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EC number: 265-997-9 | CAS number: 65996-66-9 The thermally agglomerated substance formed by heating a variable mixture of finely divided coke, iron ore, blast furnace dust, steelmaking dust, mill scale, other miscellaneous iron-bearing materials, limestone, and dolomite at 1315°C to 1482°C (2400°F to 2700°F).
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Melting point / freezing point
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- melting point/freezing point
- Type of information:
- calculation (if not (Q)SAR)
- Remarks:
- Thermodynamic modelling calculations by MTDATA software package
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- not specified
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- accepted calculation method
- Remarks:
- The results were based on the use of thermodynamic modelling calculations using the well accepted MTDATA software package.
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Melting point calculations were performed using the MTDATA computational software package developed by the UK National Physical Laboratory, with the standard SGYE database provided with the MTDATA as part of the package and the NPL-NIRO MTOX database.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Type of method:
- other: Thermodynamic modelling
- Melting / freezing pt.:
- > 1 000 °C
- Atm. press.:
- ca. 1 atm
- Decomposition:
- no
- Sublimation:
- no
- Conclusions:
- Calculations were performed by a thermodynamic modelling using the MTOX thermodynamic database by the UK National Physical Laboratory for use with its MTDATA software for two different iron sinter compositions under an atmosphere oxygen in an inert container. It is estimated that the melting point of the substance is >1000 °C.
- Endpoint:
- melting point/freezing point
- Type of information:
- calculation (if not (Q)SAR)
- Remarks:
- Thermodynamic modelling calculations by FACTSAGE software package
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- not specified
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- accepted calculation method
- Remarks:
- The results were based on thermodynamic modelling calculations using the well accepted FACTSAGE software package.
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Melting point calculations were performed for five different sinter compositions using the FACTSAGE computational software package.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Type of method:
- other: Thermodynamic modelling study
- Melting / freezing pt.:
- > 1 200 °C
- Atm. press.:
- ca. 1 atm
- Decomposition:
- no
- Sublimation:
- no
- Conclusions:
- The melting temperature of five different sinter compositions was estimated by thermodynamic modelling using the FACTSAGE thermodynamic software package. It is estimated that the melting point of the substance is >1200 °C.
- Endpoint:
- melting point/freezing point
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- not specified
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Remarks:
- The study was performed under the auspices of the ECSC (European Coal and Steel) research programme and the research results were monitored and reviewed by the iron making expert group, consisting of European experts in the field of ironmaking, agglomeration and cokemaking.
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The softening and melting properties were studied of iron sinter and pellets using a laboratory-scale test facility that simulates the blast furnace process to a temperature of 1530 °C.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Type of method:
- other: simulated blast furnance process
- Melting / freezing pt.:
- > 1 100 °C
- Atm. press.:
- >= 1 atm
- Decomposition:
- no
- Sublimation:
- no
- Conclusions:
- The softening and melting properties were studied of iron sinter and pellets using a laboratory-scale test facility that simulates the blast furnace process to a temperature of 1530 °C. The studies showed that the incipient melting of iron sinter occured at >1000 °C.
- Endpoint:
- melting point/freezing point
- Type of information:
- other: handbook data
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- not specified
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- not applicable - handbook data
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of method:
- other: not specified
- Key result
- Melting / freezing pt.:
- > 1 000 °C
- Atm. press.:
- 1 atm
- Decomposition:
- no
- Sublimation:
- no
- Remarks on result:
- other: iron sinter
- Melting / freezing pt.:
- 1 565 °C
- Atm. press.:
- 1 atm
- Decomposition:
- no
- Sublimation:
- no
- Remarks on result:
- other: diiron trioxide
- Conclusions:
- Based on the reference melting point for di-iron trioxide of 1565 °C, it is concluded that the melting point of iron sinter is >1000 °C.
Referenceopen allclose all
Melting point calculations were performed for five different sinter compositions using the FACTSAGE computational software package.
Tests performed under reducing atmosphere to simulate blast furnace process so reduction of iron oxides to iron occurred during the test.
Description of key information
The melting behaviour of iron sinter was inferred from reference data for pure diiron trioxide, thermodynamic modelling studies on iron sinter and iron oxides, and laboratory-scale experiments performed under the auspices of the ECSC research programme. These studies all indicate that incipient melting of iron sinter begins at >1000 °C with complete melting taking place at temperatures >1300 °C.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Melting / freezing point at 101 325 Pa:
- 1 000 °C
Additional information
Iron sinter is a heterogeneous material and experimental determination of its melting behaviour is extremely difficult, even if near-homogeneity of a sample can be obtained by grinding the material to a fine particle size. Owing to the different phases present e.g., iron oxides, silicates, silicoferrites, aluminosilicates etc., melting takes place over a significant temperature range and the degree to which melting has occurred is very difficult to determine with any degree of accuracy. This is one of the motivating factors leading to the development of the thermodynamic modelling approaches by the UK National Physical Laboratory in its MTDATA software, and by the Ecole Polytechnique and McGill University in the FACT software. The methods for melting point determination listed in the ECHA guidance are not applicable for substances with melting points > 1000 °C and therefore direct measurements of the melting point or, to be more correct, the melting point range are not available from reference sources. The only relevant studies are those carried out by Clixby (1987) under the auspices of the ECSC research programme. In this work a robust laboratory scale apparatus was developed to study the softening and melting properties of iron sinter and iron ores, agglomerates under reducing atmospheres that simulated the blast furnace process. These studies confirm the results of the mathematical modelling studies and indicate that melting of iron sinter begins to occur at temperatures >1000 °C and only becomes fully liquid at temperatures >1300 °C.
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