Tris[oxalato(2-)]digadolinium

Endpoint summary

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Effects on fertility

Description of key information

No studies are available on this endpoint for gadolinium oxalate. Therefore, the endpoint is covered by read across from the related substance gadolinium oxide. The key read across study for this endpoint is a combined repeated dose toxicity study with reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test, performed according to OECD guideline 422 and conform GLP requirements (Papineau, 2017; Klimisch 1). In this study, gadolinium oxide was administered daily to rats at dose levels up to 1200/1008 mg/kg bw/day (1200 mg/kg bw/day up to day 17 of treatment, 1008 mg/kg bw/day from day 18 until the end of treatment). The NOAEL for parental systemic toxicity was considered to be higher than or equal to 1008 mg/kg bw/day based on the absence of adverse findings at this high dose level. Regarding the reproductive data, there were no effects of the treatment on mating, fertility, and gestation indexes of the parents, no effects on viability, clinical signs, body weight, and sex ratio of the pups, and no test-item related findings in the pups at post-mortem examination. However, the NOAEL for reproductive performance and toxic effects on progeny was reported to be 330 mg/kg bw/day, based on a higher non-statistically significant mean post-implantation loss. These results were due to the contribution of 2 females of the high dose group which delivered 7 live pups. Although a high variability was observed at this dose level (standard deviation: 20.2), an effect of treatment with the test item could not be excluded.

However, no dose-response relationship was observed. Based on the results of this study, the substance does not need to be classified as reproductive toxicant, according to the CLP Regulation. When recalculated to gadolinium oxalate taking into account the gadolinium content of both substances, the NOAEL for parental systemic toxicity is higher than or equal to 1609 mg/kg bw/day, and the NOEL for reproductive performance and toxic effects on progeny is 527 mg/kg bw/day. Based on these recalculated values, it is concluded that gadolinium oxalate does not need to be classified either as reproductive toxicant according to the CLP Regulation. The read across justification is attached to IUCLID Section 13.

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

screening for reproductive / developmental toxicity

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

from 2016-08-02 to 2017-08-31

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to same study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 422 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)

Version / remarks:

22 March 1996

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

From the beginning of the study until Day 17, group 4 animals were administered the dose level of 1200 mg/kg bw/day instead of 1000 mg/kg bw/day. From Day 18 onwards until the end of dosing the normal dose was administered.

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Limit test:

no

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Correction factor: None (as this would be close to 1).
Final preparation of a solid: According to CiToxLAB France/Study No. 43935 VAS describing the preparation procedure (homogeneity and stability testing) for a range of concentrations covering the lowest and highest used in the study.

FORM AS APPLIED IN THE TEST (if different from that of starting material): suspension in a vehicle

Species:

rat

Strain:

Sprague-Dawley

Details on species / strain selection:

The rat was chosen because it is a rodent species accepted by Regulatory Authorities for this type of study. The Sprague-Dawley strain was selected since background data from previous studies are available at CiToxLAB France. This species and strain of rat are recognised as appropriate for general and reproduction toxicity studies. General and reproduction/developmental historical data for this species (same strain and source) are available. This animal model has proved to be susceptible to the effects of reproductive toxicants.

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: 82 rats (41 males and 41 females), Sprague-Dawley, RjHan: SD (Rats CD®) (SPF quality); Janvier, Le Genest-Saint-Isle, France
- Females (if applicable) nulliparous and non-pregnant: yes
- Age at study initiation: (P) males approximately 10 weeks old, females approximately 9 weeks old
- Weight at study initiation: (P) males: 470 g (range: 438 g to 495 g); females: 277 g (range: 259 g to 310 g)
- Fasting period before study: no data
- Housing: The animals were individually housed, except during pairing and lactation, in polycarbonate cages, (Tecniplast 2154, 940 cm²) with stainless steel lids, containing autoclaved sawdust (SICSA, Alfortville, France). Individual housing was chosen in order not to jeopardise gestation and to avoid aggressive behaviour between males around the time of mating. Towards the end of gestation and during lactation, the females and their litters were provided with autoclaved wood shavings (SICSA, Alfortville, France) as nesting material. Each cage contained a nylabone and a cocoon for the environmental enrichment of the animals. The cages were placed in numerical order on the racks
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Free access to SSNIFF R/M-H pelleted maintenance diet, batch No. 9705482 (SSNIFF Spezialdiäten GmbH, Soest, Germany), which was distributed weekly.
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Free access to bottles containing tap water (filtered with a 0.22 µm filter)
- Acclimation period: The animals were acclimated to the study conditions for a period of 8 days before the beginning of the treatment period. One supplementary animal of each sex was acclimated to permit the selection and/or replacement of individuals. Upon arrival at CiToxLAB France, the animals were given a clinical examination to ensure that they were in good condition.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 22 ± 2°C
- Humidity (%): 50 ± 20%
- Air changes (per hr): about 8 to 15 cycles/hour of filtered, non-recycled air
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12h/12h

IN-LIFE DATES: From: 2016-08-10 To: 2016-09-25

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Vehicle:

other: 0.5% (w/w) methylcellulose aqueous solution

Details on exposure:

PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
- In the dose formulation stability study, the dose formulations containing gadolinium oxide prepared at 2 mg/mL and 240 mg/mL in 0.5% (w/w) methylcellulose aqueous solution (4000 cps) were found to be homogeneous and stable after 19 days at room temperature. Therefore dose formulation preparation frequency was every 19 days.
- The dose formulations were maintained under delivery conditions (at room temperature) throughout the administration procedure.
- Storage condition of control dose formulation: in the refrigerator set at +5°C
- The control dose formulation was stirred just before administration and the test item dose formulations were stirred for at least 15 minutes before administration.
- The formulations were maintained under continuous magnetic stirring throughout the administration procedure.

VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): based on trial formulations performed by CiToxLAB France for CiToxLAB France/Study No. 43936 TSR
- Concentration in vehicle: 0 (0 mg/kg bw/day); 22 mg/mL (110 mg/kg bw/day); 66 mg/mL (330 mg/kg bw/day), 240 mg/mL (1200 mg/kg bw/day until day 17 of the study, 1008 mg/kg bw/day from day 18 of the study) (see below Details on study design / Dose selection rationale for further explanation)
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 5 mL/kg/day with the exception of group 4 animals for which the dosage-volume was 4.2 mL/kg/day from Day 18 of the study in order to achieve a dose level of 1008 mg/kg/day.
- Lot/batch no. (if required): SLBM3894V
- Purity: no data

Details on mating procedure:

- M/F ratio per cage: 1 animal/sex/cage
- Length of cohabitation: During the night, each female was placed with the same male until mating occurred (up to 3 weeks).
- Proof of pregnancy: Confirmation of mating was made in the morning by checking for the presence of a vaginal plug or for sperm in a vaginal lavage. The day of confirmed mating was designated Day 0 p.c.
- After successful mating each pregnant female was caged (how): Individually housed, except during pairing and lactation, in polycarbonate cages, (Tecniplast 2154, 940 cm²) with stainless steel lids. The females and their litters were provided with autoclaved wood shavings (SICSA, Alfortville, France) as nesting material.

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

yes

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

Analytical technique: Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry detection (ICP-MS)
Principle and validation of the method: Analytical method provided by the Sponsor and validated at CiToxLAB France (CiToxLAB France/Study No. 43935 VAS) prior to dose formulation analysis.

Determination of test item concentrations in dose formulations:
- Once in the first and last week of treatment
- A sample (1 sample and 2 reserve samples) was taken from control and test item dose formulations from all dose groups and analysed using the validated method. Reserve samples were destroyed as results were in the range of the nominal concentration (85-115%).

Acceptance criterion:
- Measured concentration = nominal concentration ± 15% (85-115%).

Results:
- The test item concentrations in the administered dose formulations analysed in week 1 and the last week of treatment remained within an acceptable range of variations (-7.0% to +3.9%) when compared to the nominal values (nominal concentrations +/-15%).
- A small peak was detected on the vehicle chromatograms at the test item retention time. As its area (measured at 427.47 and 513.12 cps, respectively, in the first and the last week of treatment) was below the LOQ area (measured at 1378.32 and 2139.62 cps), this peak was considered as negligible. Its concentration could be estimated to be below 0.01 mg/mL (corresponding to the LOQ concentration x dilution factor of the vehicle (50000)).

Duration of treatment / exposure:

Males: for 2 weeks before mating, during the mating period (up to 3 weeks), until euthanasia (5 weeks in total)
Females: for 2 weeks before mating, during the mating period (up to 3 weeks), during gestation, during lactation until day 5 p.p. inclusive, until euthanasia for females that did not deliver
Pups: were not given the dose formulations directly, but could potentially be exposed to the test item in utero, via maternal milk or from exposure to maternal urine/faeces

Frequency of treatment:

Once a day, 7 days per week, at approximately the same time of the day, with a maximum of 6 hours between the earliest and latest administration.

Details on study schedule:

- Age at mating of the mated animals in the study: approximately 12 weeks (males) or 11 weeks (females)

Dose / conc.:

0 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Remarks:

control group, group 1

Dose / conc.:

110 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Remarks:

group 2

Dose / conc.:

330 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Remarks:

group 3

Dose / conc.:

1 200 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Remarks:

group 4, 1200 mg/kg bw/day until day 17 of the study, 1008 mg/kg bw/day from day 18 of the study until the end of dosing (see below Details on study design / Dose selection rationale for further explanation)

No. of animals per sex per dose:

10 animals/sex/dose; 4 groups

Control animals:

yes, concurrent vehicle

Details on study design:

- Dose selection rationale: The dose levels were selected in agreement with the Sponsor, on the basis of the results of a previous dose range finding study (CiToxLAB France/Study No. 43936 TSR) performed in the same species. In that study, three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats received the test item daily, by oral administration (gavage) at dose levels of 110, 330 or 1000 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks. Another group received the vehicle control, 0.5% (w/w) methylcellulose aqueous solution, under the same experimental conditions. The dosage volume was 5 mL/kg. As no relevant findings were observed during the study, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) was considered to be the highest dose level. Therefore, 1000 mg/kg/day was selected as the high dose level for the present study. The low dose and mid dose were selected using a ratio representing approximately a 3- to 3.6-fold interval (i.e. 110 and 330 mg/kg/day). However, dose formulations of the high dose level were prepared at 240 mg/mL for a volume of administration of 5mL/kg/day by error (instead of 200 mg/mL as required in the study plan). Therefore high dose animals received 1200 mg/kg bw/day instead of 1000 mg/kg bw/day during the dose range finding toxicology study (CiToxLAB France/Study No. 43936 TSR) and during the first 17 days of the current study (CiToxLAB France/Study No. 43937 RSR).

- Rationale for animal assignment (if not random): During the acclimation period, the required number of animals (40 males and 40 females) was selected according to body weight and clinical condition. The animals were allocated to groups (by sex) using a stratified procedure based on body weight (these data are not presented in the report), so that the average body weight of each group was similar.

- Details on route of administration: The oral route was selected as it is a possible route of human exposure during manufacture, handling or use of the test item. The oral route is a mode of administration recommended by the Regulatory Authorities for this type of study. The dose formulations were administered by oral gavage using a plastic syringe fitted with a plastic gavage tube.

Positive control:

no

Parental animals: Observations and examinations:

CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: From arrival, each animal was observed once a day as part of routine examinations. From the start of the treatment period, each animal was observed once a day (i.e., during dose formulation administration), until the day of necropsy, at approximately the same time, for the recording of clinical signs.
- Females were allowed to litter normally and rear their progeny until day 5 p.p. Any sign of a difficult or prolonged parturition was recorded. The morning when parturition was completed was designated day 1 p.p. The length of gestation was calculated.

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: once before the beginning of the treatment period and then once a week until the end of the study (day of necropsy)
- Detailed clinical examinations were performed on all animals.
- Observations included (but were not limited to) changes in the skin, fur, eyes, mucous membranes, occurrence of secretions and excretions and autonomic activity (e.g. lacrimation, piloerection, pupil size, unusual respiratory pattern). Changes in gait, posture and response to handling as well as the presence of clonic or tonic movements, stereotypes (e.g. excessive grooming, repetitive circling) or bizarre behaviour (e.g. self mutilation, walking backwards) were also recorded. The day of onset and disappearance of any observed sign was checked.

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: males: on the first day of treatment (day 1), then once a week until sacrifice; females: on the first day of treatment (day 1), then once a week until mated, on days 0, 7, 14 and 20 p.c. (post-coitum) and on days 1 and 5 p.p.

FOOD CONSUMPTION: Yes
- The quantity of food consumed by each male was measured once a week, from the first day of treatment until the start of the mating period.
- The quantity of food consumed by each female was measured once a week, from the first day of treatment until the start of the mating period, during gestation for the intervals days 0-7, 7-14 and 14-20 p.c. and during lactation for the interval days 1-5 p.p.
- During the mating period, food consumption was not measured for males or females.
- Food intake per animal and per day was calculated by noting the difference between the food given and that in the food-hopper the next time.

WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): No

OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: No

HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: the first five males on the day of euthanasia and the first five females euthanised on day 6 p.p. (all groups)
- Blood samples were collected from the retro-orbital sinus of each animal (under light isoflurane anaesthesia) into tubes containing the appropriate anticoagulant between 8 a.m. and 11 a.m.
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: Yes, light isoflurane anaesthesia.
- Animals fasted: Yes, prior to blood sampling, the animals were deprived of food for an overnight period of at least 14 hours.
- How many animals: the first five males and the first five females (all groups)
- Parameters examined: erythrocytes (RBC), mean cell volume (MCV), packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (HB), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), thrombocytes (PLT), leucocytes (WBC), differential white cell count with cell morphology (neutrophils (N), eosinophils (E), basophils (B), lymphocytes (L), large unstained cells (LUC), monocytes (M)), reticulocytes (RTC), blood coagulation parameters (prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen (FIB), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT))

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: the first five males on the day of euthanasia and the first five females euthanised on day 6 p.p. (all groups)
- Blood samples were collected from the retro-orbital sinus of each animal (under light isoflurane anaesthesia) into tubes containing the appropriate anticoagulant between 8 a.m. and 11 a.m.
- Animals fasted: Yes, prior to blood sampling, the animals were deprived of food for an overnight period of at least 14 hours.
- How many animals: the first five males and the first five females (all groups)
- Parameters examined: sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), calcium (Ca++), inorganic phosphorus (PHOS), glucose (GLUC), urea (UREA), creatinine (CREAT), total bilirubin (TOT.BIL), total cholesterol (CHOL), triglycerides (TRIG), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine, aminotransferase (ALAT), aspartate, aminotransferase (ASAT), total proteins (PROT), albumin (ALB), albumin/globulin ratio (A/G), bile acids (BIL.AC)

URINALYSIS: No

IMMUNOLOGY: No

FUNCTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL BATTERY: Yes
- The first five males and the first five females euthanised on day 6 p.p. from each group were evaluated with a Functional Observation Battery once at the end of the treatment period. For females, this was performed on day 5 p.p. after euthanasia of the pups.
- All animals were observed in the cage, in the hand and in the standard arena.
- Detailed clinical examinations: the following parameters were assessed and graded: in the cage: touch escape or ease of removal from the cage; in the hand: fur appearance, salivation, lacrimation, piloerection, exophthalmos, reactivity to handling, pupil size (presence of myosis or mydriasis); in the standard arena (2-minute recording): grooming, palpebral closure, defecation, urination, tremors, twitches, tonic and clonic convulsions, gait, arousal (hypo- and hyper-activity), posture, stereotypy, behaviour, breathing, ataxia and hypotonia.
- Reactivity to manipulation and different stimuli: the following measurements, reflexes and responses were recorded: touch response, forelimb grip strength, pupillary reflex, visual stimulus response, auditory startle reflex, tail pinch response, righting reflex, landing foot splay, at the end of observation: rectal temperature.
- Motor activity was measured once by automated infra-red sensor equipment over a 60-minute period.

MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY: Yes
- Each animal was checked for mortality and morbidity once a day before the treatment period and at least twice a day (early in the morning and close to the end of the working day) during the treatment period, including weekends and public holidays.
Attention was paid to humane end-points.

Oestrous cyclicity (parental animals):

The estrous cycle stage was determined from a fresh vaginal lavage (stained with methylene blue), each morning during the mating period, until the females were mated.

Sperm parameters (parental animals):

During microscopic examination, special attention was paid to the stages of spermatogenesis in the male gonads and histopathology of interstitial testicular cell structure.

Litter observations:

STANDARDISATION OF LITTERS
- Performed on day 4 postpartum: no

PARAMETERS EXAMINED
The following parameters were examined in F1 offspring:
- Litter size: total litter size and sex of each pup were recorded as soon as possible after birth
- Any gross external malformations were noted.
- Clinical signs: all pups were observed at least once daily for clinical signs, abnormal behaviour and external abnormalities
- Body weight: the body weight of each live pup was recorded on days 1 and 5 p.p.
- The litters were observed daily in order to note the number of live, dead and cannibalised pups.

ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY: no

ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENTAL IMMUNOTOXICITY: no

Postmortem examinations (parental animals):

SACRIFICE
- Male animals: On completion of the treatment period, after the end of the mating period (at least 5 weeks of treatment in total), after at least 14 hours (maximum 24 hours) fasting (with water available), all surviving F0 animals were deeply anaesthetised by an intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital and euthanised by exsanguination.
- Maternal animals: On completion of the treatment period, on day 6 p.p., after at least 14 hours (maximum 24 hours) fasting (with water available), all surviving F0 animals were deeply anaesthetised by an intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital and euthanised by exsanguination. The following F0 females were euthanised by inhalation of carbon dioxide gas followed by cervical dislocation without overnight fasting: females H21786 (group 3) and H21799 (group 4) which did not deliver: on day 25 or 26 p.c., respectively (after a body weight recording to check for a possible un-noticed delivery). During the gestation period, prematurely sacrificed female H21773 (group 2) was euthanised by inhalation of carbon dioxide gas followed by cervical dislocation.

GROSS NECROPSY
- A complete macroscopic post-mortem examination was performed on all F0 animals including the female euthanised prematurely. This included examination of the external surfaces, all orifices, the cranial cavity, the external surfaces of the brain and spinal cord, the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities with their associated organs and tissues and the neck with its associated organs and tissues. Special attention was paid to the reproductive organs. The numbers of corpora lutea and implantation sites were recorded for females euthanised as scheduled on day 6 p.p. and for females euthanised on day 25 or 26 p.c. due to no delivery. For apparently non-pregnant females, the presence of implantation scars on the uterus was checked using the ammonium sulphide staining technique.
- A complete macroscopic post-mortem examination was performed on the prematurely sacrificed female H21773 (group 2). The pregnancy status was determined and the numbers of corpora lutea and implantation sites were recorded and classified as live or dead concepti, early or late resorptions or scars.

ORGAN WEIGHTS
- The body weight of each animal euthanised as scheduled (after the end of the mating period for males or on day 6 p.p. for females) was recorded before euthanasia. The following organs of the first 5 euthanised-as-scheduled males and the first 5 females euthanised on day 6 p.p. of each group were weighed wet as soon as possible after dissection: adrenals, brain (including medulla/pons, cerebellar and cerebral cortex), epididymides, heart, kidneys, liver, spleen, testes, thymus.
- The ratio of organ weight to body weight (recorded immediately before euthanasia) was calculated.

HISTOPATHOLOGY
- The following tissues from the first 5 euthanised-as-scheduled males and the first 5 females euthanised on day 6 p.p. of each group and female H21773 prematurely euthanised were preserved in 10% buffered formalin (except for the testes and epididymides which were fixed in modified Davidson's fixative): macroscopic lesions (all animals), adrenals, brain (including medulla/pons, cerebellar and cerebral cortex), cecum, colon, duodenum, epididymides (all animals), esophagus, gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), heart, ileum, jejunum, kidneys, liver, lungs with bronchi, lymph nodes (mandibular and mesenteric), mammary gland area, ovaries (with oviducts) (all animals), prostate (all animals), rectum, sciiatic nerve, seminal vesicles (all animals), spinal cord (cervical, thoracic and lumbar), spleen, sternum with bone marrow, stomach with forestomach, testes (all animals), thymus, thyroids with parathyroids, trachea, urinary bladder, uterus (horns and cervix) (all animals), vagina (all animals).
- All tissues required for microscopic examination were trimmed based on the RITA guidelines, when applicable, embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned at a thickness of approximately 4 microns and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (except testes and epididymides which were stained with hematoxylin/PAS). This tissue processing was performed at CiToxLAB France.
- A microscopic examination was performed on: all tissues listed above from the first five euthanised-as-scheduled males and the first five females euthanised on day 6 p.p. of the control and high dose groups (groups 1 and 4); all macroscopic lesions of all groups; all tissues listed above from the female euthanised prematurely, reproductive organs from group 3 female H21786 and group 4 female H21799 that did not conceive to investigate possible causes.
- Special attention was paid to the stages of spermatogenesis in the male gonads and histopathology of interstitial testicular cell structure.

Postmortem examinations (offspring):

SACRIFICE
- All surviving pups were euthanised on day 5 p.p. by an intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital.

GROSS NECROPSY
- A macroscopic post-mortem examination of the principal thoracic and abdominal organs was performed on all found dead pups. Special attention was paid to the reproductive organs and to whether the pup had fed (e.g. presence of milk in the stomach). No tissues were preserved.
- A macroscopic post-mortem examination of the principal thoracic and abdominal organs was performed on all pups euthanised on day 5 p.p. No tissues were preserved.

HISTOPATHOLOGY / ORGAN WEIGTHS: no

Statistics:

- Body weight, food consumption and reproductive data: Data were compared by one-way analysis of variances and Dunnett test (mean values being considered as normally distributed, variances being considered as homogenous) or by Fisher’s exact probability test (proportions).
Hematology and blood biochemistry:
- A sequence was used for the statistical analyses of hematology and blood biochemistry data. According to the sequence, the Dunn test, Dunnett test or Mann-Whitney/Wilcoxon test were used to analyse the data.
Organ weight:
- PathData software was used to perform the statistical analysis of organ weight data (level of significance: 0.05 or 0.01) according to a sequence. At the end of the sequence, the data were analysed using either Dunn test or Dunnett test.

Reproductive indices:

The following parameters were calculated:
- pre-implantation loss = (Number of corpora lutea - Number of implantation sites)/Number of corpora lutea x 100
- post-implantation loss (calculated manually) = (Number of implantation sites - Number of live pups)/Number of implantation sites x 100
- mating index = Number of mated animals/Number of paired animals x 100
- fertility index = Number of pregnant female partners/Number of mated pairs x 100
- gestation index = Number of females with live born pups/Number of pregnant females x 100
Data of non-pregnant females are not included in group mean calculations such as body weight, body weight change, food consumption.

Offspring viability indices:

- post implantation survival index (manually calculated) = Number of delivered pups/Number of implantation sites x 100
- live birth index = Number of live born pups/Number of delivered pups x 100
- viability index on day 4 p.p. = Number of surviving pups on day 4 p.p./Number of live born pups x 100

Clinical signs:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

- Piloerection associated with pallor of extremities was noted over the first three days of the lactation period in 1/9 females given 1200/1008 mg/kg/day. Ptyalism was sporadically recorded in 2/10 control males, 2/10 males given 110 or 330 mg/kg/day and 1/10 males given 1200/1008 mg/kg/day. As the clinical signs were of isolated occurrence or commonly observed when a test item is administered by gavage (ptyalism), they were considered not to be adverse.
- Other findings (reddish/brownish vaginal discharge, chromodacryorrhea, chromorhinorrhea, areas of hair loss, scab on head or neck, cutaneous lesion(s) on neck, nodosities on hindlimb, opacity of left eye), were considered to be not treatment related as they were noted in control animals, are commonly observed in this species and strain, were of isolated occurrence and/or resulted from the blood sampling procedure.

Dermal irritation (if dermal study):

not examined

Mortality:

no mortality observed

Description (incidence):

- There were no unscheduled deaths in males during the study.
- Females that did not deliver: female H21786, given 330 mg/kg/day, was sacrificed on day 25 p.c. and female H21799, given 1200/1008 mg/kg/day, was sacrificed on day 26 p.c. These females were found to be non-pregnant at necropsy. No microscopic alterations were observed in these females, which were both cycling.
- Female H21773 given 110 mg/kg/day was prematurely sacrificed on day 19 p.c. for poor clinical conditions related to a mammary adenocarcinoma. This isolated finding in a low dose animal was considered to be spontaneous (i.e., unrelated to digadolinium trioxide). There were no test item-related findings in the mammary gland from high dose animals. This female was pregnant.

Body weight and weight changes:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

There were no effects on mean body weight or mean body weight gain.

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

There were no effects on mean food consumption.

Food efficiency:

not examined

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

not examined

Ophthalmological findings:

not examined

Haematological findings:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

All the differences from controls (namely higher mean white blood cell count (including higher neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte and large unstained cell counts) in high dose males and females at all dose levels, lower mean hemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume in intermediate dose males, prolonged prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times in males at all dose levels, higher mean monocyte count in intermediate dose females, lower mean red blood cell count in high dose females, and higher mean cell hemoglobin concentration in low and intermediate dose females), were slight, not dose related and/or due to lower mean control values. Therefore, these differences were considered to be unrelated to the test item treatment.

Clinical biochemistry findings:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

- Higher mean inorganic phosphorus level together with higher mean urea level in high dose females were considered to be of only minor importance as the differences were of low magnitude, did not correlate with any other biochemistry findings and were not associated with any histological changes.
- All the other differences (namely higher mean glucose level in high dose males, lower mean cholesterol and biliary acid levels in males at all dose levels, higher mean cholesterol and biliary acid levels in high dose females and higher mean total bilirubin level in intermediate and high dose females) were minimal, of opposite trends and/or not dose related. Therefore, they were considered to be of no toxicological significance.

The main differences in blood biochemistry parameters when compared with control values are presented in the section "Any other information on results incl. tables".

Urinalysis findings:

not examined

Behaviour (functional findings):

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

- There were no differences between test item-treated and control groups in motor activity (horizontal movements and rearing)
- There were no test item-related behavioural or neurologic abnormalities.
- Higher mean landing foot splay values (102 mm vs. 85 mm in controls) and higher mean rectal temperature (38.0°C vs. 37.0°C in controls) were noted in males given 1200/1008 mg/kg/day. These findings were considered to be of no toxicological importance as they did not correlate with any other findings (landing foot splay) or were within physiological values (rectal temperature).

Immunological findings:

not examined

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

- No microscopic changes that could be related to treatment were observed.
- In a single high dose male (H21715), there was marked bilateral tubular atrophy/degeneration, along with markedly reduced sperm content in the epididymides. In the absence of similar changes in other high dose males, this isolated change was considered incidental and unrelated to the test item administration.
- In the other males, qualitative testis staging did not indicate any abnormalities in the integrity of the various cell types present within the different stages of the spermatogenic cycle. Furthermore, the numbers of corpora lutea, of growing follicles and atretic follicles were similar in treated and control females.
- There were no microscopic alterations in these females that were prematurely sacrificed for failure to deliver, and they both presented histologic signs of normal estrous cycling. Other microscopic findings noted in treated animals were considered incidental changes, as they also occurred in controls, were of low incidence, had no dose-relationship in incidence or severity, and/or are common background findings for the rat.

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

not examined

Other effects:

not specified

Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:

not specified

Reproductive function: sperm measures:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

- In a single high-dose male (H21715), there was marked bilateral tubular atrophy/degeneration, along with markedly reduced sperm content in the epididymides. In the absence of similar changes in other high dose males, this isolated change was considered incidental and unrelated to the test item administration.
- In the other males, qualitative testis staging did not indicate any abnormalities in the integrity of the various cell types present within the different stages of the spermatogenic cycle.

Reproductive performance:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

- Mating and fertility data: There were no effects on mating, fertility and gestation indexes.
- Delivery data: There were no effects on the mean numbers of corpora lutea or pre-implantation loss, nor on the duration of gestation. Higher mean post-implantation loss (+75% vs. controls) and lower mean number of pups delivered (-12% vs. controls) was recorded in females at 1200/1008 mg/kg/day. This was due to the contribution of females H21793 and H21800 which delivered only seven live pups but had a number of implantation sites similar to the other females in the group (even slightly higher than the mean). Due to the high variability at this dose level (mean post-implantation loss of 23.1%, with a standard deviation of 20.2), the observed difference was not statistically significant. However, an effect of treatment with the test item cannot be excluded based on these data.

No further data.

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Remarks:

for parental systemic toxicity

Effect level:

>= 1 008 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Remarks on result:

not determinable due to absence of adverse toxic effects

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOEL

Remarks:

for reproductive performance

Effect level:

330 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

reproductive performance

Key result

Critical effects observed:

no

Clinical signs:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

None of the clinical signs mentioned (cold to the touch, dehydration, few milk in stomach, hematoma, scabs) were considered to be test item-related (or dose-related).

Dermal irritation (if dermal study):

not examined

Mortality / viability:

mortality observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

There were no effects on pup viability.

Body weight and weight changes:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

There were no effects on mean body weight and mean body weight change in pups during the lactation period.

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

not examined

Food efficiency:

not examined

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

not examined

Ophthalmological findings:

not examined

Haematological findings:

not examined

Clinical biochemistry findings:

not examined

Urinalysis findings:

not examined

Sexual maturation:

not examined

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

not examined

Gross pathological findings:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

There were no test item-related findings at post-mortem examination of the pups.
In prematurely dead pups, the autolysis observed at necropsy is a common background finding in rat pups that die prematurely in this kind of study.

Histopathological findings:

not examined

Other effects:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Sex ratio: There were no test item-related effects on sex-ratios (% of male pups).

Behaviour (functional findings):

not examined

Developmental immunotoxicity:

not examined

No further data

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOEL

Remarks:

effects on progeny

Generation:

F1

Effect level:

330 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

other: lower numbers of delivered pups at the high dose level

Critical effects observed:

not specified

Key result

Reproductive effects observed:

yes

Lowest effective dose / conc.:

1 008 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Treatment related:

yes

Relation to other toxic effects:

not specified

Dose response relationship:

no

Relevant for humans:

not specified

BLOOD BIOCHEMISTRY (P0)

The table below presents the main differences in blood biochemistry parameters when compared with control values:

	Blood biochemistry
Sex	Male				Female
Dose level	0	110	330	1200/1008	0	110	330	1200/1008
(mg/kg/day)
Inorganic phosphorus (mmol/L)	2.32	2.23	2.34	2.34	2.52	2.39	2.76	2.99**
Urea (mmol/L)	7.3	6.8	6.5	6.7	7.0	6.9	7.6	8.1
Statistically significant: **	: p < 0.01

REPRODUCTIVE DATA (P0)

The summary of mating data is presented in the following table:

Dose level (mg/kg/day)	0	110	330	1200/1008
Number of animals paired (M + F)	10 + 10	10 + 10	10 + 10	10 + 10
Number of males mated	10	10	10	10
Number of females mated	10	10	10	10
Mean number of days taken to mate (pre-coital time)	2.0	2.3	2.5	2.2
Number of pregnant females	10	10	9	9
Number of females with live born pups	10	9^a	9	9
Mating index	100	100%	100%	100%
Fertility index	100	100%	90%	90%
Gestation index	100	100%^b	100%	100%

M: males; F: females.

^a: female H21773 was prematurely sacrificed for poor clinical conditions (mammary mass) on Day 19 p.c. All remaining females had live born pups.

^b: female H21773 excluded from this calculation as it was sacrificed before delivery.

The summary of delivery data is presented in the following table:

Dose level (mg/kg/day)	0	110	330	1200/1008
Number of pregnant females	10	10	9	9
Number of females which delivered	10	9	9	9
Mean duration of gestation (days)	22.0	22.0	21.9	22.4
Mean number ofcorpora lutea	17.5	17.1	17.7	16.7
Mean number of implantation sites	14.9	15.0	15.2	14.9
Mean pre-implantation loss (%)	14.8	12.3	13.9	10.1
Mean number of pups delivered	12.8	13.6	13.1	11.3
Mean post-implantation loss (%)^a	13.2	10.0	13.3	23.1

^a: manually calculated, no statistics performed.

Conclusions:

In this study, performed according to OECD guideline 422 and conform GLP requirements, the test item, gadolinium oxide, was administered daily by oral gavage to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats, for 2 weeks before mating, during mating and (for females) throughout gestation and until day 5 post-partum, at dose levels of 0 (control), 110, 330 or 1200 mg/kg/day (until day 17 of treatment) / 1008 mg/kg/day (from day 18 until end of treatment).
Based on the experimental conditions of this study:
- The NOAEL for parental systemic toxicity was considered to be higher than or equal to 1008 mg/kg/day based on the absence of adverse findings at this high dose level.
- The NOEL for reproductive performance and toxic effects on progeny was considered to be 330 mg/kg/day based on the lower numbers of delivered pups at the high dose level.
Based on the results of this study, gadolinium oxide does not need to be classified for reproductive toxicity under the CLP Regulation.

Executive summary:

In this GLP-conform OECD 422 study, gadolinium oxide was administered once daily to Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes by oral gavage at 0 (control), 110, 330 or 1200 mg/kg/day (until day 17 of treatment) / 1008 mg/kg/day (from day 18 until end of treatment) before mating, through mating, and for females, through gestation until day 5 post-partum. Three females were prematurely euthanised: one of them (from the 110 mg/kg/day group) on ethical grounds (clinical conditions related to an ulcerated mammary mass), and the other two (one from the 330 and one from the 1200/1008 mg/kg/day group) for failure to deliver, which correlated with absence of pregnancy at necropsy. In females euthanised for failure to deliver, no microscopic abnormalities were observed and they were both presenting histologic signs of normal estrous cycling. No test item-related microscopic abnormalities were observed in any of the surviving F0 animals. In males administered gadolinium oxide at 110 mg/kg/day, a minor decrease was observed in mean testes weights. This decrease was mainly due to the low testes weights in a single male and was considered to be unrelated to the test item. Furthermore, in this male, decreased testes weights were associated with marked testicular atrophy and reduced epididymides sperm content. Being an isolated occurence and since testicular atrophy has been reported to occur in 2.5% of young male control Sprague-Dawley rats (Greaves, 2012), this finding was considered to be spontaneous. Testicular atrophy/degeneration and decreased epididymides sperm count were also occasionally found among age-matched controls from the same breed, in CiToxLAB France historical data. The NOAEL for parental systemic toxicity was considered to be higher than or equal to 1008 mg/kg/day based on the absence of adverse findings at this high dose level. However, a NOEL for reproductive performance and toxic effects on progeny was set at 330 mg/kg/day based on lower numbers of delivered pups at the high dose level. This seems to be the consequence of a higher mean post-implantation loss compared to control animals. In the control treatment, the mean number of live pups per female was 12.8 (range: 10-17, SD: 1.9), and the mean number of implantation sites per female was 14.9 (range: 10-19, SD: 2.6), with a consequent mean post-implantation loss of 13.2% (range: 0.0-31.6%, SD: 9.2). In the high dose group, the mean number of live pups per female was 11.3 (range: 7-15, SD: 2.7), and the mean number of implantation sites per female was 14.9 (range: 13-17, SD: 1.4) with a consequent mean post-implantation loss of 23.1% (range: 0-56.3%, SD: 20.2). Because there were 2 females in the high dose group with a number of implantation sites close to (or even higher than) the mean observed in the group (15/16) but only 7 live pups (and a consequent post-implantation loss of 53.3 and 56.3%, respectively), whereas the other females in the group delivered a number of live pups similar to control females, the mean number of live pups and the mean post-implantation loss for the entire high dose group turned out to be lower, respectively higher than in the control group. Due to the high variation among the animals however, these findings were not statistically significant. It should also be noted that high post-implantation loss can also occur among control animals (no historical data provided, highest post-implantation loss in the control group of this study was 31.6%). Overall, the results do not convincingly demonstrate that the observed effects are related to treatment with the test item and consequent toxicological action and are not due to other fortuitous events resulting in sporadic effects. On the other hand, it cannot be excluded either that the observed effects are test item-related. Therefore, the non-statistically significant difference in mean number of live pups (and mean post-implantation loss) for the high dose group compared to the control cannot be ignored and a NOEL should be established at 330 mg/kg/day.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

screening for reproductive / developmental toxicity

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Justification for type of information:

Data from the related substance gadolinium oxide is used to cover this endpoint. The justification for read across is attached in IUCLID Section 13.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Remarks:

parental systemic toxicity

Effect level:

>= 1 609 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Based on:

act. ingr.

Remarks:

anhydrous gadolinium oxalate

Sex:

male/female

Remarks on result:

not determinable due to absence of adverse toxic effects

Remarks:

Based on the results of Papineau (2017) obtained with the related substance gadolinium oxide. Result recalculated to gadolinium oxalate based on gadolinium content of both substances.

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOEL

Remarks:

reproductive performance

Effect level:

527 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Based on:

act. ingr.

Remarks:

anhydrous gadolinium oxalate

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

reproductive performance

Remarks on result:

other: Based on the results of Papineau (2017) obtained with the related substance gadolinium oxide. Result recalculated to gadolinium oxalate based on gadolinium content of both substances.

Key result

Critical effects observed:

no

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOEL

Remarks:

effects on progeny

Generation:

F1

Effect level:

527 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Based on:

act. ingr.

Remarks:

anhydrous gadolinium oxalate

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

other: lower numbers of delivered pups at the high dose level

Remarks on result:

other: Based on the results of Papineau (2017) obtained with the related substance gadolinium oxide. Result recalculated to gadolinium oxalate based on gadolinium content of both substances.

Critical effects observed:

not specified

Key result

Reproductive effects observed:

yes

Lowest effective dose / conc.:

1 609 other: mg gadolinium oxalate/kg bw/day - recalculation of the highest test dose of 1008 mg gadolinium oxide/kg bw/day (actual dose received), taking into account the gadolinium content of both substances

Treatment related:

yes

Relation to other toxic effects:

not specified

Dose response relationship:

no

Relevant for humans:

not specified

Conclusions:

No study is available screening for potential reproductive/developmental toxicity effects of gadolinium oxalate. Therefore, read across is performed using a study performed with the related substance gadolinium oxide. In this study, performed according to OECD guideline 422 and conform GLP requirements, the test item, gadolinium oxide, was administered daily by oral gavage to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats, for 2 weeks before mating, during mating and (for females) throughout gestation and until day 5 post-partum, at dose levels of 0 (control), 110, 330 or 1200 mg/kg/day (until day 17 of treatment) / 1008 mg/kg/day (from day 18 until end of treatment).
Based on the experimental conditions of this study:
- The NOAEL for parental systemic toxicity was considered to be higher than or equal to 1008 mg/kg/day based on the absence of adverse findings at this high dose level. This is equivalent to a NOAEL of higher than or equal to 1609 mg/kg/day for gadolinium oxalate, when recalculated taking into account the gadolinium content of both substances.
- The NOEL for reproductive performance and toxic effects on progeny was considered to be 330 mg/kg/day based on the lower numbers of delivered pups at the high dose level. This is equivalent to a NOEL of 527 mg/kg/day for gadolinium oxalate, when recalculated taking into account the gadolinium content of both substances.
Based on the results of this study, gadolinium oxide does not need to be classified for reproductive toxicity under the CLP Regulation. The same conclusion can be drawn for gadolinium oxalate. The justification for read across is attached to IUCLID Section 13.
Further explanation on the observed effects is provided in the source endpoint study record for this study as well as in the endpoint summary for toxicity to reproduction.

Effect on fertility: via oral route

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed

Study duration:

subacute

Species:

rat

Effect on fertility: via inhalation route

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Effect on fertility: via dermal route

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Additional information

Toxicity to reproduction

In a GLP-conform OECD 422 study (Papineau, 2017), the read across substance gadolinium oxide was administered once daily to Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes by oral gavage at 0 (control), 110, 330 or 1200 mg/kg bw/day (until day 17 of treatment) / 1008 mg/kg bw/day (from day 18 until end of treatment) before mating, through mating, and for females, through gestation until day 5 post-partum. Three females were prematurely euthanised: one of them (from the 110 mg/kg bw/day group) on ethical grounds (clinical conditions related to an ulcerated mammary mass), and the other two (one from the 330 and one from the 1200/1008 mg/kg bw/day group) for failure to deliver, which correlated with absence of pregnancy at necropsy. In females euthanised for failure to deliver, no microscopic abnormalities were observed and they were both presenting histologic signs of normal estrous cycling. No test item-related microscopic abnormalities were observed in any of the surviving F0 animals. In males administered gadolinium oxide at 110 mg/kg bw/day, a minor decrease was observed in mean testes weights. This decrease was mainly due to the low testes weights in a single male and was considered to be unrelated to the test item. Furthermore, in this male, decreased testes weights were associated with marked testicular atrophy and reduced epididymides sperm content. Being an isolated occurence and since testicular atrophy has been reported to occur in 2.5% of young male control Sprague-Dawley rats (Greaves, 2012), this finding was considered to be spontaneous. Testicular atrophy/degeneration and decreased epididymides sperm count were also occasionally found among age-matched controls from the same breed, in CiToxLAB France historical data. The NOAEL for parental systemic toxicity was considered to be higher than or equal to 1008 mg/kg bw/day based on the absence of adverse findings at this high dose level. Regarding the reproductive data, there were no effects of the treatment on mating, fertility, and gestation indexes of the parents, no effects on viability, clinical signs, body weight, and sex ratio of the pups, and no test-item related findings in the pups at post-mortem examination. However, a NOEL for reproductive performance and toxic effects on progeny was set at 330 mg/kg bw/day based on lower numbers of delivered pups at the high dose level. This seems to be the consequence of a higher mean post-implantation loss compared to control animals. In the control treatment, the mean number of live pups per female was 12.8 (range: 10-17, SD: 1.9), and the mean number of implantation sites per female was 14.9 (range: 10-19, SD: 2.6), with a consequent mean post-implantation loss of 13.2% (range: 0.0-31.6%, SD: 9.2). In the high dose group, the mean number of live pups per female was 11.3 (range: 7-15, SD: 2.7), and the mean number of implantation sites per female was 14.9 (range: 13-17, SD: 1.4), with a consequent mean post-implantation loss of 23.1% (range: 0-56.3%, SD: 20.2). Because there were 2 females in the high dose group with a number of implantation sites close to (or even higher than) the mean observed in the group (15/16) but only 7 live pups (and a consequent post-implantation loss of 53.3 and 56.3%, respectively), whereas the other females in the group delivered a number of live pups similar to control females, the mean number of live pups and the mean post-implantation loss for the entire high dose group turned out to be lower, respectively higher than in the control group. Due to the high variation among the animals however, these findings were not statistically significant. It should also be noted that high post-implantation loss can also occur among control animals (no historical data provided, highest post-implantation loss in the control group of this study was 31.6%).

Overall, the results do not convincingly demonstrate that the observed effects are related to treatment with the test item and consequent toxicological action and are not due to other fortuitous events resulting in sporadic effects. On the other hand, it cannot be excluded either that the observed effects are test item-related. Therefore, the non-statistically significant difference in mean number of live pups (and mean post-implantation loss) for the high dose group compared to the control cannot be ignored and a NOEL should be established at 330 mg/kg bw/day. When recalculated to gadolinium oxalate taking into account the gadolinium content of gadolinium oxalate and gadolinium oxide, the NOAEL for parental systemic toxicity is higher than or equal to 1609 mg/kg bw/day, and the NOEL for reproductive performance and toxic effects on progeny is 527 mg/kg bw/day. The source study is considered reliable (Klimisch 1) and is used as key read across study for endpoint coverage.

Effects on developmental toxicity

Description of key information

No key study identified, however, no further testing required according to the REACH Regulation (Annex VIII, Section 8.7).

Effect on developmental toxicity: via oral route

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed

Study duration:

subacute

Species:

rat

Quality of whole database:

No key study identified, only indicative information from the OECD 422 study performed with the read across substance gadolinium oxide (Papineau, 2017; Klimisch 1).

Effect on developmental toxicity: via inhalation route

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Effect on developmental toxicity: via dermal route

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Additional information

In the combined 28-day repeated dose toxicity study with reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test (OECD guideline 422; Papineau, 2017) performed with the read across substance gadolinium oxide, a NOEL of 330 mg/kg bw/day was established for toxic effects on progeny (equivalent to 527 mg/kg bw/day when recalculated to gadolinium oxalate taking into account the gadolinium content of gadolinium oxalate and gadolinium oxide). No further testing for fertility and developmental toxicity is considered to be necessary, in accordance with the REACH Regulation (Annex VIII, section 8.7).

Justification for classification or non-classification

Based on the results of the OECD 422 study (Papineau, 2017) performed with the read across substance gadolinium oxide, neither gadolinium oxide nor gadolinium oxalate need to be classified as reproductive toxicant, according to the CLP Regulation.