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EC number: 204-017-6 | CAS number: 112-92-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 1992-02-05 to 1992-02-07
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- The study was conducted according to a national standard method, and in compliance with GLP. No analytical monitoring was carried out.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: German Industry Standard DIN 38412, Part 11; May 1984
- Deviations:
- not applicable
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- no range finding test, no analytical monitoring
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Method: other: German Industry Standard DIN 38412, Part 11
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Method: test substance was weighed and applied directly into the test vessels - Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Strain: identical to that of BGA / WaBoLu
- Source: own breed
- Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): not reported.
- Feeding during test: no
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: bred in house
- Acclimation conditions (same as test or not): not reported.
- Type and amount of food: Chlorella kessleri, amount not reported - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Test temperature:
- 20-21 degC
- pH:
- average: 7.9-8.1
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 90-100% saturation
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations: 0, 10, 30, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/L.
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: not reported
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 2
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 2
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: synthetic water according to DIN 38412, Part 11
- Intervals of water quality measurement: pH and oxygen were measured at 24 and 48 h.
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: not reported
- Photoperiod: not reported
- Light intensity: not reported
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : immobility at 24 and 48 h.
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC0
- Effect conc.:
- 1 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: immobility
- Remarks on result:
- other: non-toxic at the limit of solubility
- Key result
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 1 700 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: immobility
- Remarks on result:
- other: non-toxic at the limit of solubility
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC100
- Effect conc.:
- 3 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: immobility
- Remarks on result:
- other: non-toxic at the limit of solubility
- Details on results:
- - Mortality of control: <10%
- Effect concentrations exceeding solubility of substance in test medium: yes, the effect of the test substance was determined at concentrations well above the limit of solubility of the test substance (0.0011 mg/L at 25 degC from SIDS dossier on 1-octadecanol, 1993b; Budavari, 1996). - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- EC50 was calculated according to Stephan (square root of EC0 * EC100).
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- no
- Remarks:
- concentration tested above the Limit of Solubility.
- Conclusions:
- A 48h EC50 value of 1700 mg/L has been determined for the effects of octadecanol on the mobility of Daphnia magna. The EC50 was obtained at a concentration above the Limit of Solubility (LoS) and should be treated with caution. The water solubility of octadecanol is 0.0011 mg/L at 25oC [SIDS dossier on 1-octadecanol, 1993b; Budavari, 1996], therefore the LC50 value is >0.0011 mg/L (>LoS), i.e. the test substance was not toxic at the LoS.
Reference
Table 1. Summary of findings.
Concentration mg/L | Replicate (#) | Mortality 24 h (%) | Mortality 48 h (%) |
0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
1000 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
1000 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
3,000 | 1 | 0 | 100 |
3,000 | 2 | 10 | 100 |
10,000 | 1 | 0 | 100 |
10,000 | 2 | 10 | 100 |
Effect data (Immobilisation): up to loadings of 1000 mg/l no immobilisation, at 3000 mg/l and 10000 mg/l 100% immobilisation.
Description of key information
Short-term toxicity to invertebrates: 48 h EC50 >0.0011 mg/L (>LoS) for the effects of the test substance on immobility of Daphnia magna, in accordance with test guideline OECD 202.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
A 48 h EC50 value 1700 mg/L (nominal concentration) has been determined for the effects of octadecan-1-ol on immobility of Daphnia magna (Henkel, 1992).The water solubility of octadecan-1-ol is 0.0011 mg/L at 25˚C [SIDS dossier on 1-octadecanol, 1993b; Budavari, 1996], therefore the substance is non-toxic at the Limit of Solubility (LoS), i.e. >0.0011 mg/L (>LoS).
Discussion of trends in the Category of C6-24 linear and essentially-linear aliphatic alcohols:
Linear LCAAs
The data presented in the table below show the toxicity of the linear LCAAs to increase from an EC50 of 200 mg/L for C6 to 0.77 mg/L for C12. Effects have also been observed in tests with C13 and C14 LCAAs but at concentrations that exceeded the solubility of the alcohols. Although not explicitly identified in the test reports, physical effects (rather than true toxicity) cannot therefore be excluded from the interpretation of the results for these two LCAAs. In the Unilever (1994) study with C14 the authors have recorded that the test substance adhered to the daphnids at concentrations higher than the water solubility of 1-tetradecanol. This indicates that physical fouling is likely to have caused the effects seen at the EC50 value of 4 mg/L.
The lowest reliable short-term EC/LC50 values for invertebrates exposed to linear LCAAs are presented in the following table.
Table: Key studies for invertebrate short-term toxicity studies on single carbon chain length linear LCAAs.
CAS # |
Chemical name |
Comment |
Water solubility (mg/L) |
Species |
Method/ Guideline |
Exposure regime |
Endpoint |
Value (mg/L)1 |
Reliability code |
Reference |
111-27-3 |
1-Hexanol |
|
5900 at 20°C |
Daphnia magna |
Not specified |
Static |
24 h EC50 |
200 (n) |
2 |
Bringmann and Kuhn, 1982 |
111-70-6 |
1-Heptanol |
SUPPORTING |
1300 at 20°C |
D. magna |
Not specified |
Static |
24 h EC50 |
82 (n) |
2 |
Bringmann and Kuhn, 1982 |
111-87-5 |
1-Octanol |
|
550 at 25°C |
D. magna |
Not specified |
Static |
24 h EC50 |
20 (n) |
2 |
Bringmann and Kuhn, 1982 |
143-08-8 |
1-Nonanol |
|
130 at 20°C |
Nitocra spinipes (brackish) |
Not specified |
Static |
96 h EC50 |
25 (n) |
2 |
Bengtsson, Renberg, and Tarkpea, 1984 |
112-30-1 |
1-Decanol |
|
40 mg/L at 20°C |
N. spinipes (brackish) |
Not specified |
Static |
96 h EC50 |
3.1 (n) |
2 |
Bengtsson, Renberg, and Tarkpea, 1984 |
68516-18-7 |
Decene, hydroformylation products |
Supporting.hydroformylation product (=C11) |
No data |
D. magna |
EPA 1975 |
Static |
48 h LC50 |
4.2 (n) |
2 |
Burgess and Forbis, 1983b |
112-42-5 |
1-Undecanol |
|
8.0 at 20°C |
N.spinipes (brackish) |
Not specified |
Static |
96 h LC50 |
0.8-1.1 (n) |
2 |
Bengtsson, Renberg, and Tarkpea, 1984 |
112-53-8 |
1-Dodecanol |
|
1.9 at 20°C |
D. magna |
DIN 38412 |
Static |
48 h EC50 |
0.77 (n) |
2 |
Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1997 |
112-70-9 |
1-Tridecanol |
SUPPORTING |
0.38 at 20°C |
D. magna |
Not specified |
Not specified |
EC50 (duration unknown) |
0.51 (>LoS) |
4 |
Unilever, 1995 |
112-72-1 |
1-Tetradecanol |
|
0.19 at 25°C |
D. magna |
Not specified |
Not specified |
48 h EC50 |
3.2 (>LoS) |
2 |
Unilever, 2010 |
Notes:
1>LoS: LC50 observed was greater than the limit of solubility (n) based on nominal concentrations, (m) based on measured concentrations.
SUPPORTING denotes that the substance is not for registration but the data are used to support the category
Multi-constituents LCAAs
The data presented in the table below show the multi-constituent substances containing LCAAs with carbon numbers in the ranges of C7-9 to C12-15 to exert short-term toxicity at concentrations of between 0.23 and 30 mg/L. At these concentrations it is likely that all constituents will have been fully dissolved. The short-term EC50 of the C14-15 LCAAs to aquatic invertebrate was determined to be above the limit of solubility of the substance.
For the C12-14 and C12-18 multi-constituent substances there was evidence of toxic effects in tests conducted on test media prepared as water-accommodated fractions at loading rates that exceeded the solubility of some constituents. For the C16-18 substance there was evidence of effects in test media that could have contained undissolved test material. The possibility of physical effects (rather than true toxicity) contributing to the observed effects were not discussed in the test report but cannot be excluded.
The lowest reliable short-term EC/LC50 values for invertebrates exposed to multi-constituent LCAAs are presented in the following table.
Table: Invertebrate short-term toxicity studies on mixed carbon chain length (multi-constituent) LCAAs (species are freshwater unless noted otherwise).
CAS # |
Chemical name |
Comment |
Water solubility (mg/L) |
Species |
Method/ Guideline2 |
Exposure regime |
Endpoint |
Value (mg/L)3 |
Reliability code |
Reference |
|
|
Alcohols, C7-9 |
|
510 mg/L at a loading rate of 1000 mg/L (estimated) |
Daphnia magna |
OECD 202 |
Semi-static |
48 h EC50 |
5.9 |
1 |
Fraunhofer Institute, 2005a |
|
Mixture of 68527-05-9 and 70955-11-2- |
Mixture of hexane and octene hydroformylation products |
i.e. alcohols, C7-9 |
No data |
D. magna |
EPA 1975 |
Static |
48 h LC50 |
30 (n) |
2 |
Burgess and Forbis, 1983c |
|
68515-81-1 |
Nonanol, branched and linear |
Read-across from C9 |
121 (estimated) |
Nitocra spinipes (brackish) |
Not specified |
Static |
96 h EC50 |
25 (n) |
2 |
Bengtsson, Renberg, and Tarkpea, 1984 |
|
|
Alcohols, C9-11- branched and linear |
Also valid for Alcohols, C9-11 CAS 66455-17-2 |
44 at a loading rate of 1000 mg/L. (estimated) |
D. magna |
Not specified |
Static |
48 h EC50 |
7 (n) |
2 |
Shell Research Limited, 1983 |
|
|
Alcohols, C9-11- branched and linear |
Also valid for Alcohols, C9-11 CAS 66455-17-2 |
44 at a loading rate of 1000 mg/L. (estimated) |
Crangon crangon (marine) |
UK MAFF |
Semi-static |
96 h LC50 |
4.6 (n) |
2 |
Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd. 1991a. |
|
Mixture of 68516-18-7, 68527-05-9 and 70955-11-2- |
Mixture of octane and decene hydroformylation products |
SUPPORTING |
No data |
D. magna |
EPA 1975 |
Static |
48 h LC50 |
11 (n) |
2 |
Burgess and Forbis, 1983d |
|
90342-32-8 |
Decanol, branched and linear |
Read-across from C10 |
26.17 at 20°C |
N. spinipes (brackish) |
Not specified |
Static |
96 h EC50 |
3.1 (n) |
2 |
Bengtsson, Renberg, and Tarkpea, 1984 |
|
128973-77-3 |
Undecanol, branched and linear
Reaction mass of 2-methyldecan-1-ol and 2-propyloctan-1-ol and 2-ethylnonan-1-ol and 2-butylheptan-1-ol |
Read-across from C11 |
6.3 at 25°C |
N. spinipes (brackish) |
Not specified |
Static |
96 h LC50 |
0.8-1.1 (n) |
2 |
Bengtsson, Renberg, and Tarkpea, 1984 |
|
740817-83-8 |
Alcohols, C12-13-branched and linear |
|
2.4 at 25oC |
D. magna |
OECD 202 WAF |
Static |
48 h EL50 |
0.23(n) |
1 |
Shell, 2000a |
|
75782-87-5 |
Alcohols, C12-13 |
|
2.4 at 25oC |
C. crangon (marine) |
UK MAFF |
Semi-static |
96 h LC50 |
>10 (n) (>LoS) |
2 |
Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd. 1991b. |
|
740817-83-8 |
Alcohols, C12-13-branched and linear |
|
2.9-3.1 at 20°C |
D. magna |
OECD 202 WAF |
Static |
48 h EL50 |
2.8 (n) |
1 |
TNO, 2000b |
|
80206-82-2 |
Alcohols, C 12-14 |
Type A |
4.6 predicted at 1000 mg/L loading rate |
D. magna |
EU 92/69/EWG WAF |
Static |
48 h EL50 |
63 (n) (>LoS) |
1 |
Henkel, 1998b |
|
90604-40-3 |
Alcohols, C12-15-branched and linear |
|
0.80 at 20°C |
D. magna |
OECD 202 WAF |
Static |
48 h EL50 |
<1.0 |
1 |
Shell, 2001a |
|
67762-25-8 |
Alcohols, C 12-18 |
Type A |
1.7 predicted at 100 mg/L loading rate |
D. magna |
EU 92/69/EWG |
Static |
48 h EL50 |
40 (n) (>LoS) |
1 |
Henkel, 1998a |
|
68002-94-8 |
Alcohols, C 16-18 and 18 Unsaturated |
SUPPORTING |
0.044 predicted at 1000 mg/L loading rate |
D. magna |
EU Guideline 92/69/EWG |
Static |
48 h EC50 |
70 (n) (>LoS) |
2 |
Henkel KGaA. 1995. |
Notes:
1Compositional Types are described in section 1.4.7 of the category report.
2WAF denotes test medium was a water-accommodated fraction
3>LoS: EC50 observed was greater than the limit of solubility of at least some constituents of the substance. (n) based on nominal concentrations, (m) based on measured concentrations.
SUPPORTING denotes that the substance is not for registration but the data are used to support the category
n/a denotes not applicable
The data for nonanol, branched and linear, decanol branched and linear, decanol branched and undecanol branched and reaction mass of 2-methyldecan-1-ol and 2-propyloctan-1-ol and 2-ethylnonan-1-ol and 2-butylheptan-1-ol alcohols have been read-across from their linear LCAAs counterparts (C9, C10 and C11) since they are essentially linear LCAAs.
The measured data do not permit a definite toxicity cut-off to be identified for the single carbon number LCAAs or the multi-constituent substances. This is because the potential for physical effects to contribute to the results obtained for the C13 and 14 single carbon number alcohols, and the multi-constituent substances containing constituents with carbon numbers that are all >C12, cannot be excluded. However, it is reasonable to conclude from the data that are presented that it is unlikely that linear LCAAs with carbon numbers >C13 and multi-constituent LCAAs with carbon numbers all >C13 would be toxic.
References
Bengtsson, B., Renberg, L., and Tarkpea, M. (1984). Molecular structure and aquatic toxicity-An example with C1-C13 aliphatic alcohols. Chemosphere 13(5/6):613-622.
Bringmann, V. and Kuhn, R.1982. Results of toxic action of water pollutants on Daphnia magna Straus tested by an improved standardized procedure. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 15(1):1-6.
Burgess, D. and Forbis, A.D. 1983b. Acute toxicity of oxo alcohol 1100 to Daphnia magna. Static acute bioassay report 30851.
Burgess, D. and Forbis, A.D. 1983d. Acute toxicity of oxo alcohol 7911 to Daphnia magna. Static acute bioassay report 30848.
Burgess, D. and Forbis, A.D. 1983c. Acute toxicity of oxo alcohol 7900 to Daphnia magna. Static acute bioassay report 30845.
Fraunhofer Institute, 2005a, Daphnia, acute immobilization, Linevol 79. Study SDA-04/4-20, Fraunhofer Institute.
Henkel, 1998a. Henkel Report No. R9800103.
Henkel,1998b. Henkel KGaA Report No. R9800104.
Henkel KGaA., 1995. Report No. 9400262. May 1995.
Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd.(HLS).1991a. Report No. SLL 207(a)/91714.
Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd.(HLS).1991b. Report No. SLL 207(b)/91602.
Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 1997. Examination of 1-Dodecanol in an acute immobilization test in Daphnia magna. LPT Report No. 10762/97.
Shell, 2000a. Shell. RTS Report No. CT.00.47050.
Shell, 2001a. Shell. RTS Report No. OG.01.49011.
Shell Research Limited, 1983. Toxicity tests with Daphnia magna: Acute toxicity of eight test materials to a newly-introduced strain of D. magna in reconstituted fresh water. Shell Research Limited, Sittingbourne Research Centre. SBGR.83.100.
TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute. 2000b. Static acute toxicity test with compound 33A abd the crustacean species Daphnia magna. TNO report V98.1320.
Unilever, 1995. Acute toxicity of 1-tetradecanol to Daphnia magna. Unilever. Study AT/ALC/BK4.
Unilever, 2010. The Acute toxicity of 1-tetradecanol to Daphnia magna. Testing laboratory: Unilever Port Sunlight Research Laboratory, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral Merseyside, L63 3JW, UK. Owner Company: Unilever. Company study no.: AT/ACL/BK4. Report date: 2010-08-01 (2010 study report summarising a 1994 study).
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