1-(2-hydroxy-3-sulphonatopropyl)pyridinium

Short-term toxicity to fish

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study with acceptable restrictions

Remarks:

Klimisch 1 source record, but performed on read-across substance

Justification for type of information:

REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH

1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH

According to ECHA’s guidance document on information requirements and chemical safety assessment Chapter R.6 „QSARs and grouping of chemicals”, there are two techniques for grouping chemicals known when reading across to cover data gaps, i.e., category approach and analogue approach [ECHA, 2008].
A chemical category is a group of chemicals whose physico-chemical and human health and/or environmental toxicological properties and/or environmental fate properties are likely to be similar or follow a regular pattern as a result of structural similarity (or other similarity characteristic). The term analogue approach is used when the grouping is based on a very limited number of chemicals, where trends in properties are not apparent. Categories of chemicals are selected based on the hypothesis that the properties of a series of chemicals with common structural features will show coherent trends in their physico-chemical properties, and more importantly, in their toxicological (human health / ecotoxicity) effects or environmental fate properties [ECHA, 2008].
As set out in the guidance document, a chemical category is a group of chemicals whose physico-chemical and human health and/or environmental toxicological properties and/or environmental fate properties are likely to be similar or follow a regular pattern as a result of structural similarity. The similarities may be based on the following:
- common functional group(s) (e.g. aldehyde, epoxide, ester, specific metal ion);
- common constituents or chemical classes, e.g., similar carbon range numbers;
- an incremental and constant change across the category (e.g. a chain-length category), often observed in physico-chemical properties, e.g. boiling point range;
- the likelihood of common precursors and/or breakdown products, via physical or biological processes, which result in structurally similar chemicals (e.g. the metabolic pathway approach of examining related chemicals such as acid/ester/salt) [ECHA, 2008].

It is aimed to combine similarity patterns in order to cover data gaps for PPSOH. One rational for the analogue approach is the high structural similarity between the source and the target substance. 3-pyridinium-1-ylpropane-1-sulfonate (PPS) (source) and 1-(2-hydroxy-3-sulphonatopropyl)pyridinium, inner salt (PPSOH) (target) are structurally identical except an additional hydroxyl group on position 2 of the propyl moiety of the target substance. Despite the fact that a hydroxyl group may alter the toxicological or toxicokinetic behaviour of a substance, this effect is considered minor as there are three common groups in the molecules which are considered more relevant for their toxicological behaviour, i.e. the sulfo-group, the propyl moiety and the pyridine. Due to the similarities in structure, similar physico-chemical properties of the substances are to be expected, which would result in a similar toxicokinetic behaviour and most likely also in very similar toxicodynamic and toxicological behaviour. Second, the target substance is not only a metabolite of the source chemical, resulting from CYP450 metabolization (ToxTree estimation, Ideaconsult Ltd (2004-2013). Estimation of Toxic Hazard – A decision Tree approach, version 2.6.6, http://toxtree.sourceforge.net/), but they also share common metabolites, as shown from additional modelling of the source chemical metabolites (see respective table in the attachment).
Further, both substances show similar (eco-)toxicological properties in the endpoints for which data for both substances is available, which is considered proof of the suitability of the analogue approach, i.e. cross-reading from PPS to PPSOH.

2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES)

Source Chemical: 3-pyridinium-1-ylpropane-1-sulfonate / Pyridinium, 1-(3-sulfopropyl)-, hydroxide, inner salt / CAS 15471-17-7 / EC 239-491-3 (PPS), SMILES [O-]S(=O)(=O)CCC[n+]1ccccc1, MW 201.2428, C8H11NO3S

Target Chemical: Pyridinium, 1-(2-hydroxy-3sulfopropyl)-, hydroxide, inner salt / 2-hydroxy-3-pyridinium-1-ylpropane-1-sulfonate / CAS 3918-73-8 / EC 223-485-2 (PPSOH) SMILES OC(C[n+]1ccccc1)CS(=O)(=O)[O-], MW 217.2422, C8H11NO4S

Both substances do not contain impurities to an extent which is expected to alter the outcome of the experimental results or read-across approach.

3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
Comparing the actually available information on the substances with regard to their physico-chemical properties, the minor influence of the additional hydroxyl group of the target chemical becomes obvious. All relevant information on similar metabolites can be retrieved from the respective table, in brief, the target substance is not only a metabolite of the source chemical, resulting from CYP450 metabolization, but they also share common metabolites, as shown from additional modelling of the source chemical metabolites. Considering the non-metabolized source and target chemicals only, the molecular weight only differs in the weight of a hydroxyl group and is hence in the same range, i.e. 201.24 g/mol and 217.24 g/mol, indicating per se the potential for absorption.
Both substances are solids which melt under decomposition at rather high temperatures, i.e. ≥ 245°C and have hence a negligible vapour pressure. Both compounds are very soluble in water, and their logPow is in a negative range.

In general, absorption of a chemical is possible, if the substance crosses biological membranes. In case where no transport mechanisms are involved, this process requires a substance to be soluble, both in lipid and in water, and is also dependent on its molecular weight (substances with molecular weights below 500 are favourable for absorption). Relevant for the endpoint acute toxicity dermal and skin sensitisation is the absorption resp. retention in the skin. In order to cross the skin, a compound must first penetrate into the stratum corneum and may subsequently reach the epidermis, the dermis and the vascular network. The stratum corneum provides its greatest barrier function against hydrophilic compounds, whereas the epidermis is most resistant to penetration by highly lipophilic compounds. Substances with a molecular weight below 100 are favourable for penetration through the skin and substances above 500 are normally not able to penetrate. The substance must be sufficiently soluble in water to partition from the stratum corneum into the epidermis. Therefore if the water solubility is below 1 mg/L, dermal uptake is likely to be low. Additionally logPow values between 1 and 4 favour dermal absorption. In the case of both the target and source chemical, due to their high water solubility and very low logPow, their absorption is very likely to be hindered in the stratum corneum. Nevertheless, once reaching the epidermis, i.a. due to their common small size, their absorption is favoured.
Besides the common physico-chemical and toxicokinetic properties, they exhibit a similar toxicological behaviour. Both substances are relatively non-toxic, with oral LD50 values >5000 mg/kg bw, and are non-irritating the skin and eyes.
Hence, due to the above-mentioned similarities of the source and target chemical, with regard to their structure, functional groups, toxicokinetic and toxicological behaviour, it can be reasonably concluded that a similar behaviour of the target chemical regarding its acute dermal toxicity and skin-sensitizing properties compared to the source chemical can be expected.
As indicated by studies on gene mutations in bacteria (both substances), chromosome aberrations in mammalian cells (PPS) and gene mutations in mammalian cells (PPSOH), both substances are not genotoxic. It can hence be reasonable concluded that a positive result in a chromosome mutation test on PPSOH can be excluded and read-across is justified, an underestimation of the actual hazard for genotoxic insults is unlikely. Further, as both substances are not acutely toxic, i.e. oral LD50 values are >5000 mg/kg, due to their physico-chemical properties a relevant accumulation in the body can be neglected, and no systemic or reprotoxic effects at all were noted in the OECD 422 study on PPS at the limit dose of 1000 mg/kg, the target chemical PPSOH does not need to be regarded as harmful upon repeated exposure or reproductive toxicant, too.

Besides the common physico-chemical and toxicokinetic properties, they exhibit a similar ecotoxicological behaviour. Both substances are relatively non-toxic towards aquatic invertebrates, both 48h EC50 values and even NOECs were above the limit value for classification, the EC50(48h) was even shown to be > 1000 mg/l for PPSOH. PPS showed results of LC50 (96h) > 1000 mg/L and NOEC (96h) > 1000 mg/L in the trout in an acute fish toxicity study acc. OECD 203. The EC50(72h) in algae in a study acc. OECD 201 is also above 100 mg/l, allowing in summary the conclusion that acute toxicity testing in fish would also not indicate any hazardous properties of PPSOH, so the assumption of a similar ecotoxicity profile and so read-across from PPS is also justified here.
In consequence, a similar behaviour can be expected in microorganisms. PPS is non-toxic to microorganisms, in a OECD 209 no toxicity was observed at a concentration of 1000 mg/l, so the following values were obtained for activated sludge: EC50(3h) > 1000 mg/L, NOEC(3h) = 1000 mg/L. This allows the conclusion that the substance is relatively non-toxic towards microorganisms.

Hence, due to the above-mentioned similarities of the source and target chemical, with regard to their structure, functional groups, common metabolites, toxicokinetic and ecotoxicological behaviour, it can be reasonably concluded that a similar behaviour of the target chemical regarding its ecotoxicological and toxicological properties compared to the source chemical can be expected. In summary, the target chemical PPSOH needs to be regarded as relatively non-toxic.


4. DATA MATRIX
The following table shows the available data relevant to justify the read-across from the source to the target chemical for several endpoints in order to omit testing for animal welfare:

Endpoint Source: PPS Target: PPSOH
Molecular weight 201.24 g/mol 217.24 g/mol
Physical state solid solid
Partition coefficient logPow < -2.78 at 21.5°C logPow < -2
Water solubility 240.5 g/L at 25°C (EpiSuite estimation) 1280 g/l at 23°C
Biodegradation 86 % degradation after 28 days Not readily biodegradable: no degradation observed (DOC) (OECD 301E)
readily biodegradable
Hydrolysis Not expected to undergo hydrolysis Hydrolysis can be excluded
Short-term toxicity to fish LC50 (96h) > 1000 mg/L, n/a
NOEC (96h) > 1000 mg/L (trout, OECD 203)
Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates 24&48h NOEC ≥ 100 mg/L EC50(48h) > 1000 mg/l
24&48h EC50 > 100 mg/L (OECD 202) NOEC(48h) = 1000 mg/l (OECD 202)
Short-term toxicity to aquatic algae n/a EC50(72h) > 100 mg/l (OECD 201)
Toxicity to microorganisms EC50(3h) > 1000 mg/L, n/a
NOEC(3h) = 1000 mg/L (activated sludge, OECD 209)
MIC = 0.12 g/mL (Pseudomonas putida)
Acute toxicity oral LD50 > 5000 mg/kg (rat, OECD 401) LD50 > 5000 mg/kg (rat, OECD 423))
Acute toxicity dermal LD50 > 2000 mg/kg (rat, OECD 402) n/a
Skin irritation Not irritating (in vivo, rabbit) not corrosive (OECD 431, EpiDerm)
Eye irritation Not irritating (in vivo, rabbit) moderately irritant (HET-CAM, GLP)
Skin sensitization Not sensitizing (GPMT, OECD 406) n/a
Gene mutation in bacteria Negative ± S9 (OECD 471) negative ± S9 (OECD 471)
Chromosome aberration in mammalian cells Negative ± S9 (OECD 487) n/a
Gene mutation in mammalian cells n/a negative ± S9 (OECD 490)
Repeated dose toxicity NOAEL ≥ 1000 mg/kg (rat, OECD 422) n/a
Toxicity to reproduction NOAEL ≥ 1000 mg/kg (rat, OECD 422) n/a

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 203 (Fish, Acute Toxicity Test)

Version / remarks:

(of May 1981)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: Richtlinien des Bundesumweltamtes zur Bewertung wassergefährdender Stoffe

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

No details are reported.

Vehicle:

yes

Details on test solutions:

The test substance was suspended in tylose before use in the test tank.

Test organisms (species):

other: trouts, not further specified

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Trout
- Source: Forellenzucht Möller, Hannover, Germany
- Length at study initiation: 5 - 6 cm
- Weight at study initiation (Korpulenzfactor): 1 +/- 0.1 g/cm³
- Feeding during test: no

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

yes

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Post exposure observation period:

No details are reported.

Hardness:

4.5 °d
Mg: 4.2 mg/L
Ca: 18.0 mg/L
CaCO3: 88 mg/L

Test temperature:

16 °C

pH:

7.4
during the test: 7.4 - 7.6 (100 mg/L) and 7.6 - 7.8 (1000 mg/L)

Dissolved oxygen:

8.0 mg/L
during the test: 8.0 - 8.2 mg/L (100 mg/L and 1000 mg/L)

Salinity:

No details are reported.

Nominal and measured concentrations:

100 and 1000 mg/L

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: glass jar
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 100 L
- Aeration: ca. 100 mL/min
- No. of organisms per vessel: 10
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 1

Reference substance (positive control):

not required

Remarks:

Not mandatory according to OECD 203.

Key result

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

> 1 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (not specified)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

not determinable

Remarks:

no mortalities observed up to the highest dose tested

Key result

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

> 1 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (not specified)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

not determinable

Remarks:

no mortalities observed up to the highest dose tested

Details on results:

No animal were observed with an attracting attention during the whole test period.
During dissection no pathological findings were observed.

Results with reference substance (positive control):

Not applicable.

Reported statistics and error estimates:

No details are reported.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

The study is regarded as a valid guideline study with certificated GLP compliance. According to the reported EC50 value (> 1000 mg/L) the test substance is not classified as toxic for fish.

Executive summary:

The acute toxicity to fish of the test substance was tested according to OECD Guideline 203 (Richtlinien des Bundesumweltamtes zur Bewertung wassergefährdender Stoffe) in a flow-through freshwater test with trouts (not further specified) as test organisms (Heisler, 1990). The study was conducted under certificated GLP compliance. The test duration was 96 hours with substance concentrations of 100 mg/L as well as 1000 mg/L. No reference substance was used since it is not essential according to the guideline description. A temperature of 16 °C was held constant, the pH value was 7.4at the beginning of the experiment. A water hardness of 4.5 °d with an Magnesium content of 4.2 mg/L, Calcium content of 18.0 mg/L and Calcium carbonate of 88 mg/L was determined at the same timepoint. During the test the pH values ranged from 7.4 to 7.6 (substance concentration: 100 mg/L) and 7.6 - 7.8 (substance concentration: 1000 mg/L). The average oxygen content were measured with 8.0 - 8.2 mg/L (substance concentrations: 100 mg/L and 1000 mg/L). The animals were observed daily for several times and mortalities and abnormal behaviour were recorded. All animals were inconspicuous and no animal died. During macroscopic autopsy no experimental-specific findings were observed. According to these result the LC50 as well as the NOEC is determined to be > 1000 mg/L.

Description of key information

Short-term toxicity to fish: LC50(96h) > 1000 mg/l, NOEC(96h) = 1000 mg/l, for trouts, (read-across from PPS, OECD 203, static, GLP)

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water fish

Fresh water fish

Effect concentration:

1 000 mg/L