Stoddard solvent

Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Remarks:

Q)SAR calculated endpoint

Type of information:

(Q)SAR

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

results derived from a valid (Q)SAR model and falling into its applicability domain, with adequate and reliable documentation / justification

Justification for type of information:

QSAR prediction: US EPA accepted QSAR method for chemicals properties assessment.

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: QSAR model

Principles of method if other than guideline:

EPI Suite v 4.0/ECOSARv1.00

GLP compliance:

no

Remarks:

not applicable. QSAR model

Analytical monitoring:

not required

Vehicle:

no

Test organisms (species):

other: Daphnid species

Test type:

other: QSAR model

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

48 h

Hardness:

not applicable. QSAR model

Test temperature:

not applicable. QSAR model

pH:

not applicable. QSAR model

Dissolved oxygen:

not applicable. QSAR model

Salinity:

not applicable. QSAR model

Nominal and measured concentrations:

not applicable. QSAR model

Details on test conditions:

SMILES : CCCCCCCCCC
CHEM : Stoddard solvent
CAS Num: 8052-41-3
MOL FOR: C10 H22
MOL WT : 142.29
Log Kow: 5.252 (EPISuite Kowwin v1.68 Estimate)
Log Kow: 5.01 (PhysProp DB exp value - for comparison only)
Melt Pt: -29.70 (deg C, PhysProp DB exp value for Wat Sol est)
Wat Sol: 1.409 (mg/L, EPISuite WSKowwin v1.43 Estimate)
Wat Sol: 0.052 (mg/L, PhysProp DB exp value)

Reference substance (positive control):

not required

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

0.107 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

other: (Q)SAR prediction

Remarks on result:

other: non-toxic , as determined by (Q)SAR. Chemical may not be soluble enough to measure this predicted effect.

Details on results:

The ECOSAR QSAR model predicts that LC50 for fresh water species Daphnid would to be 0.107 mg/l .This result signifies that the test substance is not expected to be toxic .
This result signifies that the test substance is not expected to be toxic at the limit of solubility. This result is above the LoS (limit of solubility), therefore the substance is non-toxic at the limit of LoS and LC50 is >LoS.
The model indicated that Stoddard solvent possess properties indicating a potential hazard for the environment (acute toxicity for fish, invertebrates, and algae (in the range of 0.1 – 1.0 mg/l) based on nominal loadings.

Overview of QSARs estimations on short-term aquatic toxicity of Stoddard solvent to Daphnid

 

Method	Results	Remarks	Reference
QSAR estimate	Daphnid , 48-hr LC50 =0.107 mg/L (ppm)   Daphnid, 30-day, ChV (chronic value) = 0.024 mg/L (ppm)	Reliable with restrictions, QSAR estimated data	ECOSAR Program (v1.00)

Using the EPIWIN ECOSAR QSAR model aLC50 for fresh water Daphnid of   0.107 mg/l was established. 

   

Daphnid , 48-hr LC50 =0.107 mg/L (ppm)

Daphnid, 30-day, ChV (chronic value) = 0.024 mg/L (ppm)

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Remarks:

US EPA accepted QSAR method for chemicals properties assessment.

Conclusions:

The ECOSAR QSAR model predicts that LC50 for fresh water species Daphnid would to be 0.107 mg/l .This result signifies that the test substance is not expected to be toxic .
This result signifies that the test substance is not expected to be toxic at the limit of solubility. This result is above the LoS (limit of solubility), therefore the substance is non-toxic at the limit of LoS and LC50 is >LoS.
The model indicated that Stoddard solvent possess properties indicating a potential hazard for the environment (acute toxicity for fish, invertebrates, and algae (in the range of 0.1 – 1.0 mg/l) based on nominal loadings.

Executive summary:

The ECOSAR QSAR model predicts that LC50 for fresh water species Daphnid would to be 0.107 mg/l .This result signifies that the test substance is not expected to be toxic . This result signifies that the test substance is not expected to be toxic at the limit of solubility. This result is above the LoS (limit of solubility), therefore the substance is non-toxic at the limit of LoS and LC50 is >LoS. The model indicated that Stoddard solvent possess properties indicating a potential hazard for the environment (acute toxicity for fish, invertebrates, and algae (in the range of 0.1 – 1.0 mg/l) based on nominal loadings.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

96 Hours

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

data from handbook or collection of data

Justification for type of information:

Published data in readily available literature as a reliable data source.

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPPTS 850.1020 (Gammarid Acute Toxicity Test)

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Three different test methods were used in closed or open systems to give a total of five tests (two closed, three open) for the gammarid and three tests (one closed, two open) for the shrimp. The different methodologies for the preparation and extraction of the test medium and different chamber design meant that, in some cases, surface films or droplets of undissolved white spirit components were present. As expected, test methods providing opportunity for evaporation of white spirit and those with lower extraction efficiency for chemical analysis produced 96-h LC50 estimates higher than those for other methods.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

100 ml samples of the aqueous exposure phase were sampled for paraffin content.

Vehicle:

yes

Details on test solutions:

The marine invertebrate, Chaetogammarus marinus, was exposed for 96-hours to the test substance to seven nominal loading levels that ranged from 1 to 1000 mg/L .

Test organisms (species):

other: Chaetogammarius marinus

Details on test organisms:

The test organisms were from a laboratory culture, approximately 5mm long. The laboratory culture was maintained under standardized conditions and fed Fucus sp. Housing included shelter for concealment.

Test type:

semi-static

Water media type:

saltwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Post exposure observation period:

None

Test temperature:

15 degrees C

pH:

7.5 to 8.3

Dissolved oxygen:

Most test solutions were saturated with oxygen, with the exception of a few test solutions that were lower than saturation but >6.5 mg/L

Salinity:

2.8%

Nominal and measured concentrations:

The nominal loading levels were seven nominal loading levels that ranged from 1 to 1000 mg/L, which each measured <0.005 mg/L at test initiation

Details on test conditions:

A test system consisted of 10 organisms placed in 1000 ml of treatment solution contained in a glass beaker and covered with glass to minimize volatile losses. The control and treatment solutions were prepared in duplicate.

Reference substance (positive control):

not specified

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

3.5 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

> 2.5 - < 4.5 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Remarks on result:

other: closed systems

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

> 10 - < 40 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Remarks on result:

other: open systems

Details on results:

The study resulted in a 96-hour LC50 of 3.5 mg/L, based on nominal loading.
The 96-h LC50 values for closed systems with high efficiency extraction ranged from 2.5 to 4.5 mg/litre, whereas those for open systems ranged from 10 to 40 mg/litre (both based on dosed amounts).

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

The study resulted in a 96-hour LC50 of 3.5 mg/L, based on nominal loading.
The 96-h LC50 values for closed systems with high efficiency extraction ranged from 2.5 to 4.5 mg/litre, whereas those for open systems ranged from 10 to 40 mg/litre (both based on dosed amounts).

Executive summary:

The marine invertebrate, Chaetogammarus marinus, was exposed for 96-hours to the test substance to seven nominal loading levels that ranged from 1 to 1000 mg/L . The study resulted in a 96-hour LC50 of 3.5 mg/L, based on nominal loading.

Reference 3

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

96 Hours

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

data from handbook or collection of data

Justification for type of information:

Published data in readily available literature as a reliable data source.

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPPTS 850.1020 (Gammarid Acute Toxicity Test)

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Three different test methods were used in closed or open systems to give a total of five tests (two closed, three open) for the gammarid and three tests (one closed, two open) for the shrimp. The different methodologies for the preparation and extraction of the test medium and different chamber design meant that, in some cases, surface films or droplets of undissolved white spirit components were present. As expected, test methods providing opportunity for evaporation of white spirit and those with lower extraction efficiency for chemical analysis produced 96-h LC50 estimates higher than those for other methods.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

100 ml samples of the aqueous exposure phase were sampled for paraffin content.

Vehicle:

yes

Details on test solutions:

The marine invertebrate, brown shrimp (Crangon crangon) , was exposed for 96-hours to the test substance

Test organisms (species):

Crangon crangon

Details on test organisms:

The test organisms were from a laboratory cultur. The laboratory culture was maintained under standardized conditions and fed Fucus sp. Housing included shelter for concealment.

Test type:

semi-static

Water media type:

saltwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Post exposure observation period:

None

Test temperature:

15 degrees C

pH:

7.5 to 8.3

Dissolved oxygen:

Most test solutions were saturated with oxygen, with the exception of a few test solutions that were lower than saturation but >6.5 mg/L

Salinity:

2.8%

Nominal and measured concentrations:

The nominal loading levels were seven nominal loading levels that ranged from 1 to 1000 mg/L, which each measured <0.005 mg/L at test initiation

Details on test conditions:

A test system consisted of 10 organisms placed in 1000 ml of treatment solution contained in a glass beaker and covered with glass to minimize volatile losses. The control and treatment solutions were prepared in duplicate.

Reference substance (positive control):

not specified

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

> 2.5 - < 4.5 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Remarks on result:

other: closed systems

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

> 10 - < 40 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Remarks on result:

other: open systems

Details on results:

The 96-h LC50 values for closed systems with high efficiency extraction ranged from 2.5 to 4.5 mg/litre, whereas those for open systems ranged from 10 to 40 mg/litre (both based on dosed amounts).

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

The 96-h LC50 values for closed systems with high efficiency extraction ranged from 2.5 to 4.5 mg/litre, whereas those for open systems ranged from 10 to 40 mg/litre (both based on dosed amounts).

Executive summary:

The marine invertebrate, brown shrimp (Crangon crangon) was exposed for 96-hours . The 96-h LC50 values for closed systems with high efficiency extraction ranged from 2.5 to 4.5 mg/litre, whereas those for open systems ranged from 10 to 40 mg/litre (both based on dosed amounts).

Description of key information

The ECOSAR QSAR model predicts that LC50 for fresh water species Daphnid would to be 0.107 mg/l .

The marine invertebrate, Chaetogammarus marinus, was exposed for 96-hours to the test substance to seven nominal loading levels that ranged from 1 to 1000 mg/L . The study resulted in a 96-hour LC50 of 3.5 mg/L, based on nominal loading.

 

The 96-h LC50 values for closed systems with high efficiency extraction ranged from 2.5 to 4.5 mg/litre, whereas those for open systems ranged from 10 to 40 mg/litre (both based on dosed   amounts).

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water invertebrates

Fresh water invertebrates

Effect concentration:

0.107 mg/L

Marine water invertebrates

Marine water invertebrates

Effect concentration:

3.5 mg/L