Dihydrogen hexahydroxyplatinate, compound with 2-aminoethanol (1:2)

Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

A standard guideline was not followed, but the study is well documented and the method used is considered to be acceptable.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

not specified

Details on test solutions:

PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Method: Fresh stock solutions were prepared in lake water.
- Controls: unfiltered lake water

Test organisms (species):

Daphnia magna

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Source: University of Michigan
- Age of parental stock (mean and range, SD): not reported
- Age of tested organisms: 12 ± 12 hours old
- Feeding during test
- Food type: suspension of food prepared by mixing 0.5 g of powdered dried grass and 10 g of enriched trout-fry granules to 250 mL of Lake Superior water. Additionally, daphnids obtained some nutrients from bacteria, algae and detritus in the water.
- Amount: 1 mL/L
- Frequency: once weekly during testing

ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: not reported
- Acclimation conditions (same as test or not): not reported
- Type and amount of food: suspension of food prepared by mixing 0.5 g of powdered dried grass and 10 g of enriched trout-fry granules to 250 mL of Lake Superior water.
- Feeding frequency: twice weekly
- Health during acclimation (any mortality observed): not reported

Test type:

semi-static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

21 d

Hardness:

45300 μg/L (mean)

Dissolved oxygen:

In general, near saturation at all times.
At dawn: approximately 9 mg/L
Late in the day: sometimes slightly exceeded saturation because of photosynthesis by algae in the test medium

Nominal and measured concentrations:

12 concentrations tested - values not specified.

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 250-mL beakers containing 200 mL of water and covered with a pane of glass
- Aeration: not reported
- Renewal of test solution: at the beginning of each week
- No. of organisms per vessel: 5
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 4
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 4

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: unfiltered water of Lake Superior
- Total Hardness: 45300 μg/L (mean)
- Metals: Mean values: chloride 1217 μg/L, sodium 1130 μg/L, calcium 13695 μg/L, magnesium 3123 μg/L, potassium 534 μg/L, strontium 16 μg/L, barium 14 μg/L, iron 23 μg/L, zinc 0.78 μg/L, nickel < 0.5 μg/L, copper 1.51 μg/L, cobalt < 0.5 μg/L, mercury < 0.01 μg/L, cadmium < 0.1 μg/L. Range of values: manganese 0.2 - 11.5 μg/L, chromium 2 - 20 μg/L, aluminum 1 - 26 μg/L, lead 7 - 20 μg/L
- Alkalinity: 42300 μg/L (mean)
- Intervals of water quality measurement: measurement of pH was made when the medium was added and 1 week later when the medium and test item were replaced by fresh solutions. Analytical measurements were made for Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cd at the time of addition of test medium and 1 week later. Chemical characteristics of Lake Superior Water were monitored using atomic absorption spectroscopy.

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: not reported
- Light intensity: approximately 115 footcandles at air-water interface

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: Survival of the animals was noted after 1, 2 and 3 weeks. At the end of 3 weeks the surviving organisms were weighed and prepared for protein and gluatamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) analyses. Reproduction was assessed by counting the young produced each week. The young Daphnids were also counted and discarded at each test medium renewal and at the end of the test.

Reference substance (positive control):

not specified

Key result

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

other: EC16

Effect conc.:

14 µg/L

Nominal / measured:

not specified

Conc. based on:

element

Remarks:

Pt

Basis for effect:

reproduction

Key result

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

7 µg/L

Nominal / measured:

estimated

Conc. based on:

element

Remarks:

Pt

Basis for effect:

reproduction

Remarks on result:

other: Determined as EC16/2

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

520 µg/L

Nominal / measured:

not specified

Conc. based on:

element

Remarks:

Pt

Basis for effect:

mortality

Remarks on result:

other: 95% Confidence Limits: 437 - 619 μg/L

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

82 µg/L

Nominal / measured:

not specified

Conc. based on:

element

Remarks:

Pt

Basis for effect:

reproduction

Details on results:

- A mean percentage deviation decrease from control means of 12, 13 and 20 % were measured at 62 μg Pt/L for weight of animals, total protein content and GOT activity of Daphnia magna, respectively, after 3 weeks of wexposure to the test item.
- The 16 % reproductive-impairment concentration was given since it represented a minimal reproducible value below which the variability in reproduction could not be detected from controls.

Reported statistics and error estimates:

Results were statistically evaluated with the method of Litchfield and Wilcoxon (1949) for establishing approximations of the 95 % confidence limits for survival. Reproductive effects were analysed in a similar manner excluding confidence limits.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Conclusions:

The 21-day LC50 of hexachloroplatinic acid for Daphnia magna was determined to be 520 μg Pt/L (1092 μg test item/L). The 21-day EC50 and EC16 of hexachloroplatinic acid for the reproduction-impairment to Daphnia magna were determined to be 82 μg Pt/L (172.26 μg test item/L), and 14 μg Pt/L (29.35 μg test item/L), respectively. The NOEC was estimated to be 7.0 μg Pt/L (14.70 μg test item/L), given by the ratio of EC16/2.

Executive summary:

The chronic toxicity of hexachloroplatinic acid to Daphnia magna was assessed in the publication by Biesinger and Christensen (1972), where the effects of various metals on survival, growth, reproduction and metabolism of Daphnia magna were investigated. The study is acceptable with restrictions, although the guideline and the GLP-status are both unknown.

A semi-static test of 21 days was conducted. Twelve concentrations of the test item were tested. The 21-day LC50 of hexachloroplatinic acid for Daphnia magna was determined to be 520 μg Pt/L (1092 μg test item/L). The 21-day EC50 and EC16 of hexachloroplatinic acid for the reproduction-impairment to Daphnia magna were determined to be 82 μg Pt/L (172.26 μg test item/L), and 14 μg Pt/L (29.35 μg test item/L), respectively. The NOEC was estimated to be 7.0 μg Pt/L (14.70 μg test item/L), given by the ratio of EC16/2.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Justification for type of information:

1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH

The general principles applied for read across between metal substances are that ecotoxicity and the potential for adverse environmental effects are based on the metal ion in cases where the counter ions can reasonably be expected to be non-toxic, as is the case for many simple metals salts (e.g. anions such as SO42-, NO3-, OH-).

When reading across between different metal substances, the oxidation state of the metal ion needs to be carefully considered. For metals, chemical speciation can affect both the fate of the substance in the environment and its toxicity. For some metals (e.g. chromium and arsenic), large differences in environmental toxicity between difference oxidation states have been observed. For platinum substances, the database of ecotoxicity data is not as extensive as for other metal substances, but there may be a difference in toxicity between platinum (II) and platinum (IV) substances.

For platinum (IV) substances a slightly different read across approach is adopted for fulfilment of hazard endpoints and classification, compared to the approach for risk assessment. The approach for hazard data and classification takes into account potential differences in toxicity due to the co-ordinating ligands, whereas for risk assessment a worst case approach is followed in order to enable the comparison of total measured platinum(IV) concentrations in the environment with a single PNEC derived for platinum(IV) substances.

2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S)

Source chemical: Hexachloroplatinic acid
Target chemical: Dihydrogen hexahydroxyplatinate, compound with 2-aminoethanol

3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION

For platinum substances, the database of ecotoxicity data is not as extensive as for other metal substances, but there may be a difference in toxicity between platinum (II) and platinum (IV) substances. For this reason, read-across between different substances is limited to metal compounds in which the metal exists in the same oxidation state.

The approach that is applied for deriving predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) for platinum (IV) substances assumes that the platinum present in the environment has the potential to be in the most toxic form, hexachloroplatinic acid. The generic PNECs for all platinum (IV) substances are therefore derived based upon the ecotoxicity data for hexachloroplatinic acid.

For risk assessment purposes it is acceptable to read across toxicity data from the most toxic substance, because the risk assessment process is iterative and allows scope for further refinement at higher tiers should this be appropriate to understand the potential risks posed.

In the exposure assessment, analytical monitoring of platinum emissions is unlikely to differentiate between different platinum (IV) substances. Therefore, if PNEC values were derived separately for each platinum (IV) substance it would not be possible to practically use these values in the risk assessment, when most sites use multiple platinum substances. Since environmental monitoring does not distinguish between particular platinum substances, for the risk assessment platinum (IV) in the environment is considered to be in the most toxic form.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Key result

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

other: EC16

Effect conc.:

14 µg/L

Nominal / measured:

not specified

Conc. based on:

element

Remarks:

Pt

Basis for effect:

reproduction

Key result

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

7 µg/L

Nominal / measured:

estimated

Conc. based on:

element

Remarks:

Pt

Basis for effect:

reproduction

Remarks on result:

other: Determined as EC16/2

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

520 µg/L

Nominal / measured:

not specified

Conc. based on:

element

Remarks:

Pt

Basis for effect:

mortality

Remarks on result:

other: 95% Confidence Limits: 437 - 619 μg/L

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

82 µg/L

Nominal / measured:

not specified

Conc. based on:

element

Remarks:

Pt

Basis for effect:

reproduction

Details on results:

- A mean percentage deviation decrease from control means of 12, 13 and 20 % were measured at 62 μg Pt/L for weight of animals, total protein content and GOT activity of Daphnia magna, respectively, after 3 weeks of wexposure to the test item.
- The 16 % reproductive-impairment concentration was given since it represented a minimal reproducible value below which the variability in reproduction could not be detected from controls.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Conclusions:

The 21-day LC50 of hexachloroplatinic acid for Daphnia magna was determined to be 520 μg Pt/L (1092 μg test item/L). The 21-day EC50 and EC16 of hexachloroplatinic acid for the reproduction-impairment to Daphnia magna were determined to be 82 μg Pt/L (172.26 μg test item/L), and 14 μg Pt/L (29.35 μg test item/L), respectively. The NOEC was estimated to be 7.0 μg Pt/L (14.70 μg test item/L), given by the ratio of EC16/2.

Executive summary:

The chronic toxicity of hexachloroplatinic acid to Daphnia magna was assessed in the publication by Biesinger and Christensen (1972), where the effects of various metals on survival, growth, reproduction and metabolism of Daphnia magna were investigated. The study is acceptable with restrictions, although the guideline and the GLP-status are both unknown.

A semi-static test of 21 days was conducted. Twelve concentrations of the test item were tested. The 21-day LC50 of hexachloroplatinic acid for Daphnia magna was determined to be 520 μg Pt/L (1092 μg test item/L). The 21-day EC50 and EC16 of hexachloroplatinic acid for the reproduction-impairment to Daphnia magna were determined to be 82 μg Pt/L (172.26 μg test item/L), and 14 μg Pt/L (29.35 μg test item/L), respectively. The NOEC was estimated to be 7.0 μg Pt/L (14.70 μg test item/L), given by the ratio of EC16/2.

Description of key information

The key study driving the aquatic PNECs for platinum(IV) substances is a chronic Daphnia study for hexachloroplatinic acid. The NOEC is estimated to be 7.0 μg Pt L^-1.

Additional information

For platinum(IV) substances there is some evidence that substances containing a chloro ligand are more toxic than those without a chloro ligand. For this reason, for substances without a chloro ligand, read across for REACH endpoints and for classification purposes is only conducted with other substances that do not contain a chloro ligand. However, for risk assessment purposes measured platinum concentrations in the environment only allow assessment of total platinum concentrations and do not differentiate between the form of the platinum in the environment. The PNEC for platinum(IV) substances is therefore based on pooled ecotoxicity data for all platinum(IV) substances, regardless of the ligands, and is based on the most toxic substance. For platinum(IV) substances the most toxic substance is hexachloroplatinic acid and the PNECs for platinum(IV) substances are therefore based on data for this substance. The key study driving the aquatic PNECs for platinum(IV) substances is a chronic Daphnia study for hexachloroplatinic acid.

 

The chronic toxicity of hexachloroplatinic acid to Daphnia magna was assessed in a publication (Biesinger and Christensen 1972), where the effects of various metals on survival, growth, reproduction and metabolism of Daphnia magna were investigated. The study is acceptable with restrictions. The study does not follow a standard test guideline although the methods used are described. A semi-static test of 21 days was conducted. Twelve concentrations of the test item were used. No analytical verification of test concentrations was conducted for platinum. The 21-day LC50 of hexachloroplatinic acid for Daphnia magna was determined to be 520 μg Pt L^-1. The 21-day EC50 and EC16 of hexachloroplatinic acid for the reproductive impairment of Daphnia magna were determined to be 82 μg Pt L^-1, and 16 μg Pt L^-1, respectively. The NOEC was not stated in the publication, but is estimated to be 7.0 μg Pt L^-1, calculated by the ratio of EC16/2.