
CaCl2 * 2H2O 293.80
MgSO4 * 7H2O 123.30
NaHCO3 64.80
KCl 5.80
Na2SiO3 * 9H2O 10.00
NaNO3 0.27
KH2PO4 0.14
K2HPO4 0.18
Trace elements
B 0.5000
Fe 0.2000
Mn 0.1000
Li, Rb, and Sr 0.0500
Mo 0.0250
Br 0.0125
Cu and Zn 0.0063
Co and I 0.0025
Se 0.0010
V 0.0003
Na2EDTA * 2H2O 2.5000
Vitamins
Thiamin 0.07500
B12 0.00100
Biotin 0.00075
After preparation the reconstituted water was aerated for 24 hours.
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: no
- Photoperiod: 16 hour light and 8 hour dark
- Light intensity: 646 Lux and 664 Lux
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : 24 and 48 hours after the daphnids had been placed into the reconstituted water (control) or respective test medium (test item group), they were visually examined for their ability to swim. Those daphnids that did not make any swimming movements within 15 seconds after the test vessel had been gently agitated, were regarded as immobilized.
VEHICLE CONTROL PERFORMED: yes
RANGE-FINDING STUDY
- Test concentrations: 100 mg/L
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: In a semistatic pretest no immobilization was observed at a concentration of 100 mg/L under open conditions. Therefore, the solution of a nominal test item concentration of 100 mg/L was tested in an open semistatic system.
- Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- Potassium dichromate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Details on results:
- - Mortality of control:
no (0/20)
- Immobilisation of control: no (0/20) - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- - Results with reference substance valid?
yes
- Relevant effect levels: EC50 (24 h) = 1.200 mg/L; EC50 (48 h) = 0.819 mg/L
Under the given experimental conditions, the test item Potassium dichromate showed a 24h EC50 value which was within the range of the published data of 0.6 to 1.7 mg/L (Council Regulation (EC) No. 440/2008) and 0.6 to 2.1 mg/L (OECD Guideline No. 202). - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- In the control group 0% of the introduced daphnids died. The dissolved oxygen concentration at the end of the test was ≥ 3 mg/L. Thus, the validity criteria were fulfilled.
- Conclusions:
- The test item solved in reconstituted water was tested in an open semistatic system. Under the conditions of the present study, an aqueous solution of 100 mg/L revealed no aquatic toxicity in the test system. The EC50 (48 h) was > 100 mg/L.
- Executive summary:
The GLP compliant study was performed according to OECD TG 202 and EU Method C.2. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the test item on the immobilization of Daphnia magna. For this purpose, juvenile daphnids were exposed to a nominal test item concentration of 100 mg/L (limit test) over 48 hours, in an open semistatic system. The daphnids were observed for immobilization 24 and 48 hours after placing in the aqueous test item solution. Due to the results of a stability determination before start of study, a semistatic test system was chosen and the test media was renewed after 24 hours. The study comprised of four test vessels in the test item group containing five daphnids each, i.e. 20 daphnids in total. Additionally, one control group (20 daphnids) was used. The analytical recovery of the first preparation (0-24h) was 100.5 and 90.5% after 0 and 24 hours, respectively. The recovery of the second preparation (24-48h) was 98.1 and 90.6% after 0 and 24 hours, respectively. As the stability of the test material in the aqueous solution was ≥ 80%, the EC50 values were calculated with the nominal concentrations. Daphnids exposed to an aqueous preparation of a nominal concentration of 100 mg/L were not affected. Thus, the following nominal EC50 values for daphnids were determined: EC50 (24 h) > 100 mg/L EC50 (48 h) > 100 mg/L.
Reference
Description of key information
Key, immobilisation, Daphnia magna, semistatic, open, OECD 202, GLP: EC50(48 h) > 100 mg/L (nominal)
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
The GLP compliant study was performed according to OECD TG 202 and EU Method C.2. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the test item on the immobilisation of Daphnia magna. For this purpose, juvenile daphnids were exposed to a nominal test item concentration of 100 mg/L (limit test) over 48 hours, in an open semistatic system. The daphnids were observed for immobilization 24 and 48 hours after placing in the aqueous test item solution. Due to the results of a stability determination before start of study, a semistatic test system was chosen and the test media was renewed after 24 hours. The study comprised of four test vessels in the test item group containing five daphnids each, i.e. 20 daphnids in total. Additionally, one control group (20 daphnids) was used. The analytical recovery of the first preparation (0-24h) was 100.5 and 90.5% after 0 and 24 hours, respectively. The recovery of the second preparation (24-48h) was 98.1 and 90.6% after 0 and 24 hours, respectively. As the stability of the test material in the aqueous solution was ≥ 80%, the EC50 values were calculated with the nominal concentrations. Daphnids exposed to an aqueous preparation of a nominal concentration of 100 mg/L were not affected. Thus, the following nominal EC50 values for daphnids were determined: EC50 (24 h) > 100 mg/L, EC50 (48 h) > 100 mg/L.
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