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Administrative data

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Genetic toxicity in vitro

Description of key information

In the Ames Assay, the test article was not mutagenic under the conditions of the study. There were no mutagenic or clastogenic responses in the in vitro mammalian mutagenicity or cytogenicity studies.

Link to relevant study records

Referenceopen allclose all

Endpoint:
in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
2017
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
EU Method B.13/14 (Mutagenicity - Reverse Mutation Test Using Bacteria)
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
JAPAN: Guidelines for Screening Mutagenicity Testing Of Chemicals
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
EPA OPPTS 870.5100 - Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test (August 1998)
GLP compliance:
yes (incl. QA statement)
Type of assay:
bacterial reverse mutation assay
Specific details on test material used for the study:
Identification: 2-ethylhexyl 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-3-carboxylate
Physical state/Appearance: Clear colourless liquid
Batch: AH03201
Purity: 100%
Expiry Date: 01 February 2019
Storage Conditions: Approximately 4 °C in the dark
Species / strain / cell type:
S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and E. coli WP2
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Metabolic activation system:
Rat S9, Arochlor 1254 induced
Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
1.5, 5, 15, 50, 150, 500, 1500 and 5000 μg/plate. The top dose was selected as it is the highest dose recommended in the guideline.
Vehicle / solvent:
DMSO
Untreated negative controls:
yes
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
True negative controls:
yes
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide
9-aminoacridine
N-ethyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
other: 2-Aminoanthracene
Details on test system and experimental conditions:
Strains Genotype Type of mutations indicated
TA1537 his C 3076; rfa-; uvrB-: frame shift mutations
TA98 his D 3052; rfa-; uvrB-;R-factor
TA1535 his G 46; rfa-; uvrB-: base-pair substitutions
TA100 his G 46; rfa-; uvrB-;R-factor
Escherichia coli
Strain Genotype Type of mutations indicated
WP2uvrA trp-; uvrA-: base-pair substitution
All of the Salmonella strains are histidine dependent by virtue of a mutation through the histidine operon and are derived from S. typhimurium strain LT2 through mutations in the histidine locus. Additionally due to the "deep rough" (rfa-) mutation they possess a faulty lipopolysaccharide coat to the bacterial cell surface thus increasing the cell permeability to larger molecules. A further mutation, through the deletion of the uvrB- bio gene, causes an inactivation of the excision repair system and a dependence on exogenous biotin. In the strains TA98 and TA100, the R-factor plasmid pKM101 enhances chemical and UV-induced mutagenesis via an increase in the error-prone repair pathway. The plasmid also confers ampicillin resistance which acts as a convenient marker (Mortelmans and Zeiger, 2000). In addition to a mutation in the tryptophan operon, the E. coli tester strain contains a uvrA- DNA repair deficiency which enhances its sensitivity to some mutagenic compounds. This deficiency allows the strain to show enhanced mutability as the uvrA repair system would normally act to remove and repair the damaged section of the DNA molecule (Green and Muriel, 1976 and Mortelmans and Riccio, 2000).
The bacteria used in the test were obtained from:
• University of California, Berkeley, on culture discs, on 04 August 1995
• British Industrial Biological Research Association, on a nutrient agar plate, on 17 August 1987

All of the strains were stored at approximately -196 °C in a Statebourne liquid nitrogen freezer, model SXR 34.

In this assay, overnight sub-cultures of the appropriate coded stock cultures were prepared in nutrient broth (Oxoid Limited; lot number 1865318 05/21) and incubated at 37 °C for approximately 10 hours. Each culture was monitored spectrophotometrically for turbidity with titres determined by viable count analysis on nutrient agar plates.
Evaluation criteria:
All of the plates were incubated at 37 ± 3 °C for approximately 48 hours and scored for the presence of revertant colonies using an automated colony counting system. The plates were viewed microscopically for evidence of thinning (toxicity). A number of manual counts were required due to revertant colonies spreading slightly, thus distorting the actual plate count.
Statistics:
Statistical significance was confirmed by using Dunnetts Regression Analysis (* = p < 0.05) for those values that indicate statistically significant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies compared to the concurrent solvent control.
Key result
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 1535
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
valid
Positive controls validity:
valid
Key result
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 1537
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
valid
Positive controls validity:
valid
Key result
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 98
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
valid
Key result
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 100
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
valid
Positive controls validity:
valid
Key result
Species / strain:
E. coli WP2 uvr A
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
valid
Positive controls validity:
valid
Conclusions:
The test article was not mutagenic under the conditions of the study.
Executive summary:

The test method was designed to be compatible with the guidelines for bacterial mutagenicity testing published by the major Japanese Regulatory Authorities including METI, MHLW and MAFF, the OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals No. 471 "Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test", Method B13/14 of Commission Regulation (EC) number 440/2008 of 30 May 2008 and the USA, EPA OCSPP harmonized guideline - Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test.

 

Salmonella typhimuriumstrains TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100 andEscherichia colistrain WP2uvrAwere treated with the test item using both the Ames plate incorporation and pre-incubation methods at up to eight dose levels, in triplicate, both with and without the addition of a rat liver homogenate metabolizing system (10% liver S9 in standard co-factors). The dose range for Experiment 1 was predetermined and was 1.5 to 5000 μg/plate. The experiment was repeated on a separate day (pre-incubation method) using fresh cultures of the bacterial strains and fresh test item formulations. The dose range was amended following the results of Experiment 1 and was 15 to 5000 μg/plate. Six test item concentrations were selected in Experiment 2 in order to achieve both four non-toxic dose levels and the potential toxic limit of the test item following the change in test methodology.

 

The vehicle (dimethyl sulphoxide) control plates gave counts of revertant colonies within the normal range. All of the positive control chemicals used in the test induced marked increases in the frequency of revertant colonies, both with or without metabolic activation. Thus, the sensitivity of the assay and the efficacy of the S9-mix were validated.

The maximum dose level of the test item in the first experiment was selected as the maximum recommended dose level of 5000 μg/plate. There was no visible reduction in the growth of the bacterial background lawn at any dose level, either in the presence or absence of metabolic activation (S9-mix), in the first mutation test (plate incorporation method) and consequently the same maximum dose level was used in the second mutation test. However, after employing the pre-incubation modification in the second mutation test, weakened bacterial background lawns were noted to several of the tester strains in the absence of S9-mix from 1500 μg/plate (TA1535 and TA1537) and at 5000 μg/plate (TA100). In the presence of S9-mix, weakened bacterial lawns were noted from 1500 μg/plate (TA100, TA1535 and TA1537) and at 5000 μg/plate (TA98). No test item precipitate was observed on the plates at any of the doses tested in either the presence or absence of S9-mix.

There were no biologically relevant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies recorded for any of the bacterial strains, with any dose of the test item, either with or without metabolic activation (S9-mix), in Experiment 1 (plate incorporation method). Similarly, no increases in the frequency of revertant colonies were recorded for any of the bacterial strains, with any dose of the test item, either with or without metabolic activation (S9-mix), in Experiment 2 (pre-incubation method). Small, statistically significant increases in TA100 revertant colony frequency were observed in the first mutation test in the presence of S9-mix only at 5000 μg/plate. These increases were considered to be of no biological relevance because there was no evidence of a dose-response relationship or reproducibility. Furthermore, the individual revertant counts at the statistically significant dose level was within the in-house historical untreated/vehicle control range for the tester strain and the mean maximum fold increase was only 1.2 times the concurrent vehicle control.

 

2-Ethylhexyl 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-3-carboxylate was considered to be non-mutagenic under the conditions of this test.

Endpoint:
in vitro cytogenicity / chromosome aberration study in mammalian cells
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
2017
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 473 (In Vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test)
Deviations:
no
GLP compliance:
yes
Type of assay:
other: Human Lymphocytes in vitro
Specific details on test material used for the study:
Identification: 2-ethylhexyl 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-3-carboxylate

Physical state/Appearance: Clear colorless liquid

Batch: AH03201

Purity: 100%

Expiry Date: 01 February 2019

Storage Conditions: Approximately 4° C in the dark

Intended use/Application: Industrial
Species / strain / cell type:
lymphocytes:
Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
human lymphocytes
Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
not specified
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Metabolic activation system:
rat liver homogenate metabolizing system
Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
0, 7.5, 15, 30, 60, 80, 100, 120 μg/mL- 4(20)-hour without S9

0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 160, 200, 240 μg/mL- 4(20)-hour with S9 (2%)

0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 160, 200, 240 μg/mL- 24-hour without S9
Vehicle / solvent:
DMSO
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
cyclophosphamide
mitomycin C
Details on test system and experimental conditions:
Cells
For each experiment, sufficient whole blood was drawn from the peripheral circulation of a non-smoking volunteer (aged 18-35) who had been previously screened for suitability. The volunteer had not knowingly been exposed to high levels of radiation or hazardous chemicals and had not knowingly recently suffered from a viral infection. Based on over 20 years in-house data for cell cycle times for lymphocytes using BrdU (bromodeoxyuridine) incorporation to assess the number of first, second and third division metaphase cells to calculate the average generation time (AGT) for human lymphocytes it is considered to be approximately 16 hours. Therefore using this average the in-house exposure time for the experiments for 1.5 x AGT is 24 hours.
The details of the donors used are:
Preliminary Toxicity Test: male, aged 33 years Main Experiment: female, aged 31 years

Cell Culture

Cells (whole blood cultures) were grown in Eagle's minimal essential medium with HEPES buffer (MEM), supplemented “in-house” with L-glutamine, penicillin/streptomycin, amphotericin B and 10 % foetal bovine serum (FBS), at approximately 37 ºC with 5 % CO2 in humidified air. The lymphocytes of fresh heparinized whole blood were stimulated to divide by the addition of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA).

Microsomal Enzyme Fraction and S9-Mix
The S9 Microsomal fractions were pre-prepared using standardized in-house procedures (outside the confines of this study). Lot No. PB/βNF S9 31/3/17 was used in this study. A copy of the S9 Certificate of Efficacy are presented in Appendix 2.
The S9-mix was prepared prior to the dosing of the test cultures and contained the S9 fraction (20% (v/v)), MgCl2 (8mM), KCl (33mM), sodium orthophosphate buffer pH 7.4 (100 mM), glucose-6-phosphate (5mM) and NADP (5mM). The final concentration of S9, when dosed at a 10% volume of S9-mix into culture media, was 2%.
Evaluation criteria:
The following criteria were used to determine a valid assay:
• The frequency of cells with structural chromosome aberrations (excluding gaps) in the vehicle control cultures was within the laboratory historical control data range
• All the positive control chemicals induced a positive response (p≤0.01) and demonstrated the validity of the experiment and the integrity of the S9-mix
• The study was performed using all three exposure conditions using a top concentration which meets the requirements of the current testing guideline
• The required number of cells and concentrations were analyzed

Criteria for determining the Study Conclusion
Providing that all of the acceptability criteria are fulfilled, a test item can be considered to be clearly negative if, in any of the experimental conditions examined:
1) The number of cells with structural aberrations in all evaluated dose groups should be within the range of the laboratory historical control data.
2) No toxicologically or statistically significant increase of the number of cells with structural chromosome aberrations is observed following statistical analysis.
3) There is no concentration-related increase at any dose level
A test item can be classified as genotoxic if:
1) The number of cells with structural chromosome aberrations is outside the range of the laboratory historical control data.
2) At least one concentration exhibits a statistically significant increase in the number of cells with structural chromosome aberrations compared to the concurrent negative control.
3) The observed increase in the frequency of cells with structural aberrations is considered to be dose-related

Statistics:
The frequency of cells with aberrations excluding gaps and the frequency of polyploid cells was compared, where necessary, with the concurrent vehicle control value using Fisher's Exact test
Key result
Species / strain:
lymphocytes: human lymphocytes
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Remarks:
Non-clastogenic to human lymphocytes
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
cytotoxicity
Remarks:
The maximum dose level selected for metaphase analysis was 160 μg/mL because this dose level achieved optimum toxicity as defined in OECD 473.
Positive controls validity:
valid
Conclusions:
The test item, 2-ethylhexyl 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-3-carboxylate was considered to be non-clastogenic to human lymphocytes in vitro.
Executive summary:

An in vitro study for the detection of structural chromosomal aberrations in cultured mammalian cells was evaluated with 2-ethylhexyl 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-3-carboxylate. Duplicate cultures of human lymphocytes, treated with the test item, were evaluated for chromosome aberrations at four dose levels, together with vehicle and positive controls. In this study, three exposure conditions were investigated; 4 hours exposure in the presence of an induced rat liver homogenate metabolizing system (S9), at a 2% final concentration with cell harvest after a 20-hour expression period, 4 hours exposure in the absence of metabolic activation (S9) with a 20-hour expression period and a 24-hour exposure in the absence of metabolic activation. The dose levels used in the main experiment were selected using data from the preliminary toxicity test. The concentrations were ranged from 0 -240 (μg/mL).

All vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) controls had frequencies of cells with aberrations within the range expected for normal human lymphocytes. All the positive control items induced statistically significant increases in the frequency of cells with aberrations. Thus, the sensitivity of the assay and the efficacy of the S9-mix were validated. The test item was toxic and but did not induce any statistically significant increases in the frequency of cells with aberrations, using a dose range that included a dose level that induced 55±5% mitotic inhibition. The test item, 2-ethylhexyl 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-3-carboxylate was considered to be non-clastogenic to human lymphocytes in vitro.

Endpoint:
in vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
2017
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 490 (In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Tests Using the Thymidine Kinase Gene)
Deviations:
no
GLP compliance:
yes
Type of assay:
in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation tests using the thymidine kinase gene
Specific details on test material used for the study:
The test substance is identified as 2-ethylhexyl 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-3-carboxylate. The purity is 100%. The physical state/appearance of material is Clear colourless liquid. The expiry date of material is 01 February 2019. The substance can be stored at rApproximately 4oC, in the dark conditions.
Target gene:
Thymidine Kinase Gene
Species / strain / cell type:
mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
The L5178Y TK+/- 3.7.2c mouse lymphoma cell line was obtained from Dr. J. Cole of the MRC Cell Mutation Unit at the University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
The dose range used in the preliminary toxicity test was 7.81 to 2000 μg/mL for all three of the exposure groups.Concentration of 2-ethylhexyl 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-3-carboxylate (μg/mL) plated for viability and mutant frequency were:

4-hour without S9 7.5, 15, 30, 40, 50, 60 μg/mL

4-hour with S9 (2%) 60, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120 μg/mL

24-hour without S9 7.5, 15, 30, 60, 80, 100 μg/mL
Vehicle / solvent:
DMSO
Untreated negative controls:
yes
Positive controls:
yes
Details on test system and experimental conditions:
Cell Line
The L5178Y TK+/- 3.7.2c mouse lymphoma cell line was obtained from Dr. J. Cole of the MRC Cell Mutation Unit at the University of Sussex, Brighton, UK. The cells were originally obtained from Dr. D. Clive of Burroughs Wellcome (USA) in October 1978 and were frozen in liquid nitrogen at that time.

Cell Culture
The stocks of cells are stored in liquid nitrogen at approximately -196 °C. Cells were routinely cultured in RPMI 1640 medium with Glutamax-1 and HEPES buffer (20 mM) supplemented with Penicillin (100 units/mL), Streptomycin (100 μg/mL), Sodium pyruvate (1 mM), Amphotericin B (2.5 μg/mL) and 10% donor horse serum (giving R10 media) at 37°C with 5% CO2 in air. The cells have a generation time of approximately 12 hours and were subcultured accordingly. RPMI 1640 with 20% donor horse serum (R20), 10% donor horse serum (R10), and without serum (R0), are used during the course of the study. Master stocks of cells were tested and found to be free of mycoplasma.

Microsomal Enzyme Fraction
PS9-mix was prepared by mixing S9, NADP (5 mM), G-6-P (5 mM), KCl (33 mM) and MgCl2 (8 mM) in R0.
20% S9-mix (i.e. 2% final concentration of S9) was added to the cultures of the Preliminary Toxicity Test and Mutagenicity Test.


Evaluation criteria:
1. The majority of the plates, for both viability (%V) and TFT resistance, are analysable for each experiment.
2. The absolute viability (%V) at the time of mutant selection of the solvent controls is 65 to 120 %.
3. The total suspension growth of the solvent control following 4 hour exposure, calculated by the day 1 fold-increase in cell number multiplied by the day 2 fold increase in cell number, should be in the range of 8 to 32. Following 24 hour exposure the total suspension growth should be in the range of 32 to 180.
4. The in-house vehicle control mutant frequency is in the range of 50 – 170 x 10-6 cells. Vehicle control results should ideally be within this range, although minor errors in cell counting and dilution, or exposure to the metabolic activation system, may cause this to be slightly elevated. Experiments where the vehicle control values are markedly greater than 200 x 10-6 mutant frequency per survivor are not acceptable and will be repeated.
5. Every test should also be evaluated as to whether the positive controls (EMS and CP) meets at least one of the following two acceptance criteria developed by the IWGT workgroup:
The positive control should demonstrate an absolute increase in total MF, that is, an increase above the spontaneous background MF [an induced MF (IMF)] of at least 300 x 10-6. At least 40% of the IMF should be reflected in the small colony MF.
The positive control has an increase in the small colony MF of at least 150 x 10-6 above that seen in the concurrent untreated/solvent control (a small colony IMF of 150 x 10-6).
6. The upper limit of cytotoxicity observed in the positive control culture should be the same as for the experimental cultures i.e. the Relative Total Growth (RTG) and percentage Relative Suspension Growth (%RSG) should be greater than approximately 10 % of the concurrent selective control group.
Statistics:
Delta Building Monitoring System, Mutant 240C by York Electronic Research.
Key result
Species / strain:
mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Remarks:
The test item did not induce any toxicologically significant increases in the mutant frequency at any of the dose levels in the main test, in any of the three exposure groups
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
cytotoxicity
Remarks:
The dose range of test item used in the main test was selected following the results of a preliminary toxicity test.
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Positive controls validity:
valid
Conclusions:
The test item did not induce any increases in the mutant frequency at the TK +/- locus in L5178Y cells that exceeded the GEF, consequently it is considered to be non-mutagenic in this assay.
Executive summary:

The study was conducted according to a method that was designed to assess the potential mutagenicity of the test item on the thymidine kinase, TK +/-, locus of the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell line. The method was designed to be compatible with the OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals No 490 "In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Tests Using the Thymidine Kinase Gene". One main Mutagenicity Test was performed. In this main test, L5178Y TK +/- 3.7.2c mouse lymphoma cells (heterozygous at the thymidine kinase locus) were treated with the test item at eight dose levels in duplicate, together with vehicle (DMSO), and positive controls using 4 hour exposure groups both in the absence and presence of metabolic activation (2% S9), and a 24 hour exposure group in the absence of metabolic activation. The dose levels selected were in range of 7.5 to 120 μg/mL. The maximum dose levels in the subsequent Mutagenicity Test were limited by test item-induced toxicity. The vehicle control cultures had mutant frequency values that were acceptable for the L5178Y cell line at the TK +/- locus. The positive control substances induced marked increases in the mutant frequency, sufficient to indicate the satisfactory performance of the test and of the activity of the metabolizing system. The test item did not induce any increases in the mutant frequency at the TK +/- locus in L5178Y cells, consequently it is considered to be non-mutagenic in this assay.

Endpoint conclusion
Endpoint conclusion:
no adverse effect observed (negative)

Additional information

Justification for classification or non-classification

No classification is required as there was no mutagenicity or cytogenicity found