Hexachlorodisilane

Endpoint summary

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Effects on fertility

Description of key information

No reproductive toxicity studies are available for hexachlorodisilane, therefore good quality data for the condensed hydrolysis product, polysilicic acid (equivalent to SAS) have been read-across.

In a 2-generation reproductive toxicity study (Wolterbeek et al. 2015) conducted according to OECD TG416 and GLP, Wistar rats were administered SAS (described as NM-200 synthetic amorphous silica) (in highly deionised water containing 10% fetal bovine serum) at doses of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day by oral gavage. The dosing schedule and investigations were conducted according to the OECD TG. There were no adverse findings in parental animals or offspring in any generation. Therefore the NOAEL for general toxicity and reproductive toxicity was ≥1000 mg/kg bw/day.

Effect on fertility: via oral route

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

1 000 mg/kg bw/day

Study duration:

subchronic

Species:

rat

Quality of whole database:

The key study was conducted according to OECD TG 416 and to GLP, without any significant deviations, and is therefore a suitable key study.

Effect on fertility: via inhalation route

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Effect on fertility: via dermal route

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Additional information

There are no adequate reproductive toxicity data on hexachlorodisilane so good quality data for the hydrolysis products polysilicic acid (equivalent to synthetic amorphous silica) have been used to assess the potential for adverse effects on fertility following exposure to hexachlorodisilane.

Overview

It is considered not to be either ethical or technically feasible to perform reproductive toxicity testing with hexachlorodisilane by any route of exposure due to its known corrosive properties, which dominate the toxicity profile of this substance. Following repeated oral dosing, the corrosive nature of the product could affect the lining of the stomach, giving rise to hyperplasia and a subsequent reduced food intake. This would confound the interpretation of any systemically driven effects. A guideline-compliant repeated-dose inhalation study should elicit systemic toxicity at the highest test concentration. Since the local corrosive effects of hexachlorodisilane would be significant a valid inhalation study according to the relevant guidelines is technically not feasible to do. It is also unlikely that any systemic effects would be seen at dose levels made sufficiently low (< 10 ppm) to prevent the known corrosive effects and/or distress in the test species. This has been confirmed in a 28-day inhalation study with another chlorosilane, dichloro(dimethyl)silane (WIL, 2014) in which there were no effects of treatment on clinical signs, body weight or food consumption that would indicate a systemic effect. Furthermore, the histopathology in the study indicated that the effects in the upper respiratory tract were similar to HCl. It is therefore concluded that HCl will dominate the inhalation toxicity profile of hexachlorodisilane.

With regard to the dermal and inhalation routes, due to the known corrosive effects of hexachlorodisilane, appropriate H-phrases and P-statements are included in the labelling, meaning that repeated skin and inhalation exposure is not expected. Any accidental skin contact or inhalation exposure could cause severe local effects but would be unlikely to cause any systemic effects.

ORAL ROUTE

SYSTEMIC EFFECTS

There are no adequate reproductive toxicity data on hexachlorodisilane so good quality data for synthetic amorphous silica (CAS 112926-00-8) have been used to assess the reproductive toxicity of hexachlorodisilane.

Hexachlorodisilane, like all inorganic chlorosilanes, is a severely corrosive substance that is decomposed by water. The reaction is highly exothermic (Merck, 2013). The estimated half-lives of the substance at 25ºC and pH 4, 7 and 9 are approximately 5 seconds, producing hexahydroxydisilane and hydrogen chloride. Further hydrolysis of the Si-Si bonds in hexahydroxydisilane is expected to happen rapidly and produces monosilicic acid.

 

Monosilicic acid condenses to insoluble polysilicic acid [equivalent to synthetic amorphous silica (SAS)] at concentrations higher than 100-150 mg/l ‘SiO₂equivalent’ in water (Holleman-Wiberg, 2001). At very high concentration, polysilicic acid can condense to silicon dioxide (SiO₂). Hexahydroxydisilane is also likely to form condensation products (polyhydroxy-polysilanes) at similar concentrations (in terms of SiO2 equivalents). The structure and predicted properties of the Si-Si containing hydrolysis products (polyhydroxy-polysilanes) and (poly)silicic acid are very similar, and distinguishing between them would be very difficult analytically.The hydrolysis products of hydrochloric acid and (poly)silicic acid are significant for the chemical safety assessment (CSR).

 

Monosilicic acid and polysilicic acid are naturally occurring substances which are ubiquitous in the environment. Soluble monosilicic acid is the major bioavailable form of silicon and plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycle of silicon (ECETOC, 2006). Typical background concentrations of monosilicic acid in the environment are up to 75 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ in river water and up to 14 mg/l ‘SiO₂equivalent’ in seawater (Iler, 1979).

 

The literature gives various values for the solubility of silicic acid, determined indirectly as ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ because the soluble species cannot be directly measured:

 

The solubility of monosilicic acid according to Alexander et al. (1954) at 25 °C:

• 150 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ at pH 2.0 and pH 3.0
• 130 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ at pH 4.2
• 110 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ at pH 5.7
• 100 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ at pH 7.7
• 490 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ at pH 10.3
• 1120 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ at pH 10.6

 

The solubility of monosilicic acid according to Goto and Okura (1953) at 25 °C:

• 120 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ at pH 2.0
• 150 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ at pH 7.0

 

The solubility of monosilicic acid according to Elmer and Nordberg (1958) at neutral pH:

• 170 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ at 35 °C
• 270 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ at 65 °C
• 465 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ at 95 °C

 

With the described properties of hexachlorodisilane in mind it is not possible to conduct reproductive toxicity studies in experimental animals due to the corrosive nature of this substance. Nor can the hydrolysis product, monosilicic acid, be tested as it is not possible to isolate this substance. However, we know from physicochemical properties that following ingestion of hexachlorodisilane, the conditions in the stomach are such that following an initial rapid hydrolysis to soluble monosilicic acid, this monomer will start to condense to form insoluble polysilicic acid (equivalent to SAS). This condensation will start to occur once the concentration of monosilicic acid reaches approximately 150 mg/l in the gastric juices.

Monosilicic acid (soluble silica) undergoes condensation reactions in solution at about 100-150 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’. The solubility of monosilicic acid in water is 150 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent'.

Following dosing by oral gavage, partitioning will occur between the dose vehicle and the aqueous environment in the stomach.

Mass dosed (in mg/day) = Body weight (in kg) x dose level (in mg/kg bw/day)

 

Dose concentration (in mg/l) = mass dosed (in mg/day)÷volume (in l)

So, the dose level (mg/kg bw/day) required to reach the dose concentration of 150 mg/l 'SiO₂ equivalent', the estimated (conservative) maximum concentration of silicic acid that can occur in the stomach before condensation to insoluble polysilicic acid (equivalent to SAS) begins is calculated as follows:

Body weight of rat = 0.3kg

Dose level = X                                                        

Estimated aqueous volume = 0.0015 l                                                                      

Dose concentration = 150 mg/l

150 mg/l = 0.3 kg x dose level (mg/kg bw/day)÷0.0015l

Dose level = 0.75 mg/kg bw/day 'SiO₂equivalent'

Therefore based on a condensation limit of 150 mg/l, the maximum dose level that could be used in practice to ensure exposure mainly to monosilicic acid in the stomach of experimental animals is approximately 0.75 mg/kg bw/day or less of 'SiO₂ equivalent'.

A correction for molecular weight gives a maximum dose level for hexachlorodisilane:

Mr [hexachlorodisilane]               =             268.89 g/mol

Mr [silicon dioxide]                         =             60.08 g/mol

Dose level [hexachlorodisilane]        =            [Dose level [silicon dioxide]  x  Mr [hexachlorodisilane]]

                                                                                                         Mr [silicon dioxide]

 

                                                            =            (0.75 mg/kg bw/day) x (268.89 g/mol)

                                                                                                         (60.08 g/mol)

 

                                                            =             3.36 mg/kg bw/day

Therefore based on a condensation limit of 150 mg/l the maximum dose level of hexachlorodisilane that can be dosed to ensure exposure mainly to monosilicic acid is approximately 3 mg/kg bw/day.

For comparison purposes, using the above calculation, the following shows the dose concentrations for the dose levels typically used in experimental animals studies (100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day).

Body weight                                = 0.3 kg

Total amount dosed                     = 30 mg

Estimated aqueous volume           = 1.5 ml

Dose concentration                      = 20,000 mg/l

Body weight                                = 0.3 kg

Total amount dosed                     = 90 mg

Estimated aqueous volume           = 1.5 ml

Dose concentration                     =  60,000 mg/l

Body weight                                 = 0.3 kg

Total amount dosed                      = 300 mg

Estimated aqueous volume           = 1.5 ml

Dose concentration                       = 200,000 mg/l

Therefore dosing at these levels clearly gives a dose concentration in the stomach that far exceeds the dose at which condensation to polysilicic acid (equivalent to SAS) starts to occur. Consequently, the majority of the dose in the stomach will be present as insoluble polysilicic acid (equivalent to SAS). In all cases only approximately 150 mg/l will be present as soluble monosilicic acid.

Overall, it can be concluded that gavaging hexachlorodisilane at doses unlikely to cause local corrosive effects and at doses that give mainly soluble monosilicic acid (2 mg/kg bw/day or less) would be unethical based on animal usage. However, because the vast majority of a gavaged dose will rapidly condense to insoluble polysilicic acid it is appropriate to use toxicology data on SAS to address the potential for oral reproductive toxicity of hexachlorodisilane.

The key study for reproductive toxicity is a 2-generation reproductive toxicity study (Wolterbeek et al. 2015) conducted according to OECD test guideline 416 and in compliance with GLP. Wistar rats were administered SAS (described as NM-200 synthetic amorphous silica) (in highly deionised water containing 10% fetal bovine serum) at doses of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day by oral gavage. There were no adverse findings in parental animals or offspring in any generation. Therefore the NOAEL for general toxicity and reproductive toxicity was ≥1000 mg/kg bw/day in this study.

Limited data are available regarding the reproductive toxicity in animals following oral, dermal or inhalation exposure to hydrogen chloride. However, protons and chloride ions exist as normal constituents of body fluid in animals, hence low concentrations of hydrogen chloride appear not to cause adverse effects in animals. Therefore the hydrolysis product of hexachlorodisilane, HCl, would not be expected to cause reproductive toxicity in experimental animals or humans following initial exposure to hexachlorodisilane.

References

Alexander G.B., Heston W.M. and Iler R.K. (1954) J. Phys. Chem., 58, 453.

Cotton F.A. and Wilkinson G. (1999) Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6^thEdition, p271

ECETOC (2006) Synthetic Amorphous Silica (CAS No. 7631-86-9), JACC REPORT No. 51

Elmer and Nordberg (1958) J. Am.Chem. Soc., 41, 517

Goto K. and Okura T. (1953) Kagaku, 23, 426.

Holleman-Wiberg, (2001) Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, p. 865

Iler, Ralph K. (1979) The Chemistry of Silica: Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Surface Properties and Biochemistry of Silica, Wiley, p. 13.

Jones, R. G., Wataru, A., and Chojnowski, J. (2000) Silicon-Containing Polymers: The Science and Technology of Their Synthesis, Kluwer Academic Press pp168-169

Merck Index (2013) Monograph Number. 8639 (15th Ed)

Effects on developmental toxicity

Description of key information

No developmental toxicity studies are available for hexachlorodisilane, therefore good quality data for the condensed hydrolysis product, polysilicic acid (equivalent to SAS) have been read-across. In a prenatal developmental study (Hofmann et al., 2015) conducted according to OECD TG 414 and to GLP, pregnant Wistar rats were administered SAS (described as NM-200 synthetic amorphous silica) (in highly deionised water containing 10% fetal bovine serum) at doses of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day by oral gavage on gestation days 6-19. The dosing schedule and investigations were conducted according to the OECD TG. There were no adverse, treatment-related findings in parental animals or offspring. There were a number of incidental fetal malformations and variations, which all occurred at a rate no larger than that of the control/historical controls, without statistical significance and without a dose-response relationship. Therefore the NOAEL for general toxicity and developmental (including teratogenicity) toxicity was ≥1000 mg/kg bw/day.

Effect on developmental toxicity: via oral route

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

1 000 mg/kg bw/day

Study duration:

subacute

Species:

rat

Quality of whole database:

The key study was conducted according to OECD TG 414 and to GLP, without any significant deviations, and is therefore a suitable key study.

Effect on developmental toxicity: via inhalation route

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Effect on developmental toxicity: via dermal route

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Additional information

There are no adequate developmental toxicity data on hexachlorodisilane so good quality data for the hydrolysis products polysilicic acid (equivalent to synthetic amorphous silica) have been used to assess the potential for adverse effects on development following exposure to hexachlorodisilane.

Overview

It is considered not to be either ethical or technically feasible to perform developmental toxicity testing with hexachlorodisilane by any route of exposure due to its known corrosive properties, which dominate the toxicity profile of this substance. Following repeated oral dosing, the corrosive nature of the product could affect the lining of the stomach, giving rise to hyperplasia and a subsequent reduced food intake. This would confound the interpretation of any systemically driven effects. A guideline-compliant repeated-dose inhalation study should elicit systemic toxicity at the highest test concentration. Since the local corrosive effects of hexachlorodisilane would be significant a valid inhalation study according to the relevant guidelines is technically not feasible to do. It is also unlikely that any systemic effects would be seen at dose levels made sufficiently low (< 10 ppm) to prevent the known corrosive effects and/or distress in the test species. This has been confirmed in a 28-day inhalation study with another chlorosilane, dichloro(dimethyl)silane (WIL, 2014) in which there were no effects of treatment on clinical signs, body weight or food consumption that would indicate a systemic effect. Furthermore, the histopathology in the study indicated that the effects in the upper respiratory tract were similar to HCl. It is therefore concluded that HCl will dominate the inhalation toxicity profile of hexachlorodisilane.

With regard to the dermal and inhalation routes, due to the known corrosive effects of hexachlorodisilane, appropriate H-phrases and P-statements are included in the labelling, meaning that repeated skin and inhalation exposure is not expected. Any accidental skin contact or inhalation exposure could cause severe local effects but would be unlikely to cause any systemic effects.

ORAL ROUTE

SYSTEMIC EFFECTS

There are no adequate developmental toxicity data on hexachlorodisilane so good quality data for synthetic amorphous silica (CAS 112926-00-8) have been used to assess the developmental toxicity of hexachlorodisilane. Local effects from the hydrolysis product, hydrogen chloride (HCl) are not addressed by these data.

Hexachlorodisilane, like all inorganic chlorosilanes, is a severely corrosive substance that is decomposed by water. The reaction is highly exothermic (Merck, 2013). The estimated half-lives of the substance at 25ºC and pH 4, 7 and 9 are approximately 5 seconds, producing hexahydroxydisilane and hydrogen chloride. Further hydrolysis of the Si-Si bonds in hexahydroxydisilane is expected to happen rapidly and produces monosilicic acid.

 

Monosilicic acid condenses to insoluble polysilicic acid [equivalent to synthetic amorphous silica (SAS)] at concentrations higher than 100-150 mg/l ‘SiO₂equivalent’ in water (Holleman-Wiberg, 2001). At very high concentration, polysilicic acid can condense to silicon dioxide (SiO₂). Hexahydroxydisilane is also likely to form condensation products (polyhydroxy-polysilanes) at similar concentrations (in terms of SiO2equivalents). The structure and predicted properties of the Si-Si containing hydrolysis products (polyhydroxy-polysilanes) and (poly)silicic acid are very similar, and distinguishing between them would be very difficult analytically.The hydrolysis products of hydrochloric acid and (poly)silicic acid are significant for the chemical safety assessment (CSR).

 

Monosilicic acid and polysilicic acid are naturally occurring substances which are ubiquitous in the environment. Soluble monosilicic acid is the major bioavailable form of silicon and plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycle of silicon (ECETOC, 2006). Typical background concentrations of monosilicic acid in the environment are up to 75 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ in river water and up to 14 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ in seawater (Iler, 1979).

 

The literature gives various values for the solubility of silicic acid, determined indirectly as ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ because the soluble species cannot be directly measured:

 

The solubility of monosilicic acid according to Alexander et al. (1954) at 25 °C:

• 150 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ at pH 2.0 and pH 3.0
• 130 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ at pH 4.2
• 110 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ at pH 5.7
• 100 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ at pH 7.7
• 490 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ at pH 10.3
• 1120 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ at pH 10.6

 

The solubility of monosilicic acid according to Goto and Okura (1953) at 25 °C:

• 120 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ at pH 2.0
• 150 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ at pH 7.0

 

The solubility of monosilicic acid according to Elmer and Nordberg (1958) at neutral pH:

• 170 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ at 35 °C
• 270 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ at 65 °C
• 465 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’ at 95 °C

 

With the described properties of hexachlorodisilane in mind it is not possible to conduct developmental toxicity studies in experimental animals due to the corrosive nature of this substance. Nor can the hydrolysis product, monosilicic acid, be tested as it is not possible to isolate this substance. However, we know from physicochemical properties that following ingestion of hexachlorodisilane, the conditions in the stomach are such that following an initial rapid hydrolysis to soluble monosilicic acid, this monomer will start to condense to form insoluble polysilicic acid (equivalent to SAS). This condensation will start to occur once the concentration of monosilicic acid reaches approximately 150 mg/l in the gastric juices.

Monosilicic acid (soluble silica) undergoes condensation reactions in solution at about 100 -150 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent’. The solubility of monosilicic acid in water is 150 mg/l ‘SiO₂ equivalent'.

Following dosing by oral gavage, partitioning will occur between the dose vehicle and the aqueous environment in the stomach.

Mass dosed (in mg/day) = Body weight (in kg) x dose level (in mg/kg bw/day)

 

Dose concentration (in mg/l) = mass dosed (in mg/day)÷volume (in l)

So, the dose level (mg/kg bw/day) required to reach the dose concentration of 150 mg/l 'SiO₂ equivalent', the estimated (conservative) maximum concentration of silicic acid that can occur in the stomach before condensation to insoluble polysilicic acid (equivalent to SAS) begins is calculated as follows:

Body weight of rat = 0.3kg

Dose level = X                                                        

Estimated aqueous volume = 0.0015 l                                                                      

Dose concentration = 150 mg/l

150 mg/l = 0.3 kg x dose level (mg/kg bw/day)÷0.0015l

Dose level = 0.75 mg/kg bw/day 'SiO₂ equivalent'

Therefore based on a condensation limit of 150 mg/l, the maximum dose level that could be used in practice to ensure exposure mainly to monosilicic acid in the stomach of experimental animals is approximately 0.75 mg/kg bw/day or less of 'SiO₂ equivalent'.

A correction for molecular weight gives a maximum dose level for hexachlorodisilane:

Mr [hexachlorodisilane]               =             268.89 g/mol

Mr [silicon dioxide]                         =             60.08 g/mol

Dose level [hexachlorodisilane]        =            [Dose level [silicon dioxide]  x  Mr [hexachlorodisilane]]

                                                                                                         Mr [silicon dioxide]

 

                                                            =            (0.75 mg/kg bw/day) x (268.89 g/mol)

                                                                                                         (60.08 g/mol)

 

                                                            =             3.36 mg/kg bw/day

Therefore based on a condensation limit of 150 mg/l the maximum dose level of hexachlorodisilane that can be dosed to ensure exposure mainly to monosilicic acid is approximately 3 mg/kg bw/day.

For comparison purposes, using the above calculation, the following shows the dose concentrations for the dose levels typically used in experimental animals studies (100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day).

Body weight                                = 0.3 kg

Total amount dosed                     = 30 mg

Estimated aqueous volume           = 1.5 ml

Dose concentration                      = 20,000 mg/l

Body weight                                = 0.3 kg

Total amount dosed                     = 90 mg

Estimated aqueous volume           = 1.5 ml

Dose concentration                     =  60,000 mg/l

Body weight                                 = 0.3 kg

Total amount dosed                      = 300 mg

Estimated aqueous volume           = 1.5 ml

Dose concentration                       = 200,000 mg/l

Therefore dosing at these dose levels clearly gives a dose concentration in the stomach that far exceeds the dose at which condensation to polysilicic acid (equivalent to SAS) starts to occur. Consequently, the majority of the dose in the stomach will be present as insoluble polysilicic acid (equivalent to SAS). In all cases only approximately 150 mg/l will be present as soluble monosilicic acid.

Overall, it can be concluded that gavaging hexachlorodisilane at doses unlikely to cause local corrosive effects and at doses that give mainly soluble monosilicic acid (2 mg/kg bw/day or less) would be unethical based on animal usage. However, because the vast majority of a gavaged dose will rapidly condense to insoluble polysilicic acid it is appropriate to use toxicology data on SAS to address the potential for oral toxicity of hexachlorodisilane.

 

The key developmental study is a prenatal developmental study (Hofmann et al., 2015) conducted according to OECD test guideline 414 and in compliance with GLP. Pregnant Wistar rats were administered SAS (described as NM-200 synthetic amorphous silica) (in highly deionised water containing 10% fetal bovine serum) at doses of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day by oral gavage on gestation days 6-19. There were no adverse, treatment-related findings in parental animals or offspring. There were a number of incidental fetal malformations and variations, which all occurred at a rate no larger than that of the control/historical controls, without statistical significance and without a dose-response relationship. Therefore the NOAEL for general toxicity and developmental (including teratogenicity) toxicity was ≥1000 mg/kg bw/day in this study.

Limited data are available regarding the developmental toxicity in animals following oral, dermal or inhalation exposure to hydrogen chloride. However, protons and chloride ions exist as normal constituents of body fluid in animals, hence low concentrations of hydrogen chloride appear not to cause adverse effects in animals. Therefore the hydrolysis product of hexachlorodisilane, HCl, would not be expected to cause developmental toxicity in experimental animals or humans following initial exposure to hexachlorodisilane.

References

Alexander G.B., Heston W.M. and Iler R.K. (1954) J. Phys. Chem., 58, 453.

Cotton F.A. and Wilkinson G. (1999) Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6^thEdition, p271

ECETOC (2006) Synthetic Amorphous Silica (CAS No. 7631-86-9), JACC REPORT No. 51

Elmer and Nordberg (1958) J. Am.Chem. Soc., 41, 517

Goto K. and Okura T. (1953) Kagaku, 23, 426.

Holleman-Wiberg, (2001) Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, p. 865

Iler, Ralph K. (1979) The Chemistry of Silica: Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Surface Properties and Biochemistry of Silica, Wiley, p. 13.

Jones, R. G., Wataru, A., and Chojnowski, J. (2000) Silicon-Containing Polymers: The Science and Technology of Their Synthesis, Kluwer Academic Press pp168-169

Merck Index (2013) Monograph Number. 8639 (15th Ed)

Justification for classification or non-classification

Based on the available read-across data from the hydrolysis products insoluble polysilicic acid [equivalent to synthetic amorphous silica (SAS)], hexachlorodisilane does not require classification for toxicity to reproduction according to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008.