2,2,2-trichloro-1-phenylethyl acetate

Endpoint summary

Description of key information

Repeated dose toxicity: Oral

The Repeated Dose 28-day Oral Toxicity study was designed and conducted to determine the toxicity profile of the test chemical when administered daily for 28 days in the Sprague Dawley rats. The test chemical was dissolved in Polyethylene glycol and used at dose level of 0, 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg body weight. During the study period, the treated animals were observed or mortality, cllinical signs, body weight and food consumption changes, hematology and clinical chemistry, neurobehaviour, urinalysis, ophthalmology and were subjected to gross and histopathology. All the male and female animals from control and all the treated dose groups up to 1000 mg/kg survived throughout the dosing period of 28 days. Male and female animals from control and all the treated dose groups exhibited normal body weight gain and food intake at the end of the dosing period of 28 days. Daily and detailed (weekly) clinical observations did not reveal any signs of toxicity in male and female animals from different dose groups during the dosing period of 28 days. Towards the end of the exposure period in week 4, functional observation battery such as sensory reactivity to stimuli of different types (e.g. auditory, visual and proprioceptive stimuli) revealed no abnormalities attributable to the treatment. Grip strength values observed in male and female animals for control and different dose groups were comparable. Higher values for motor activity were observed in male animals from 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg dose groups for second interval. Lower values for motor activity were observed in female animals from 1000 mg/kg dose group for first and second interval. These changes were within laboratory range and were considered to be of no toxicological importance. Haematological analysis performed on 29^thday revealed statistically significant increase in the values of MCV, MCH and Total WBC of male rats dosed at 250 mg/kg, increase values of Platelets of male rats dosed at 250 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg and increased values of Platelets of female rats dosed at 500 mg/kg. In addition, statistically significant decrease was observed in the values of Hb and HCT of male rats dosed at 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, decreased values of Total RBC of male rats dosed at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, decreased values of MCV and MCH of male rats dosed at 1000 mg/kg, decreased values of Hb of female rats dosed at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, decreased values of Total RBC, HCT and Total WBC of female rats dosed at 500 mg/kg, decreased values of MCV of female rats dosed at 1000 mg/kg, decreased values of MCH and MCHC of female rats dosed at 250 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, the increase / decrease in the values of different parameters were marginal and within the normal laboratory limits. Statistically significant increase of Total Protein (in male rats at 500 mg/Kg/day), Creatinine (in male rats at 1000 mg/Kg/day), Cholesterol (in male rats at 500 and 1000 mg/Kg/day), Sodium (in female rats at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/Kg/day) and statistically significant decrease in Bilirubin (in male rats at 250 and 500 mg/Kg/day), Chloride and Alkaline Phosphatase (in female rats at 500 mg/Kg/day) was observed. Although there was an increase/decrease in the values of various biochemical parameters, the deviations were marginal and within the range of normal laboratory limits. Organ weight data of male animals sacrificed on day 29, revealed decreased relative weights of testes of animals from 500 mg/kg dose group. Although significant changes in organ weights were observed in male animals from intermediate dose group, no related gross pathological or histological changes were seen and hence considered to be of no toxicological importance. Organ weight data of female animals sacrificed on day 29, was found to be comparable with that of controls. Gross pathological examination conducted in rats of all dose groups during necropsy did not reveal any abnormality attributable to the treatment. Histopathological examination conducted in rats of control and high dose groups did not reveal any abnormality attributable to the treatment. Hence based on the observations made, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for the test chemical in Sprague Dawley Rats, via oral gavage, for 28 days was considered to be 1000 mg/kg bw/day.

Repeated dose toxicity: Inhalation

2,2,2-trichloro-1-cyclohexylethyl) acetate (CAS no 90-17-5) has very low vapor pressure of 0.000976 mm Hg at 25°C. So the potential for the generation of inhalable vapours is very low. Also the normal conditions of use of this substance will not result in aerosols, particles or droplets of an inhalable size, so exposure to humans via the inhalatory route will be highly unlikely. Also, the particle size distribution was determined in the range of 150 micron to 53 micron. The acute inhalationtoxicity value for the test chemical is >5 mg/L. Therefore this end point for repeated dose toxicity by inhalation route is considered for waiver.

Repeated dose toxicity: Dermal

The Sub-acute Dermal toxicity study of the test chemical was conducted in wistar albino rats. Fifty healthy wistar albino rats were acclimatized for standard laboratory condition for period of one week. After acclimatization animal were divided into five groups (one control and four treated) each having five male and five female. All the animals were prepared 24 hrs prior to application of test compound. The test substance applied uniformly 125, 500 and 1500 mg/kg b.wt for at least 6 hours per day on a 7-day per week basis. A reversal group was also maintained in same manner at the highest test dose level 1500 mg/kg b.wt for period of 42 days.All the parameters were examined. No adverse effect on general health, growth, behavioural, neurological, haematological, clinical chemistry and urinalysis parameters, organ weights and gross and microscopic changes of the tissues/organs of the rats treated up to the dose level of 500 mg/kg body weight. Based on the findings of this study, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of the test chemical in rats was considered to be 500 mg/kg body weight and the No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) was considered to be 125 mg/kg b.wt.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Toxic effect type:

dose-dependent

Repeated dose toxicity: via oral route - systemic effects

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

24-06- 2014 - 01-09-2014

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Justification for type of information:

Data is from study report

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 407 (Repeated Dose 28-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents)

Principles of method if other than guideline:

The Repeated Dose 28-day Oral Toxicity study was designed and conducted to determine the toxicity profile of the test chemical when administered daily for 28 days in the Sprague Dawley rats.

GLP compliance:

yes

Species:

rat

Strain:

Sprague-Dawley

Details on species / strain selection:

1) In order to meet the regulatory requirement for testing in a rodent species

2) Widely used in as a species of choice for pre-clinical toxicological studies.

3) This strain is widely used throughout the industry in the non-clinical laboratory studies.

4) This study is intended to provide information on the health hazards likely to arise from exposure to the test item.

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: National Institute of Biosciences, Pune
- Age at study initiation: 6 to 8 weeks
- Weight at study initiation:
Males: 132.8 g to 165.2 g
Females: 129.4 g to 156.4 g
- Fasting period before study: No Data
- Housing: The rats were housed in polycarbonate cages with paddy husk as bedding.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Rodent feed supplied by the Nutrivet Life Sciences, Pune was provided ad libitum from individual feeders on cage top.
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Water was provided ad libitum from individual bottles attached to the cages. Water was from a local source and passed through the reverse osmosis membrane before use.
- Acclimation period: 7 days

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): Room temperature was maintained at 22 ± 3°C (actual range, 19.6 °C to 21.4 °C).
- Humidity (%): Room humidity was maintained at 30% to 70% (actual range, 54.3% to 60.6%).
- Air changes (per hr): At least 10 Air changes per hour
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): An artificial light and dark cycle of 12 hours each was provided to the room.

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Vehicle:

polyethylene glycol

Remarks:

PEG 400

Details on oral exposure:

PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS: The test item was suspended in Polyethylene Glycol-400 for preparation of suspension(s). The suspension(s) of test item was made at volumes suitable for daily use for 28 days. The solution(s) were prepared at concentrations of 0, 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml such that dosage of 0 (vehicle), 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight respectively were administered. The concentration of the test item was varied so as to maintain the dose volume constant at or upto 10 ml/kg body weight.


DIET PREPARATION
- Rate of preparation of diet (frequency): No Data
- Mixing appropriate amounts with (Type of food): No Data
- Storage temperature of food: No Data

VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): Polyethylene glycol
- Concentration in vehicle: 0 (vehicle), 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 10 mL/Kg
- Lot/batch no. (if required): No Data
- Purity: No Data

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

yes

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

The test item prepared formulation analysis for Concentration, homogeneity and stability were conducted at Subcontracted Laboratory.

Duration of treatment / exposure:

28 Days consecutively and 2 week recovery period.

Frequency of treatment:

Once Daily

Dose / conc.:

0 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Remarks:

Control Group (G1)

Dose / conc.:

250 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Remarks:

Low Dose Group (G2)

Dose / conc.:

500 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Remarks:

Mid Dose Group (G3)

Dose / conc.:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Remarks:

High Dose Group (G4)

No. of animals per sex per dose:

Control (0 mg/kg bw/day): 6 males and 6 females
Control Recovery (0 mg/kg bw/day): 6 males and 6 females
Low dose (250 mg/Kg/Day): 6 males and 6 females.
Mid Dose (500 mg/Kg/Day): 6 males and 6 females
High Dose (1000 mg/Kg/Day): 6 males and 6 females
High Dose Recovery(1000 mg/Kg/Day): 6 males and 6 females

Control animals:

yes, concurrent vehicle

Details on study design:

- Dose selection rationale: The doses were selected based on the results of the Dose Range Finder study conducted.The study was conducted at the dose levels of 0 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg body weight.

1) All the male and female animals from control and all the treated dose groups up to 1000 mg/kg survived throughout the dosing period of 14 days.

2) Male and female animals from control and all the treated dose groups exhibited normal body weight gain at the end of the dosing period of 14 days.

3) Daily clinical observations did not reveal any signs of toxicity in male and female animals from different dose groups during the dosing period of 14 days.

4) Gross pathological examination did not reveal any abnormality attributable to the treatment.

Based on these results, the 28 day study dose levels were finalized as 0 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg body weight and animals were exposed to the treatment, every day, for a period of 28 days.

- Rationale for animal assignment (if not random): Animals were randomized on the basis of sex and body weights. A total of 48 animals (24 males + 24 females) were selected and randomly distributed into four groups with 6 animals/sex/group and 3/sex/cage.

- Rationale for selecting satellite groups: No data
- Post-exposure recovery period in satellite groups: No data
- Section schedule rationale (if not random): No Data

Positive control:

No Data Available

Observations and examinations performed and frequency:

CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Animals were observed twice daily for mortality. Rats were examined once daily for clinical signs.

- Cage side observations checked in table [No.?] were included. Viability, clinical signs such as skin and fur changes, eye and mucous membrane changes, respiratory, circulatory and general changes

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Detailed clinical observations were performed once before the start of dose administration and once a week thereafter until scheduled sacrifice.
a) Home Cage Observations:
In home cage, rats were observed for behavior, alterations, vocalizations, respiration and palpebral closer
1) Behavior in Home cage:
The behavior of the rat was observed in home cage upon initial approach by the observer and description of behavior in home cage was recorded as:
1 = apparently sleeping.
2 = Awake, but immobile; apparently normal posture.
3 = Engaged in apparently normal movement such as rearing, drinking, or grooming.
4 = Immobile, with unusual posture or tonic convulsion (lying on side with legs extended, flattened body or arched back. (opisthotonos or emprosthonos).
5 = Unusual behaviour or muscular patterns (stereotyped behaviour such as head bobbing or weaving, circling, repetitive licking or grooming, bizarre behaviour such as self mutilation, writhing or retropulsion, unusual muscular patterns such as tremors, spasms or clonic convulsion).
2) Alterations Home cage:
The alterations of the rat were observed in home cage upon initial approach by the observer and description of alterations in home cage was recorded as:
1 = No alterations in behaviour or posture (Normal).
2 = Stereotyped behaviour pattern (head bobbing or weaving, circling, repetitive licking or grooming).
3 = Bizarre behaviours such as self-mutilation, writhing or retropulsion.
4 = Twitches or tremors in the limbs or repetitive movements of the mouth or jaws.
5 = Whole body tremors or spasms.
6 = Unusual posture (opisthotonos, emprosthotonos, tonic extension, head tilt, straub tail).
7 = Tonic-clonic seizure.
3) Vocalizations:
The occurrence of spontaneous or unprovoked vocalization was recorded as:
1= No vocalization/ Normal
2= Vocalization noted
If vocalization observed the actual number was recorded.
4) Respiration:
The observations for respiration were recorded as:
1 = Normal
2 = Abnormal
The type of abnormal respiration e.g. bradypnea, hyperpnea, dyspnea, rals was recorded in the clinical signs.
5) Palpebral closer:
The degree of closure of the eyelids was recorded as:
1 = Eyelids wide open (Normal).
2 = Eyelids slightly closed.
3 = Eyelids dropping, approximately half-closed.
4 = Eyelids completely shut.
b) Handling Observations:
After completing home cage observations, the rat was observed for reaction to removal, reaction to handling, urination, defecation, prominence of eye, lacrimation, salivation, piloerection, examination of mucous membrane, examination of skin / fur, examination of natural orifices and animal appearance.
1) Reaction to Removal:
The reaction of the rat removed from home cage was recorded as:
1 = Sits quietly and is easily removed.
2 = Vocalization without resistance to being picked up.
3 = Runs around cage with or without vocalization, or freezes or rears, following the investigator’s hand.
4 = Tail and throat rattles, may attack.
2) Reaction to handling:

The reaction of the rat to handling from home cage was recorded as:
1 = Quiet with no resistance.
2 = Vocalization without resistance.
3 = Tense or rigid.
4 = Squirming and twisting, may attempt to bite.

3) Urination:
The frequency of urination was recorded as:
0 = No urination during the observation period.
1 = Urine present; quantity is not excessive.
2 = the amount of urination is excessive.

4) Defecation:

The frequency of defecation was recorded as:
0 = No defecation during the observation period.
1 = Fecal boluses have normal consistency.
2 = Soft or liquid feces.

5) Prominence of Eye:

The eyes were examined for prominence of eye and observation was recorded as:
1 = Normal
2 = Exophthalmos
3 = Enophthalmos

6) Lacrimation:

The degree of lacrimation was recorded as:
1 = No excess lacrimation (normal).
2 = Excess moisture at the margin of the eyelid.
3 = Persistent dampness at the margin of the eyelid
4 = Dampness extends beyond the margin of the eyelid.

7) Salivation:

The degree of salivation was recorded as:
1 = No excess salivation (normal).
2 = Margin of mouth wet.
3 = Wet zone ¼ to ½ of submandibular area.
4 = Wet zone extends to the entire submandibular area.

8) Piloerection:
Piloerection was differentiated from a scruffy or ungroomed coat by patting the back of the animal in a rostral to caudal direction. Piloerection was considered in case the animal hairs were erect after patting. The observation for piloerection was recorded as:
0 = Absent
1 = Present
9) Examination of Mucous Membrane:
The observation for visual mucous membrane was recorded as:
¬¬¬1 = Normal
2 = Abnormal (discolouration)
10) Examination of Skin / Fur:
The observation for skin / fur examination was recorded as:
1 = Normal
2 = Abnormal
11) Examination of Natural Orifices:
The observation for natural orifices examination was recorded as:
1 = Normal
2 = Abnormal
12) Animal Appearance:
The observation for appearance of animal was recorded as:
1 = Clean and groomed.
2 = Unkempt (with scruffy and ungroomed coat)
3 = Stained by urine and/or feces.
c) Open field observation:
The animal was placed in the open field and its appearance and behavior were observed. The following observations were made and recorded:
1) Stereotype Behaviour:
The stereotype behaviour can be defined as the pronounced repetition of specific gesture or movements i.e. presence of excessive or repetitive behaviour that appears purposeless to the observer. The observation was recorded as:
0 = Absent
1 = Excessive grooming / licking / head bobbing or weaving
2 = Circling movements
2) Bizarre Behaviour:
The bizarre behaviour includes any unusual behaviour that will not be normally observed in the test species. The observation was recorded as:
0 = Absent
1 = Retropulsion
2 = Biting of cage
3 = Biting to other animal(s)
4 = Self destructive biting or mutilation
3) Rearing (Rears):
The number of times the rat raises both forelimbs off the surfaces is considered as rearing. The number of these actions was counted and total number of rearing was recorded.
4) Movements:
In the open field, each animal was observed for presence of clonic and tonic movements:
4.1) Clonic Movements:
The observation for clonic movement was recorded as:
0 = None /Normal
1 = repetitive mouth/jaw motion, such as, Chewing, clones of jaw
2 = Mild clonic tremors of whole body
3 = Repetitive clonic tremors/ seizure of whole body
4.2) Tonic Movements:
The observation for tonic movement was recorded as:
0 = None /Normal
1 = Contractions of limbs
2 =Unusual posture (Opisthotonos, Emprosthotonous, tonic extension, head tilt, straub tail).
3= seizure

5) Gait Pattern:
The gait pattern was evaluated by observing the movement of the rat in the open field and the observation was recorded as:
1 = Normal
2 = Ataxic
3 = Hind limbs or forelimbs show exaggerated or overcompensated movements, drag or appear splayed.
4 = Spastic
5 = Duck walk
6 = Scissor
7 = Hunched back
6) Mobility Score:
A measure of the ability of the animal to locomote despite gait abnormalities was recorded. The ranking of the degree of impairment of locomotion was recorded as:
1 = Normal
2 = Slightly impaired
3 = Totally impaired

7) Severity of Gait:
The severity of the gait abnormalities is graded and documented as follows:
1 = Slight gait abnormality
2 = Moderate gait abnormality
3 = Extreme gait abnormality

8) Pupillary response:
The animal eyes were briefly covered for 30 seconds with hand/cloth and then the penlight was pointed and the response to penlight was recorded as:

1 = Response
2 = No response

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Body weights were recorded on the day of randomization, day of first dosing, weekly thereafter and a fasting body weight at scheduled sacrifice on day 29 and day 43.

FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study): Yes, The quantity of feed consumed by control and different treatment groups was recorded on commencement of treatment and weekly thereafter until scheduled sacrifice and the feed consumption per animal was calculated for each group.

- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: No data
- Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: No data

FOOD EFFICIENCY:
- Body weight gain in kg/food consumption in kg per unit time X 100 calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: No data

WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): No data
- Time schedule for examinations: No Data

OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: The eyes of all the animals were examined prior to the initiation of the dosing and at scheduled sacrifice.
- Dose groups that were examined: All animals were examined.

HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: Blood samples were collected at terminations.
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: No data
- Animals fasted: Yes, Food was withheld overnight from all rats prior to sampling.
- How many animals: Blood samples were collected from all rats from each group.
- Parameters checked in table [No.?] were examined. Hb, RBC, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, WBC, N, L, E, M, B, Pt

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: Blood samples were collected at respective terminations.
- Animals fasted: Yes, Food was withheld overnight from all rats prior to sampling.
- How many animals: Blood samples were collected from all rats from each group.
- Parameters checked in table [No.?] were examined. Total Protein , Blood Urea Nitrogen , Urea Nitrogen, ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, Glucose, Ca, P, Albumin, Total bilirubin, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglycerides, globulin, Na, K, Cl

URINANALYSIS: No data
- Time schedule for collection of urine: No data
- Metabolism cages used for collection of urine: No data
- Animals fasted: No data
- Parameters checked in table [No.?] were examined. No data

NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Towards the end of the exposure period of 28 days and towards the end of the recovery period on day 42.
- Dose groups that were examined: All animals from all groups.
- Battery of functions tested:
Sensory activity: Towards the end of the exposure period, sensory reactivity to stimuli of different types (e.g., auditory, visual and proprioceptive stimuli) was conducted for all the animals.

1) Arousal level:
The activity/arousal level of the animal was described during the observation period and is documented as follows:
1 = Very low (stuporous, comatose)
2 = Low (sluggish, some exploratory movement possible).
3 = Apparently normal (alert with exploratory movement).
4 = High (sudden startle, darting or freezing without apparent stimuli).
5 = Very high (sudden bouts of running, freezing with spontaneous vocalization).

2) Sensory Activity:
Sensory activity was assessed by following methods:
2.1) Assessment of Visual Response: A blunt probe was held approximately 4 cm away from front of the face / eye and moved away steadily and reaction was documented.
2.2) Touch Response: Avoiding the animal’s field of vision, the rump was gently touched with blunt probe. The animals reaction to this stimulus was observed and was documented.
2.3) Auditory Response: Using a clicker approximately 5 cm above the back of the animal sudden sound was made. The animals reaction to this stimulus was observed and was documented.
2.4) Tail Pinch Response: The reaction to a tail pinch was rated (The tail pinch was applied by the blunt forceps at approximately 3 cm from the tip of tail. The reaction to tail pinch was observed and was documented.
All above four responses were graded as follows:
1 = No reaction.
2 = orientating response: Slowly turns towards the stimulus or walks away.
3 = Startle response or freezing reaction.
4 = More energetic response than “2” or “3”.
5 = Jumps at or away, attack or bites.
3) Visual Placing Response:
The animal was removed from its cage and held at the base of the tail (holding the tail more distally can strip off the skin) then slowly lowered forward towards the edge of the observation area or another raised edge (such as the rim of an overturned cage). The visual placing response is graded and documented:
1 = Early extension of forelimbs to reach for the screen.
2 = Extends limbs only after contact with the vibrissae or nose.
3 = No extension even after contact with nose.
4) Air righting response:
Holding the animal in a supine position, it was dropped from approximately 30cm and the righting response was rated:
1 = Lands with all feet on the ground.
2 = Uncoordinated landing or lands on side.
3 = Lands on back.

Grip strength: Grip strength of fore limbs was measured with a digital grip strength meter (Columbus Instruments International Corporation, Ohio, USA) to determine the ability of the rat to grasp and hold on the mesh platform. The grip strength of each rat was measured in Kilogram (Kg) for 3 consecutive times and average of the three grip strength values was calculated.

Motor activity: Motor activity of each animal was monitored using an automated animal activity measuring system (Columbus Instruments, OPTO-M3, Ohio, USA). Animals were monitored for three consecutive 10 minutes intervals allowing for examination of both exploratory and acclimation activity levels. During this period, total and ambulatory activity of the animal was recorded. Stereotypic activity was calculated by subtracting ambulatory activity from total activity.
Other: No Data

Sacrifice and pathology:

SACRIFICE: The rats were sacrificed by CO2 asphyxiation, after 28 consecutive days of oral administration, all surviving study rats were sacrificed on day 29 (Group I, III, IV, V).

GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes, All the rats survived through the dosing period of 28 days and were sacrificed and gross lesions were noted.

ORGAN WEIGHTS: Liver, Kidneys, Adrenals, Epididymides, Prostate + Seminal Vesicle with Coagulation gland as whole, Thymus, Spleen, Brain, Heart, Lungs, Uterus, Testes/Ovaries were dissected free of fat and weighed. The paired organs were weighed together.

HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes, From each rat, samples or the whole of the tissues listed below were preserved. All tissues were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin except, eyes and testes of all animals were preserved in Davidson’s solution for 24 hours and transferred to 10% neutral buffered formalin. Procedure for preparation of slides of tissues of various organs from the rats of various dose groups were performed.

Following tissue samples of organs from control and animals treated at different dose groups were preserved and those from control and treated at the highest dose level of 1000 mg/kg were subjected to histopathological examination:
Adrenals, Aorta, Brain (cerebrum, cerebellum and pons), Caecum, Cervix, Colon, Duodenum, Epididymides, Eyes, Heart, Ileum, Jejunum, Kidneys, Liver, Lungs, Mesenteric Lymphnodes, Oesophagus, Ovaries, Pancreas, Pituitary gland, Pharyngeal Lymphnodes, Prostate, Rectum, Skeletal Muscles, Skin with Mammary Gland, Spleen, Sternum with bone marrow, Sciatic Nerve, Spinal Cord (Cervical, mid thoracic and lumbar), Stomach, Seminal Vesicles with Coagulation Gland, Testes, Thymus, Thyroid, Trachea, Vagina, Urinary Bladder, Uterus.

Other examinations:

No Data Available

Statistics:

Raw data was processed and analyzed for reporting group means and standard deviations with significance between the controls and treated groups, using in-house developed and validated MS-Excel 2003 based statistical software. All the parameters characterized by continuous data such as body weight, per cent body weight change, feed consumption, organ weight, relative organ weight, haematological and clinical chemistry data were subjected to Bartlett’s test to meet the homogeneity of variance before conducting Analyses of Variance (ANOVA) and Dunnett’s t-test. Where the data did not meet the homogeneity of variance, Student’s t-test was performed to calculate significance.

Significance was calculated at 1% as well as 5% level and indicated in the summary tables as follows:

* = Significant than control at 95% level of confidence (p≤ 0.05).
** = Significant than control at 99% level of confidence (p≤ 0.01).

Clinical signs:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

No clinical signs of toxicity were observed in the animals throughout the dosing period of 28 days

Mortality:

no mortality observed

Description (incidence):

All the animals from control and all the treated dose groups survived throughout the dosing period of 28 days.

Body weight and weight changes:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Animals from control and different dose groups exhibited normal body weight gain throughout the dosing period of 28 days.

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Animals from control and all treated dose groups exhibited normal feed consumption at the end of the dosing period of 28 days.

Food efficiency:

not specified

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

not specified

Ophthalmological findings:

not specified

Haematological findings:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Haematological investigations conducted at the end of dosing period on day 29, revealed following significant changes in the values of different parameters studied when compared with that of respective controls.

Male :
MCV (p≤0.01), MCH (p≤0.01) and Total WBC (P≤0.05) : Increased values were obtained for animals from 250 mg/kg dose group,
Platelets : Increased values were obtained for animals from 250 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg dose groups (p≤0.05),
Hb and HCT : Decreased values were obtained for animals from 250 mg/kg (p≤0.05), 500 mg/kg (p≤0.01) and 1000 mg/kg (p≤0.01) dose groups,
Total RBC : Decreased values were obtained for animals from 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg dose groups (p≤0.01) and
MCV and MCH : Decreased values were obtained for animals from 1000 mg/kg dose group (p≤0.01).

Female :
Platelets : Increased values were obtained for animals from 500 mg/kg dose group (p≤0.01),
Hb : Decreased values were obtained for animals from 250 mg/kg (p≤0.05) and 500 mg/kg (p≤0.01) dose groups,
Total RBC (p≤0.01), HCT (p≤0.05) and Total WBC (P≤0.05) : Decreased values were obtained for animals from 500 mg/kg dose group,
MCV : Decreased values were obtained for animals from 1000 mg/kg dose group (p≤0.01) and
MCH and MCHC : Decreased values were obtained for animals from 250 mg/kg (p≤0.05) and 1000 mg/kg (p≤0.01) dose groups.

Clinical biochemistry findings:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Biochemical investigations conducted at the end of dosing period on day 29, revealed following significant changes in the values of different parameters studied when compared with that of respective controls.

Male :
Total Protein : Elevated levels were observed in animals from 500 mg/kg dose group (p≤0.05),
Creatinine : Elevated levels were observed in animals from 1000 mg/kg dose group (p≤0.05),
Cholesterol : Elevated levels were observed in animals from 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg dose groups (p≤0.05),
Bilirubin : Decreased levels were observed in animals from 250 mg/kg (p≤0.05) and 500 mg/kg (p≤0.01) dose groups and
Chloride : Decreased levels were observed in animals from 500 mg/kg dose group (p≤0.01).

Female :
Sodium : Elevated levels were observed in animals from 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg dose groups (p≤0.01),
Alkaline Phosphatase : Decreased levels were observed in animals from 500 mg/kg dose group (p≤0.01) and
Chloride : Decreased levels were observed in animals from 1000 mg/kg dose group (p≤0.05).

Urinalysis findings:

not specified

Behaviour (functional findings):

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Sensory Reactivity Observations:
All animals from control and different dose groups showed normal arousal level, visual response, touch response, auditory response, tail pinch response and visual placing response. Normal air righting reflex was observed in all animals from control and different dose groups in week 4.

Grip Strength:
Grip strength values observed in male and female animals for control and different dose groups were comparable.

Motor Activity:
Higher values were observed in male animals from 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg dose groups for second interval (p≤0.05). Lower values were observed in female animals from 1000 mg/kg dose group for first interval (p≤0.01) and for second interval (p≤0.05).

These changes were within laboratory range and were considered to be of no toxicological importance

Immunological findings:

not specified

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Male -
In comparison with controls organ weight data of male animals sacrificed on day 29, revealed decreased relative weight of testes of animals from 500 mg/kg dose group (p≤0.05).

Although significant changes in organ weights were observed in male animals from intermediate dose group, no related gross pathological or histological changes were seen and hence considered to be of no toxicological importance.

Female -
In comparison with controls on day 29, organ weight data of female animals from different dose groups was found to be comparable.

Gross pathological findings:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Gross pathological examination in male and female animals from control and different treatment groups did not reveal any abnormality.

Neuropathological findings:

no effects observed

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

No treatment related histopathological changes were evident in male and female rats from control and high dose groups.
Histopathological examination revealed minimal focal to multifocal periportal mononuclear cell infiltration in the liver; minimal interstitial haemorrhages and/or tubular dilatation in the kidneys; minimal alveolar haemorrhages and/or alveolar histiocytosis in the lungs; minimal multifocal haemosiderosis and/or diffused congestion in spleen; minimal eosinophilic cells infiltration and/or luminal dilatation and/or endometrial gland dilatation in uterus; minimal luminal seminal coagulum in the urinary bladder; minimal dilatation of zona reticularis and/or vacuolation in zona fasiculata in adrenals; minimal multifocal haemorrhages in thymus; presence of ultimobranchial cysts in thyroid; in male or female animals from control and high dose group. All the changes observed in the control and high dose treatment group animals were similar, incidental and mode of death related, physiological and are covered in the facility historical data of the histopathology findings.

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

not specified

Other effects:

not specified

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

behaviour (functional findings)

body weight and weight gain

clinical biochemistry

clinical signs

food consumption and compound intake

gross pathology

haematology

histopathology: non-neoplastic

mortality

neuropathology

ophthalmological examination

organ weights and organ / body weight ratios

urinalysis

Critical effects observed:

not specified

VIABILITY

	Dose		Mortality
Group	mg/kg		Males		Females
Number	Male	Female	Absolute	Relative %	Absolute	Relative %
I	0	0	0/6	0	0/6	0
II	250	250	0/6	0	0/6	0
III	500	500	0/6	0	0/6	0
IV	1000	1000	0/6	0	0/6	0

GROUP MEAN BODY WEIGHT (g)

 

Sex - Male

Group	Dose		Day
Number	mg/kg bw		0	1	8	15	22	28
I	0	Mean	154.23	159.17	214.55	266.05	299.30	323.63
		±SD	11.21	11.28	14.09	19.19	20.96	19.45
II	250	Mean	152.37	157.73	207.88	261.47	292.90	316.53
		±SD	12.54	12.53	12.50	15.07	14.41	14.22
III	500	Mean	153.25	159.88	201.80	248.33	285.63	306.90
		±SD	11.25	11.82	11.18	11.82	13.66	13.97
IV	1000	Mean	155.10	161.08	205.98	260.42	291.13	311.83
		±SD	9.84	9.88	7.48	16.30	12.05	10.81

Sex - Female

Group	Dose		Day
Number	mg/kg bw		0	1	8	15	22	28
I	0	Mean	138.18	141.05	179.03	204.52	220.50	234.18
		±SD	9.51	9.69	8.67	10.74	11.85	11.00
II	250	Mean	138.95	142.18	169.42	192.18	210.32	224.70
		±SD	8.80	8.94	4.88	7.42	15.75	15.72
III	500	Mean	139.28	142.22	169.40	189.75	206.50	221.45
		±SD	9.47	9.97	5.81	5.78	12.09	12.83
IV	1000	Mean	140.22	143.20	169.85	187.55	202.20	218.48
		±SD	10.30	10.14	7.09	6.25	10.41	8.98

GROUP MEAN FEED CONSUMPTION (g/animal/day)

Sex - Male

Group	Dose		WEEK
Number	mg/kg		0 Day	1	2	3	4
I	0	Mean	15.73	17.73	19.65	21.50	24.18
II	250	Mean	15.46	17.63	19.43	21.82	23.62
III	500	Mean	15.60	17.96	18.58	20.97	23.38
IV	1000	Mean	15.55	17.68	19.32	21.02	23.32

Sex - Female

Group	Dose		WEEK
Number	mg/kg		0 Day	1	2	3	4
I	0	Mean	11.76	13.38	15.53	16.85	19.62
II	250	Mean	11.88	13.55	15.38	16.70	19.21
III	500	Mean	11.62	13.22	15.03	16.48	18.62
IV	1000	Mean	12.03	13.58	15.22	16.22	18.58

SUMMARY OF CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS

AND GENERAL APPEARANCE

Sex : Male

 

Group Number	Dose mg/kg	Observed Signs	Total Number of Animals	Animal Nos.	Period of signs in days from - to	Mortality
I	0	Nil	6	1 - 6	1 - 28	0/6
II	250	Nil	6	13 - 18	1 - 28	0/6
III	500	Nil	6	25 - 30	1 - 28	0/6
IV	1000	Nil	6	37 - 42	1 - 28	0/6

Sex : Female

 

Group Number	Dose mg/kg	Observed Signs	Total Number of Animals	Animal Nos.	Period of signs in days from - to	Mortality
I	0	Nil	6	7 - 12	1 - 28	0/6
II	250	Nil	6	19 - 24	1 - 28	0/6
III	500	Nil	6	31 - 36	1 - 28	0/6
IV	1000	Nil	6	43 - 48	1 - 28	0/6

GROUP MEAN HAEMATOLOGY

Sex : Male

Day : 29

 

Group	Dose		Hb	Total RBC	HCT	MCV	MCH	MCHC
Number	mg/kg		(g/dL)	(x 10^6/µL)	(%)	(fL)	(pg)	(g/dL)
I	0	Mean	17.62	8.05	43.97	54.63	21.92	40.07
		±SD	0.31	0.08	0.55	0.45	0.38	0.42
II	250	Mean	16.75*	7.40**	41.75*	56.48**	22.68**	40.12
		±SD	0.48	0.28	1.31	0.79	0.18	0.52
III	500	Mean	15.62**	7.21**	39.40**	54.77	21.72	39.68
		±SD	0.74	0.51	2.13	2.84	1.10	0.28
IV	1000	Mean	16.17**	7.91	40.68**	51.48**	20.43**	39.70
		±SD	0.47	0.33	1.27	0.89	0.46	0.40

 

 

Group	Dose		Platelets	Total WBC	Differential %					Pt.
Number	mg/kg		(x 10^3/ µL)	(x 10^3/µL)	N	L	E	M	B	(Sec.)
I	0	Mean	305.33	8.08	19.33	78.00	1.67	1.00	0.00	14.67
		±SD	7.15	1.19	2.73	3.63	0.82	0.89	0.00	3.56
II	250	Mean	321.00*	13.20*	18.67	79.00	1.17	1.17	0.00	15.83
		±SD	15.58	4.02	2.34	1.90	1.17	0.75	0.00	2.86
III	500	Mean	341.50	7.92	18.67	79.00	1.33	1.00	0.00	15.67
		±SD	45.31	3.91	2.34	2.97	1.21	0.89	0.00	3.14
IV	1000	Mean	338.17*	9.07	18.67	79.17	1.17	1.00	0.00	13.50
		±SD	32.50	1.77	2.16	2.79	0.75	0.89	0.00	1.87

 

Hb         : Hemoglobin                    RBC     : Red Blood Corpuscules                         

HCT      : Hematocrit                       MCV    : Mean Corpuscular Volume

MCH    : Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin        MCHC  : Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration

WBC    : White Blood Corpuscles                  Pt.        : Prothrombin time

N          : Neutrophils                      L          : Lymphocytes

E          : Eosinophils                      M         : Monocytes

B          : Basophils

*  = Significant at 95% level of confidence (p≤0.05)

** = Significant at 99% level of confidence (p≤0.01)

Sex : Female

Day : 29

 

Group	Dose		Hb	Total RBC	HCT	MCV	MCH	MCHC
Number	mg/kg		(g/dL)	(x 10^6/µL)	(%)	(fL)	(pg)	(g/dL)
I	0	Mean	17.43	8.00	43.10	53.85	21.80	40.47
		±SD	0.31	0.30	1.14	0.72	0.49	0.41
II	250	Mean	16.40*	8.07	41.30	51.32	20.40*	39.78*
		±SD	0.79	0.39	2.03	3.53	1.45	0.22
III	500	Mean	15.18**	6.94**	37.90*	54.58	21.90	40.10
		±SD	0.54	0.25	1.43	0.37	0.17	0.54
IV	1000	Mean	16.63	8.12	42.25	52.07**	20.48**	39.38**
		±SD	0.85	0.52	2.32	0.96	0.37	0.35

 

 

Group	Dose		Platelets	Total WBC	Differential %					Pt.
Number	mg/kg		(x 10^3/ µL)	(x 10^3/µL)	N	L	E	M	B	(Sec.)
I	0	Mean	295.83	8.57	17.83	80.33	1.17	0.67	0.00	15.33
		±SD	30.90	2.43	2.32	2.34	0.75	0.52	0.00	3.08
II	250	Mean	308.17	11.80	17.83	79.50	1.67	1.00	0.00	16.33
		±SD	59.19	3.96	2.99	3.33	0.82	0.63	0.00	2.80
III	500	Mean	372.33**	5.48*	17.33	80.83	1.17	0.67	0.00	16.17
		±SD	18.48	0.17	2.88	2.48	0.75	0.52	0.00	2.79
IV	1000	Mean	318.00	8.33	17.67	79.83	1.00	1.50	0.00	15.33
		±SD	39.65	2.37	3.01	2.93	0.63	0.55	0.00	2.16

 

Hb         : Hemoglobin                    RBC     : Red Blood Corpuscules                         

HCT      : Hematocrit                       MCV    : Mean Corpuscular Volume

MCH    : Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin        MCHC  : Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration

WBC    : White Blood Corpuscles                  Pt.        : Prothrombin time

N          : Neutrophils                      L          : Lymphocytes

E          : Eosinophils                      M         : Monocytes

B          : Basophils

*  = Significant at 95% level of confidence (p≤0.05)

** = Significant at 99% level of confidence (p≤0.01)

GROUP MEAN CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

 Sex : Male

Day : 29

 

Group Number	Dose      mg/kg		Total Protein (g/dL)	BUN (mg/dL)	Urea Nitrogen (mg/dL)	ALT (U/L)	AST (U/L)	ALP (U/L)	Glucose (mg/dL)
I	0	Mean	6.57	14.17	30.88	48.17	101.50	171.50	74.33
		±SD	0.29	1.72	3.75	3.25	17.95	37.13	6.53
II	250	Mean	6.77	16.00	34.88	46.67	92.17	172.67	76.50
		±SD	0.29	1.26	2.76	7.45	13.12	34.20	8.92
III	500	Mean	7.04*	15.17	33.06	48.17	104.33	185.50	78.50
		±SD	0.19	1.47	3.21	9.87	24.20	33.12	5.21
IV	1000	Mean	6.77	14.83	32.34	48.83	104.00	193.67	65.33
		±SD	0.28	2.48	5.41	4.79	8.46	22.26	5.43

 

Group Number	Dose mg/kg		Calcium (mmol/L)	Phospho-rous (mg/dL)	GGT (U/L)	Total Bilirubin (mg/dL)	Albumin (g/dL)	Globulin (g/dL)	Creatinine (mg/dL)
I	0	Mean	3.59	7.62	6.50	0.31	1.17	5.40	0.45
		±SD	0.11	0.83	1.22	0.04	0.13	0.39	0.03
II	250	Mean	3.69	7.48	6.33	0.20*	1.28	5.48	0.46
		±SD	0.12	0.88	0.52	0.09	0.09	0.29	0.05
III	500	Mean	3.76	8.03	5.17	0.13**	1.21	5.82	0.47
		±SD	0.10	0.89	0.75	0.02	0.09	0.17	0.04
IV	1000	Mean	3.68	8.27	5.67	0.27	1.27	5.48	0.52*
		±SD	0.10	0.82	0.82	0.02	0.10	0.25	0.04

 

Group Number	Dose mg/kg		Sodium (mmol/L)	Potassium (mmol/L)	Chloride (mmol/L)	Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)	Triglycerides (mg/dL)
I	0	Mean	146.34	4.22	109.07	31.33	74.17
		±SD	1.30	0.19	1.26	8.31	20.54
II	250	Mean	145.43	4.54	107.77	41.00	66.67
		±SD	0.80	0.26	1.67	7.16	14.46
III	500	Mean	146.76	4.67	105.66**	43.33*	81.17
		±SD	1.46	0.43	1.90	6.38	23.66
IV	1000	Mean	146.40	4.23	108.67	42.83*	77.33
		±SD	1.91	0.32	1.01	8.01	30.87

 

BUN : Blood Urea Nitrogen            ALT : Alanine Aminotransferase        AST : Aspartate Transaminase ALP : Alkaline Phosphatase

*  = Significant at 95% level of confidence (p≤0.05)

** = Significant at 99% level of confidence (p≤0.01)

GROUP MEAN CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

 

Laboratory Test Item Code : TAS/122/001

Test System : Sprague Dawley Rat

Sex : Female

Day : 29

 

Group Number	Dose      mg/kg		Total Protein (g/dL)	BUN (mg/dL)	Urea Nitrogen (mg/dL)	ALT (U/L)	AST (U/L)	ALP (U/L)	Glucose (mg/dL)
I	0	Mean	6.53	15.17	33.06	44.83	107.33	164.00	72.83
		±SD	0.31	2.23	4.86	4.31	15.58	20.07	4.58
II	250	Mean	6.48	15.17	33.06	45.50	113.33	132.00	64.00
		±SD	0.39	1.60	3.49	9.03	23.59	30.57	8.92
III	500	Mean	6.53	13.67	29.79	42.50	90.83	99.00**	70.50
		±SD	0.43	0.82	1.78	6.60	8.98	20.42	6.41
IV	1000	Mean	6.42	15.33	33.43	41.50	95.67	125.83	71.67
		±SD	0.44	3.72	8.12	5.86	9.07	33.47	7.45

 

Group Number	Dose mg/kg		Calcium (mmol/L)	Phospho-rous (mg/dL)	GGT (U/L)	Total Bilirubin (mg/dL)	Albumin (g/dL)	Globulin (g/dL)	Creatinine (mg/dL)
I	0	Mean	3.71	6.57	6.50	0.11	1.29	5.25	0.55
		±SD	0.11	0.64	1.05	0.02	0.15	0.29	0.05
II	250	Mean	3.71	7.48	6.67	0.13	1.19	5.32	0.53
		±SD	0.11	0.75	1.37	0.06	0.17	0.33	0.04
III	500	Mean	3.68	7.17	5.17	0.12	1.29	5.23	0.51
		±SD	0.04	0.84	0.75	0.02	0.10	0.31	0.05
IV	1000	Mean	3.71	6.77	6.33	0.11	1.22	5.20	0.55
		±SD	0.04	0.94	1.75	0.02	0.13	0.40	0.06

 

Group Number	Dose mg/kg		Sodium (mmol/L)	Potassium (mmol/L)	Chloride (mmol/L)	Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)	Triglycerides (mg/dL)
I	0	Mean	144.61	4.34	108.89	52.33	76.00
		±SD	0.66	0.40	1.06	5.09	15.49
II	250	Mean	146.38**	4.43	107.33	48.17	63.17
		±SD	0.77	0.22	2.43	8.91	19.01
III	500	Mean	146.32**	4.25	108.89	47.83	83.33
		±SD	0.54	0.14	1.53	7.88	25.73
IV	1000	Mean	146.45**	4.21	106.32*	50.17	88.00
		±SD	1.42	0.27	1.21	5.85	28.71

 

BUN : Blood Urea Nitrogen            ALT : Alanine Aminotransferase        AST : Aspartate Transaminase ALP : Alkaline Phosphatase

*  = Significant at 95% level of confidence (p≤0.05)

** = Significant at 99% level of confidence (p≤0.01)

 

GROUP MEAN ABSOLUTE ORGAN WEIGHTS (g)

 Sex : Male

Day : 29

 

GroupNumber	Dose mg/kg		Body Weight (g)	Brain	Liver	Kidneys	Adrenals	Testes	Prostate + Seminal Vesicle with Coagulation gland
I	0	Mean	304.27	2.033	13.192	2.429	0.0607	3.182	1.491
		±SD	19.75	0.144	1.775	0.195	0.0133	0.139	0.284
II	250	Mean	298.33	1.936	12.352	2.244	0.0545	3.077	1.258
		±SD	15.62	0.154	1.338	0.202	0.0028	0.318	0.154
III	500	Mean	288.80	1.975	12.340	2.162	0.0523	2.594	1.133
		±SD	13.01	0.078	0.903	0.409	0.0067	0.276	0.246
IV	1000	Mean	294.33	1.999	12.163	2.347	0.0474	2.964	1.213
		±SD	10.28	0.086	1.233	0.214	0.0070	0.249	0.122

 

GroupNumber	Dose mg/kg		Heart	Spleen	Lungs	Thymus	Epididymides
I	0	Mean	1.364	1.404	1.760	0.430	0.764
		±SD	0.162	0.247	0.238	0.100	0.058
II	250	Mean	1.231	1.349	1.623	0.372	0.671
		±SD	0.045	0.413	0.188	0.068	0.048
III	500	Mean	1.233	1.411	1.817	0.363	0.658
		±SD	0.072	0.227	0.441	0.066	0.032
IV	1000	Mean	1.133	1.488	1.531	0.343	0.673
		±SD	0.144	0.513	0.315	0.081	0.076

 

 

GROUP MEAN ABSOLUTE ORGAN WEIGHTS (g)

Sex : Female

Day : 29

 

GroupNumber	Dose mg/kg		Body Weight (g)	Brain	Liver	Kidneys	Adrenals	Ovaries
I	0	Mean	217.20	1.908	8.040	1.646	0.0559	0.0822
		±SD	11.85	0.098	0.889	0.136	0.0087	0.0105
II	250	Mean	207.97	1.849	7.651	1.475	0.0556	0.0669
		±SD	16.31	0.111	1.027	0.176	0.0078	0.0095
III	500	Mean	206.17	1.813	7.788	1.523	0.0558	0.0757
		±SD	11.88	0.124	1.110	0.261	0.0044	0.0192
IV	1000	Mean	201.28	1.828	7.225	1.478	0.0512	0.0703
		±SD	8.75	0.069	0.878	0.150	0.0082	0.0076

 

Group No.	Dose mg/kg		Heart	Spleen	Lungs	Thymus	Uterus
I	0	Mean	0.955	1.130	1.394	0.435	0.346
		±SD	0.085	0.271	0.361	0.097	0.077
II	250	Mean	0.881	1.396	1.462	0.386	0.313
		±SD	0.088	0.605	0.204	0.147	0.106
III	500	Mean	0.848	1.028	1.632	0.363	0.293
		±SD	0.113	0.198	0.181	0.085	0.079
IV	1000	Mean	0.815	0.834	1.322	0.345	0.293
		±SD	0.048	0.149	0.217	0.050	0.150

GROUP MEAN RELATIVE ORGAN WEIGHTS (%)

Sex : Male

Day : 29

 

GroupNumber	Dose mg/kg		Body Weight (g)	Brain	Liver	Kidneys	Adrenals	Testes	Prostate + Seminal Vesicle with Coagulation gland
I	0	Mean	304.27	0.668	4.326	0.798	0.0199	1.048	0.490
		±SD	19.75	0.029	0.404	0.034	0.0039	0.043	0.082
II	250	Mean	298.33	0.650	4.138	0.753	0.0183	1.033	0.423
		±SD	15.62	0.055	0.368	0.066	0.0012	0.120	0.057
III	500	Mean	288.80	0.685	4.280	0.752	0.0182	0.899*	0.393
		±SD	13.01	0.036	0.381	0.153	0.0025	0.099	0.085
IV	1000	Mean	294.33	0.680	4.131	0.798	0.0161	1.008	0.412
		±SD	10.28	0.031	0.379	0.072	0.0026	0.083	0.041

 

GroupNumber	Dose mg/kg		Heart	Spleen	Lungs	Thymus	Epididymides
I	0	Mean	0.448	0.461	0.578	0.141	0.251
		±SD	0.042	0.068	0.063	0.031	0.015
II	250	Mean	0.413	0.448	0.546	0.125	0.225
		±SD	0.014	0.115	0.080	0.022	0.018
III	500	Mean	0.428	0.491	0.631	0.126	0.228
		±SD	0.041	0.095	0.162	0.025	0.014
IV	1000	Mean	0.385	0.505	0.521	0.116	0.228
		±SD	0.048	0.173	0.110	0.026	0.022

*= Significant at 95% level of confidence

 

GROUP MEAN RELATIVE ORGAN WEIGHTS (%)

Sex : Female

Day : 29

 

GroupNumber	Dose mg/kg		Body Weight (g)	Brain	Liver	Kidneys	Adrenals	Ovaries
I	0	Mean	217.20	0.880	3.695	0.758	0.0257	0.0378
		±SD	11.85	0.047	0.262	0.038	0.0031	0.0047
II	250	Mean	207.97	0.892	3.672	0.709	0.0270	0.0324
		±SD	16.31	0.060	0.323	0.055	0.0049	0.0055
III	500	Mean	206.17	0.879	3.766	0.736	0.0272	0.0368
		±SD	11.88	0.032	0.372	0.095	0.0029	0.0094
IV	1000	Mean	201.28	0.910	3.588	0.734	0.0253	0.0349
		±SD	8.75	0.053	0.396	0.066	0.0032	0.0030

 

Group No.	Dose mg/kg		Heart	Spleen	Lungs	Thymus	Uterus
I	0	Mean	0.439	0.519	0.641	0.201	0.160
		±SD	0.022	0.118	0.159	0.047	0.041
II	250	Mean	0.423	0.673	0.709	0.183	0.149
		±SD	0.024	0.304	0.131	0.057	0.041
III	500	Mean	0.410	0.496	0.792	0.177	0.142
		±SD	0.041	0.081	0.089	0.045	0.038
IV	1000	Mean	0.405	0.413	0.654	0.171	0.146
		±SD	0.015	0.060	0.084	0.021	0.076

 

 SUM

MARY OF GROSS PATHOLOGY FINDINGS

Sex : Male

 

Site and lesion observed	Group	I	II	III	IV
	Dose (mg/kg)	0	250	500	1000
No Abnormality Detected		1 - 6	13 - 18	25 - 30	37 - 42

 

SUMMARY OF GROSS PATHOLOGY FINDINGS

Sex : Female

 

Site and lesion observed	Group	I	II	III	IV
	Dose (mg/kg)	0	250	500	1000
No Abnormality Detected		7 - 12	19 - 24	31 - 36	43 - 48

 

 

                                         

 

 

 

 

 

Conclusions:

The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for the test chemical in Sprague Dawley Rats, via oral gavage, for 28 days was considered to be 1000 mg/kg bw/day.

Executive summary:

The Repeated Dose 28-day Oral Toxicity study was designed and conducted to determine the toxicity profile of the test chemical when administered daily for 28 days in the Sprague Dawley rats. The test chemical was dissolved in Polyethylene glycol and used at dose level of 0, 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg body weight. During the study period, the treated animals were observed or mortality, cllinical signs, body weight and food consumption changes, hematology and clinical chemistry, neurobehaviour, urinalysis, ophthalmology and were subjected to gross and histopathology. All the male and female animals from control and all the treated dose groups up to 1000 mg/kg survived throughout the dosing period of 28 days. Male and female animals from control and all the treated dose groups exhibited normal body weight gain and food intake at the end of the dosing period of 28 days. Daily and detailed (weekly) clinical observations did not reveal any signs of toxicity in male and female animals from different dose groups during the dosing period of 28 days. Towards the end of the exposure period in week 4, functional observation battery such as sensory reactivity to stimuli of different types (e.g. auditory, visual and proprioceptive stimuli) revealed no abnormalities attributable to the treatment. Grip strength values observed in male and female animals for control and different dose groups were comparable. Higher values for motor activity were observed in male animals from 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg dose groups for second interval. Lower values for motor activity were observed in female animals from 1000 mg/kg dose group for first and second interval. These changes were within laboratory range and were considered to be of no toxicological importance. Haematological analysis performed on 29^thday revealed statistically significant increase in the values of MCV, MCH and Total WBC of male rats dosed at 250 mg/kg, increase values of Platelets of male rats dosed at 250 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg and increased values of Platelets of female rats dosed at 500 mg/kg. In addition, statistically significant decrease was observed in the values of Hb and HCT of male rats dosed at 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, decreased values of Total RBC of male rats dosed at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, decreased values of MCV and MCH of male rats dosed at 1000 mg/kg, decreased values of Hb of female rats dosed at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, decreased values of Total RBC, HCT and Total WBC of female rats dosed at 500 mg/kg, decreased values of MCV of female rats dosed at 1000 mg/kg, decreased values of MCH and MCHC of female rats dosed at 250 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, the increase / decrease in the values of different parameters were marginal and within the normal laboratory limits. Statistically significant increase of Total Protein (in male rats at 500 mg/Kg/day), Creatinine (in male rats at 1000 mg/Kg/day), Cholesterol (in male rats at 500 and 1000 mg/Kg/day), Sodium (in female rats at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/Kg/day) and statistically significant decrease in Bilirubin (in male rats at 250 and 500 mg/Kg/day), Chloride and Alkaline Phosphatase (in female rats at 500 mg/Kg/day) was observed. Although there was an increase/decrease in the values of various biochemical parameters, the deviations were marginal and within the range of normal laboratory limits. Organ weight data of male animals sacrificed on day 29, revealed decreased relative weights of testes of animals from 500 mg/kg dose group. Although significant changes in organ weights were observed in male animals from intermediate dose group, no related gross pathological or histological changes were seen and hence considered to be of no toxicological importance. Organ weight data of female animals sacrificed on day 29, was found to be comparable with that of controls. Gross pathological examination conducted in rats of all dose groups during necropsy did not reveal any abnormality attributable to the treatment. Histopathological examination conducted in rats of control and high dose groups did not reveal any abnormality attributable to the treatment. Hence based on the observations made, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for the test chemical in Sprague Dawley Rats, via oral gavage, for 28 days was considered to be 1000 mg/kg bw/day.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

1 000 mg/kg bw/day

Study duration:

subacute

Species:

rat

Quality of whole database:

Data is from peer reviewed publication

Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation - systemic effects

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

repeated dose toxicity: inhalation, other

Data waiving:

other justification

Justification for data waiving:

other:

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Quality of whole database:

Waiver

Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation - local effects

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Repeated dose toxicity: dermal - systemic effects

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

short-term repeated dose toxicity: dermal

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Justification for type of information:

Data is from study report

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 410 (Repeated Dose Dermal Toxicity: 21/28-Day Study)

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Repeated dose dermal toxicity study was performed to determine the toxic nature of the test chemical upon repeated exposure by dermal route

GLP compliance:

yes

Limit test:

no

Species:

rat

Strain:

Wistar

Sex:

male/female

Vehicle:

water

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

not specified

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

No data

Duration of treatment / exposure:

28 days

Frequency of treatment:

Daily (6 hours per day on a 7-day per week )

Remarks:

Doses / Concentrations:
0, 125, 500 & 1500 mg/kg b.wt
Basis:
nominal per unit area

No. of animals per sex per dose:

Total nos of animal 25 male & 25 female
Group 1 - 5 males and 5 females
Group 2 - 5 males and 5 females
Group3 - 5 males and 5 females
Group 4 - 5 males and 5 females
Group 5 - 5 males and 5 females (reversal group)

Control animals:

yes, concurrent vehicle

Details on study design:

STUDY DESIGN:
The toxicity of the test compound following dermal application was assessed. Five male & five female rats were used per step for each dose level. The rats were observed for incidence of mortality and signs of intoxication for 28 days after the administration of test article.

Group Dose (mg/kg) Treatment 28-Days
Male Female
Group-I Vehicle control 5 5
Group-II 125 mg/kg b. wt 5 5
Group-III 500 mg/kg b. wt 5 5
Group-IV 1500 mg/kg b. wt 5 5
Group-V 1500 mg/kg b. wt 5 5
Total nos of animal 25 male & 25 female

Positive control:

No data

Observations and examinations performed and frequency:

CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS : yes
changes in skin and fur, eyes and mucous membranes and also respiratory, circulatory, autonomic and central nervous system, somatomotor activity and behaviour pattern.

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- The treated animals were closely observed for clinical signs of intoxication, first 4 hours and every 1 hrs interval for 24 hrs after dosing and thereafter twice a day for 28 days. All the rats were observed at least twice daily to observe any clinical signs or behavioral changes. These observations included changes in skin and fur, in the eyes and mucous membranes, respiratory, circulatory, central and autonomic nervous systems, somatomotor activity and Behavioral changes. The clinical sign will be graded as 0 = Normal, + = Mild, ++= Moderate, +++ =High and ++++ = Severe.

DERMAL IRRITATION (if dermal study): Yes / No / No data
- Time schedule for examinations:

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- The body weight of each rat was recorded before the start of experiment and 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day of experiment. The mean body weights of different groups and sex were calculated from the individual weights.

ORGAN Weight: Yes
Absolute organ weight
The organ weight of each rat observed on day 28th - Adrenals, Brain, Ovaries, Heart, Testes, Spleen, Kidney, Liver and Lungs

FOOD CONSUMPTION: Yes
- The food intake of each cage was recorded on week prior to the beginning of treatment and 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day of experiment. The mean value of food intake weekly per cage was calculated.

FOOD EFFICIENCY:
- Body weight gain in kg/food consumption in kg per unit time X 100 calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: No data

WATER CONSUMPTION: No data
- Time schedule for examinations:

OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: Yes / No / No data

HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: All the animals kept overnight fast before blood collection to minimize variability in blood glucose level. The blood sample was collected from each rat on day 28th of treatment form orbital plexus of each animal in sterilized EDTA and heparin vial.
The blood samples were taken from each animal between 7:30 and 10:00 hrs in order to reduce biological variation caused by circadian rhythms.

- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: No
- Animals fasted: Yes
- How many animals: No data
- Parameters checked : Haemoglobin (Hb) (g/dl), Packed cell volume (PCV) (%), Total red cell count (Total RBC) (x106/cmm), Total white cell count (Total WBC) (x103/cmm), Platelet Count, Total (Platelets) (x103/cmm), Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (fl), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) (pg), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (g/dl), Clotting time measurement (seconds) was performed manually using standard techniques., Differential WBC counts: Were determined by microscopy of blood smear, stained with Wright's stain, counting 100 cells – Neutrophils (N) % Lymphocytes (L) %, Eosinophils (E) % Monocytes (M) %

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Total Protein (g/dl) , Total Cholesterol (mg/dl), Albumin (g/dl) , Creatinine (mg/dl), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (IU/L) , Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) (mg/dl), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (IU/L) , Bilirubin (mg/dl), Glucose (mg/dl) , Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (IU/L)

URINALYSIS: Yes
Urinalysis was performed on all animals (except reversal groups) in last week of the study before termination of the treatment period (week 4). Urinalysis was performed on animals of reversal groups at end of the reversal period.Urine samples were collected using a battery of specially designed stainless steel urine collection cages. Each rat was housed in this cage. Urine samples were collected over a period of 4 hours. Food and water was not offered during this period.
Qualitative tests:
Colour, Appearance, Specific gravity, pH, Protein and/or Albumin, Glucose Ketone, Volume Bilirubin Urobilinogen Occult Blood
Microscopic examination: Epithelial cells (E), Leucocytes (L), Erythrocytes (R), Casts (C), Crystals and other abnormal constituents

NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: No data

OTHER: No data

Sacrifice and pathology:

Gross pathology-
During necropsy all the organs viz; Adrenals, Brain, Heart, Kidneys, Liver, Lungs, intestine, Spleen, lymph nodes and Testes of body were examined for gross pathological changes.

Histopathology-
Samples of following organs and tissues were processed for histopathological examination Adrenals, Brain, Heart, Kidneys, Liver, Lungs, intestine, Spleen and Testes.

Other examinations:

No data

Statistics:

The data obtained from present investigation were analyzed by One Way ANOVA and Tukey HSD Test

Clinical signs:

no effects observed

Mortality:

no mortality observed

Body weight and weight changes:

effects observed, treatment-related

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

no effects observed

Food efficiency:

not examined

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

not examined

Ophthalmological findings:

not examined

Haematological findings:

effects observed, treatment-related

Clinical biochemistry findings:

effects observed, treatment-related

Urinalysis findings:

effects observed, treatment-related

Behaviour (functional findings):

not specified

Immunological findings:

not specified

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

no effects observed

Gross pathological findings:

no effects observed

Neuropathological findings:

not specified

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

effects observed, treatment-related

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

effects observed, treatment-related

Other effects:

not specified

Details on results:

Body weight:
The body weight of each group recorded on day 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th (post treatment) showed significant decrease in body weight at the tested dose levels 500 & 1500 mg/kg. Whereas, no significant change were recorded at the lowest dose level 125 mg/kg b.wt. Furthermore, reversal group showed significant increase in body weight during reversal period.

Food intake:
The food intake gm/cage recorded on day 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th (post treatment) did not show significant change upto the highest tested dose level 1500 mg/kg b.wt of test compound 2,2,2-Trichloro-1-phenyl ethyl acetate as compared the control group.

Clinical signs:
The test compound 2, 2, 2-Trichloro-1-phenyl ethyl acetate did not produce any clinical signs of toxicity upto the tested dose level 500 mg/kg b.wt in wistar albino rat. Whereas, reduced in cage side activity, respiratory distress and mild degree of convulsion at the tested dose level 1500 mg/kg b.wt. Furthermore, no clinical sign of toxicity was observed in vehicle control group.

Mortality:
The test compound 2,2,2-Trichloro-1-phenyl ethyl acetate did not produces any mortality upto highest tested dose level 1500 mg/kg b.wt in wistar albino rat.

Haematological study:
The haematological parameters RBC(106/µl), Hb (g/dl), PCV (%), Platelet count, MCHC (g/dl) and lymphocyte significant (p<0.05) decreased at the highest tested dose level as compared to control group whereas, WBC (103/µl), MCV (fl), MCH(Pg), neutrophils and Eosinophils showed significant (p<0.05) decrease at the highest tested dose level as compared to control group. Furthermore reversal group exhibited significant change after reversal period of observation.

Clinical Chemistry:
The blood chemistry parameters like blood glucose (mg/dl), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT IU/L), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST IU/L), total bilirubin (mg/dl), Bilirubin Direct (mg/dl), total cholesterol, Creatinine (mg/dl) Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (IU/L), uric acid and blood urea nitrogen (BUN, mg/dl) showed significant (p>0.05) increase at the highest tested dose level 1500 mg/kg b.wt as compared to control group. Whereas, total protein (gm/dl) and albumin (gm/dl) showed significant (p<0.05) decrease at the highest tested dose level (1500 mg/b.wt) as compared to the control group.

Urine analysis:
The test compound 2,2,2-Trichloro-1-phenyl ethyl acetate showed slight physical change in colour dark yellowish, clarity decreased and pH increases at the highest tested dose level 1500 mg/kg b.wt as compared to the control group. Furthermore, no change was recorded in reversal group. (Table-7)
The test compound did not show any significant chemical change such as glucose, protein and bilirubin etc upto highest tested dose level 1500 mg/kg b.wt as compared to the control group.

Necropsy findings:
The necropsy of each wistar albino rats of all groups were conducted on day 29th congestion in lung not show any gross pathological changes upto the highest tested dose level 1500 mg/kg b.wt of test compound as compared to control group.

Absolute Organ Weight
The organ weight of each rat observed on day 29th Kidney and Lungs Adrenals, Brain, Ovaries, Heart, Testes, Spleen and Liver did not show significant reveal any significant change upto the highest tested dose level 1500 mg/kg b.wt as compared to the control group.

Histopathological finding:
The test compound elicit microscopical changed at the tested dose levels 500 and 1500 mg/kg b.wt in wistar albino rats as Liver showed- Vascular congestion, infiltration of Neutrophils and necrotic changes in hepatocytes, Kidney- Moderate to severe congestion glomerulus, vascular hemorrhage and necroticchanges in tubular epithelium, Adrenal- Spread of lymphoid tissue in red pulp, Spleen-Infiltration of Neutrophils, increase white pulp and Lungs- Mild congestion and infiltration of Neutrophils in alveolar wall

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

500 other: mg/Kg bw

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

other: overall effects clinical signs; mortality; body weight; food consumption; haematology; clinical chemistry; urinalysis; gross pathology; organ weights; histopathology

Critical effects observed:

not specified

HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES:

The test compound did not elicit any microscopical changes at the different tested dose level 125, 500 & 1500 mg/kg b.wt (Table-11).

Organs	Histopathological finding
	Group-I Vehicle Control	Group-II 125 mg/kg b.wt	Group-III 500 mg/kg b.wt	Group-IV 1500 mg/kg b.wt	Group-V Highest dose reversal group
Liver	NAD	NAD	Mild vascular congestion	Vascular congestion, infiltration of Neutrophils and necrotic changes in hepatocytes	Mild vascular congestion
Kidney	NAD	NAD	Mild congestion and necrotic changes in tubular epithelium	Moderate to severe congestion glomerulus, vascular hemorrhage and necrotic changes in tubular epithelium	Mild congestion and necrotic changes in tubular epithelium
Testes	NAD	NAD	NAD	NAD	NAD
Ovary	NAD	NAD	NAD	NAD	NAD
Adrenal	NAD	NAD	NAD	Spread of lymphoid tissue in red pulp	NAD
Spleen	NAD	NAD	NAD	Infiltration of Neutrophils, increase white pulp	Infiltration of Neutrophils
Lungs	NAD	NAD	NAD	Mild congestion and infiltration of Neutrophils in alveolar wall	Mild congestion in lung
Intestine	NAD	NAD	NAD	NAD	NAD
Brain	NAD	NAD	NAD	NAD	NAD

TABLE- BODY WEIGHT OF RAT (gm)

 

Week	Groups
	Group-I	Group-II	Group-III	Group-IV	Group-V
Day 0	206	202.9	212.3	201.9	198.4
1^stWeek	220.8	216.2	216.7	202.8	200.3
Average Gain/Loss	7.18	6.55	2.07	0.45	0.96
2^ndWeek	236.5	227.1	225.3	206.2	203.6
Average Gain/Loss	14.8	11.9	6.12	2.13	2.62
3^rdWeek	248.7	238.6	233.2	210.5	208.0
Average Gain/Loss	20.7	17.6	9.84	4.26	4.84
4^thWeek	258.4	251.7	241.2	212.5	211.6
Average Gain/Loss	25.4	24.1	13.6	5.25	6.65
5^thWeek	-	-	-	-	216.4
Average Gain/Loss	-	-	-	-	9.07
6^thweek	-	-	-	-	224.2
Average Gain/Loss	-	-	-	-	13

TABLE: SUMMARY OF CLINICAL SIGNS

	Parameters	Groups
		Group- I Vehicle control							Group- II 125 mg/kg b.wt
		Days							Days
Day 0		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
	Mortality	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Clinical signs	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1^stweek	Mortality	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Clinical signs	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
2^ndweek	Mortality	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Clinical signs	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
3^rdweek	Mortality	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Clinical signs	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
4^thweek	Mortality	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Clinical signs	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Conclusions:

The No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of the test chemical in rats, following dermal application for 28 days was found to be more than 500 mg/kg body weight.

Executive summary:

The Sub-acute Dermal toxicity study of the test chemical was conducted in wistar albino rats. Fifty healthy wistar albino rats were acclimatized for standard laboratory condition for period of one week. After acclimatization animal were divided into five groups (one control and four treated) each having five male and five female. All the animals were prepared 24 hrs prior to application of test compound. The test substance applied uniformly 125, 500 and 1500 mg/kg b.wt for at least 6 hours per day on a 7-day per week basis. A reversal group was also maintained in same manner at the highest test dose level 1500 mg/kg b.wt for period of 42 days.All the parameters were examined. No adverse effect on general health, growth, behavioural, neurological, haematological, clinical chemistry and urinalysis parameters, organ weights and gross and microscopic changes of the tissues/organs of the rats treated up to the dose level of 500 mg/kg body weight. Based on the findings of this study, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of the test chemical in rats was considered to be 500 mg/kg body weight and the No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) was considered to be 125 mg/kg b.wt.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

500 mg/kg bw/day

Study duration:

subacute

Species:

rat

Quality of whole database:

Data is from study report

Repeated dose toxicity: dermal - local effects

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Additional information

Data available for the test chemical was reviewed to determine its toxic nature. The studies are as mentioned below:

Repeated dose toxicity: Oral

The Repeated Dose 28-day Oral Toxicity study was designed and conducted to determine the toxicity profile of the test chemical when administered daily for 28 days in the Sprague Dawley rats. The test chemical was dissolved in Polyethylene glycol and used at dose level of 0, 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg body weight. During the study period, the treated animals were observed or mortality, cllinical signs, body weight and food consumption changes, hematology and clinical chemistry, neurobehaviour, urinalysis, ophthalmology and were subjected to gross and histopathology. All the male and female animals from control and all the treated dose groups up to 1000 mg/kg survived throughout the dosing period of 28 days. Male and female animals from control and all the treated dose groups exhibited normal body weight gain and food intake at the end of the dosing period of 28 days. Daily and detailed (weekly) clinical observations did not reveal any signs of toxicity in male and female animals from different dose groups during the dosing period of 28 days. Towards the end of the exposure period in week 4, functional observation battery such as sensory reactivity to stimuli of different types (e.g. auditory, visual and proprioceptive stimuli) revealed no abnormalities attributable to the treatment. Grip strength values observed in male and female animals for control and different dose groups were comparable. Higher values for motor activity were observed in male animals from 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg dose groups for second interval. Lower values for motor activity were observed in female animals from 1000 mg/kg dose group for first and second interval. These changes were within laboratory range and were considered to be of no toxicological importance. Haematological analysis performed on 29^thday revealed statistically significant increase in the values of MCV, MCH and Total WBC of male rats dosed at 250 mg/kg, increase values of Platelets of male rats dosed at 250 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg and increased values of Platelets of female rats dosed at 500 mg/kg. In addition, statistically significant decrease was observed in the values of Hb and HCT of male rats dosed at 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, decreased values of Total RBC of male rats dosed at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, decreased values of MCV and MCH of male rats dosed at 1000 mg/kg, decreased values of Hb of female rats dosed at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, decreased values of Total RBC, HCT and Total WBC of female rats dosed at 500 mg/kg, decreased values of MCV of female rats dosed at 1000 mg/kg, decreased values of MCH and MCHC of female rats dosed at 250 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, the increase / decrease in the values of different parameters were marginal and within the normal laboratory limits. Statistically significant increase of Total Protein (in male rats at 500 mg/Kg/day), Creatinine (in male rats at 1000 mg/Kg/day), Cholesterol (in male rats at 500 and 1000 mg/Kg/day), Sodium (in female rats at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/Kg/day) and statistically significant decrease in Bilirubin (in male rats at 250 and 500 mg/Kg/day), Chloride and Alkaline Phosphatase (in female rats at 500 mg/Kg/day) was observed. Although there was an increase/decrease in the values of various biochemical parameters, the deviations were marginal and within the range of normal laboratory limits. Organ weight data of male animals sacrificed on day 29, revealed decreased relative weights of testes of animals from 500 mg/kg dose group. Although significant changes in organ weights were observed in male animals from intermediate dose group, no related gross pathological or histological changes were seen and hence considered to be of no toxicological importance. Organ weight data of female animals sacrificed on day 29, was found to be comparable with that of controls. Gross pathological examination conducted in rats of all dose groups during necropsy did not reveal any abnormality attributable to the treatment. Histopathological examination conducted in rats of control and high dose groups did not reveal any abnormality attributable to the treatment. Hence based on the observations made, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for the test chemical in Sprague Dawley Rats, via oral gavage, for 28 days was considered to be 1000 mg/kg bw/day.

Repeated dose toxicity: Inhalation

2,2,2-trichloro-1-cyclohexylethyl) acetate (CAS no 90-17-5) has very low vapor pressure of 0.000976 mm Hg at 25°C. So the potential for the generation of inhalable vapours is very low. Also the normal conditions of use of this substance will not result in aerosols, particles or droplets of an inhalable size, so exposure to humans via the inhalatory route will be highly unlikely. Also, the particle size distribution was determined in the range of 150 micron to 53 micron. The acute inhalationtoxicity value for the test chemical is >5 mg/L. Therefore this end point for repeated dose toxicity by inhalation route is considered for waiver.

Repeated dose toxicity: Dermal

The Sub-acute Dermal toxicity study of the test chemical was conducted in wistar albino rats. Fifty healthy wistar albino rats were acclimatized for standard laboratory condition for period of one week. After acclimatization animal were divided into five groups (one control and four treated) each having five male and five female. All the animals were prepared 24 hrs prior to application of test compound. The test substance applied uniformly 125, 500 and 1500 mg/kg b.wt for at least 6 hours per day on a 7-day per week basis. A reversal group was also maintained in same manner at the highest test dose level 1500 mg/kg b.wt for period of 42 days.All the parameters were examined. No adverse effect on general health, growth, behavioural, neurological, haematological, clinical chemistry and urinalysis parameters, organ weights and gross and microscopic changes of the tissues/organs of the rats treated up to the dose level of 500 mg/kg body weight. Based on the findings of this study, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of the test chemical in rats was considered to be 500 mg/kg body weight and the No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) was considered to be 125 mg/kg b.wt.

Based on the data available, the target chemical does not exhibit toxic nature upon repeated exposure by oral, dermal and inhalation route of exposure. Hence the test chemical is not likely to classify as per the criteria mentioned in CLP regulation.

Justification for classification or non-classification

Based on the data available, the target chemical does not exhibit toxic nature upon repeated exposure by oral, dermal and inhalation route of exposure. Hence the test chemical is not likely to classify as per the criteria mentioned in CLP regulation.