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Environmental fate & pathways

Adsorption / desorption

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Reference
Endpoint:
adsorption / desorption, other
Type of information:
(Q)SAR
Adequacy of study:
key study
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
results derived from a valid (Q)SAR model and falling into its applicability domain, with adequate and reliable documentation / justification
Justification for type of information:
1. SOFTWARE
Individual model KOCWIN included in the Estimation Programs Interface (EPI) Suite.

2. MODEL (incl. version number)
KOCWIN v2.00 included in EPISuite v 4.11, 2000-2012.

3. SMILES OR OTHER IDENTIFIERS USED AS INPUT FOR THE MODEL
A SMILES notation was entered in the initial data entry screen. In the structure window, the molecular weight, structural formula and the structure of the input SMILES notation is shown.

4. SCIENTIFIC VALIDITY OF THE (Q)SAR MODEL
a. Defined endpoint: Organic carbon partition coefficient, given as log Koc.
b. Dependent variable: KOCWIN estimates log Koc with two separate estimation methodologies:
(1) Estimation using first order Molecular Connecitivity Index (MCI),
(2) Estimation using log Kow (octanol-water partition coefficient)
c. Algorithm:
Log Koc according to MCI method is calculated using the formula:
log Koc = 0.5213 MCI + 0.60 + ΣPfN
(ΣPfN is the sum of all relevant correction factor coefficients multiplied by the number (N) of that factor in each chemical structure)
Log Koc according to the log Kow method is calculated using two formulas (depending on the polarity of the substance):
log Koc = 0.8679 log Kow - 0.0004 (Non-polar substances)
log Koc = 0.55313 log Kow + 0.9251 + ΣPfN (polar substances)

d. Descriptor values:
Log Kow method:
For estimation of log Koc according to log Kow method an experimentally determined log Kow of XY was used (Currenta, 201X).
For estimation of log Koc according to log Kow method the estimated log Kow of XY as calculated by the program was used.

e. Applicability domain: The minimum and maximum values for molecular weight are the following:
Training Set Molecular Weights: 32.04-665.02 g/mol,
Validation Set Molecular Weights: 27.03-991.15 g/mol

f. Statistics for goodness-of-fit:

Statistical accuracy of MCI methodology for training and validation set:
i. Training without corrections:
Number: 69
R^2 correction coefficient: 0.967
Standard deviation (log Koc): 0.247
Average deviation (log Koc): 0.199

ii. Training with corrections:
Number: 447
R^2 correction coefficient: 0.900
Standard deviation (log Koc): 0.340
Average deviation (log Koc): 0.273

iii. Validation data set:
Number: 158
R^2 correction coefficient: 0.850
Standard deviation (log Koc): 0.583
Average deviation (log Koc): 0.459

Statistical accuracy of Log Koc methodology:
i. Training without corrections:
Number: 68
R^2 correction coefficient: 0.877
Standard deviation: 0.478
Average deviation: 0.371

ii. Training with corrections:
Number: 447
R^2 correction coefficient: 0.855
Standard deviation (log Koc): 0.396
Average deviation (log Koc): 0.307

iii. Validation data set:
Number: 150
R^2 correction coefficient: 0.778
Standard deviation (log Koc): 0.679
Average deviation (log Koc): 0.494

g. Mechanistic interpretation: Log Koc is estimated based on the likeliness of a substance for sorption to surfaces of soil/sediment particles. This characteristic is triggered by lipophilic character of substances but may be modified by certain molecular fragments that need to be considered by application of correction factors. The Log Koc is a physical inherent property used extensively to describe a chemical’s likeliness to adsorb to organic carbon.
h. The uncertainty of the prediction (OECD principle 4): Adipic acid is not highly complex and the rules applied for the substance appear appropriate. An individual uncertainty for the investigated substance is not available.

5. APPLICABILITY DOMAIN
a. Descriptor domains:
i. Molecular weights: With a molecular weight of 146.14 g/mol the substance is within the range of the training set (32 - 665 g/mol) as well as in the range of the validation set (27 – 991 g/mol).
ii. Structural fragment domain: Regarding the structure of adipic acid the fragment descriptors found by the program are complete and listed in Appendix D (KOCWIN Fragment and Correction Factor descriptors). For log Koc estimation according to MCI method no fragment descriptors were applied. For estimation of log Koc according to log Kow method the log Kow of 0.09 (experimentally determined, BASF, 1988) was used.
iii. Mechanism domain: No information available.
iv. Metabolic domain: Not relevant.
b. Structural analogues: no information available
i. Considerations on structural analogues: no information available

6. ADEQUACY OF THE RESULT
a. Regulatory purpose: The data may be used under any regulatory purpose.
b. Approach for regulatory interpretation of the model result: If no experimental data are available, the estimated value may be used to fill data gaps needed for hazard and risk assessment, classification and labelling and PBT / vPvB assessment. Further the value is used for other calculations.
c. Outcome: The prediction of organic carbon partition coefficient yields a useful result for further evaluation.
d. Conclusion: The result is considered as useful for regulatory purposes.
Guideline:
other: REACH guidance QSARs R6, May/July 2008
Principles of method if other than guideline:
Estimation Program Interface EPI-Suite version 4.11: KOCWIN (v2.00) for the estimation of the organic carbon-normalized sorption coefficient for soil and sediment (Koc).
The Estimation Program Interface was developed by the US Environmental Agency's Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, and Syracuse Research Corporation (SRC). © 2000 - 2012 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for EPI SuiteTM (Published online in November 2012).
GLP compliance:
no
Type of method:
other: Estimation
Media:
soil
Radiolabelling:
no
Type:
log Koc
Value:
0.21
Remarks on result:
other: calculation (logKow method)
Type:
log Koc
Value:
1.39
Remarks on result:
other: calculation (MCI method)
Phase system:
other: Koc
Type:
other: Koc
Value:
1.61 L/kg
Remarks on result:
other: calculation (logKow method)
Phase system:
other: Koc
Type:
other: Koc
Value:
24.34 L/kg
Remarks on result:
other: calculation (MCI method)

Validity of the model:

1. Defined Endpoint: Organic carbon partition coefficient, given as logarithmic Koc and Koc

2. Unambigous algorithm: The molecule is first classified as a polar substance. Based on structure of the molecule, the following fragments were applied: 2 organic acid (-CO-OH) groups. The number of times of the fragments that occurs in the structure of the substance applied by the program is verified. For estimation of logKoc according to the logKow method the experimentally determined logKow of 0.09 (BASF, 1988) was used.

3. Applicable domain: With a molecular weight of 146.14 g/mol the substance is within the range of the training set (32 - 665 g/mol) as well as in the validation set (27 - 991 g/mol). Regarding the structure of adipic acid, the fragment descriptors found by the program are complete.

4a. Statistical characteristics (MCI method): N training set without corrections = 69; N training set with correction = 447; N validation set = 158; Correction coefficient of the total training set without corrections r² = 0.967; Correlation coefficient of the total training set with corrections r² = 0.900; Correlation coefficient of the total validation set r² = 0.850.

4b. Statistical characteristics (Kow method): N training set without corrections = 68; N training set with correction = 447; N validation set = 150; Correction coefficient of the total training set without corrections r² = 0.877; Correlation coefficient of the total training set with corrections r² = 0.855; Correlation coefficient of the total validation set r² = 0.778.

5. Mechanistic interpretation: Log Koc is estimated based on the likeliness of a substance for sorption to surfaces of soil/sediment particles. The log Koc is a physical inherent property used extensively to describe a chemical's likeliness to adsorb to organic carbon.

6. Adequacy of prediction: The result for adipic acid falls within the applicability domain described above and the estimation rules applied for the substance appear appropriate.

Validity criteria fulfilled:
not applicable
Conclusions:
The QSAR determination of the carbon partition coefficient for adipic acid using the model KOCWIN included in the Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite v4.11 revealed values of 1.61 L/kg (logKow method) and 24.34 L/kg (MCI method) for the unaffected molecule of the substance as any decomposition (e.g. hydrolysis) of the substance is not taken into account by the program.
Executive summary:

The organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) for adipic acid was predicted using the QSAR calculation of the Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite v 4.11. The Koc was estimated to be 1.61 L/kg (logKow method), and 24.34 L/kg (MCI method). The results relate to the unaffected molecule of the substance as any decomposition (e.g. hydrolysis) of the substance is not taken into account by the program.

Description of key information

The organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) for adipic acid was predicted using the QSAR calculation of the Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite v 4.11. The Koc was estimated to be 1.61 L/kg (logKow method), and 24.34 L/kg (MCI method). The logKoc values are 0.21 and 1.39 for logKow and MCI method, respectively. The results relate to the unaffected molecule of the substance as any decomposition (e.g. hydrolysis) of the substance is not taken into account by the program.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Koc at 20 °C:
1.61

Additional information

As a conservative assumption, the lower logKoc is taken into account for the assessment based on the reduction of adsorption with the decrease of logKoc. Thus more test substance will be availabe in the environment.

Under environmental relevant pHs, adipic acid exists predominantly in the dissociated form, based upon its pKa values. At pH 5 to 9, the substance will be deprotonated resulting in the corresponding anion. As cationic substances in particular generally adsorb strongly, an adsorption potential of the dissociated form of adipic acid is not expected. Nevertheless, in order to predict the mobility and fate of adipic acid in soil and sediments the organic carbon-water partition coefficient (Koc) is calculated (Currenta, 2019) using different estimation methods following the recommendations of the Guidance document on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, chapter R.7a: Endpoint specific guidance document R.7a (ECHA, 2017). Methods for estimating Koc, based on statistical relationships between Koc and the octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) are used for calculation. The log Kow of 0.093 was measured at pH 3.3, where the substance exists in its neutral from. This value is used as a worst-case assumption for calculation of the adsorption coefficient. Moreover, the Koc is estimated with the EPI Suite program (v. 4.11) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Here, calculations are based upon the molecule structure using the molecular connectivity method.