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EC number: 263-336-9 | CAS number: 61931-80-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Hydrolysis
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- hydrolysis
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- February - October 2014
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- Not according to OECD111, no GLP, however CoA available and sufficient reporting on methods and results
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 111 (Hydrolysis as a Function of pH)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Tier 1 and Tier 3 at adjusted temperature (37C), pH and duration (6h), no GLP, citric acid phosphate and carbonate buffer solutions. Including pH 2.2
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Test item DMOE Ac
3,7-dimethyl-1-octen-3-yl acetate
DSM number DSM078139
CAS number 68345-17-5
Synonyms 3,7-dimethyloct-1-en-3-yl acetate
Formula C12H22O2
Molecular weight 198.31 g/mol
Boiling point 238 °C (calculated, ACD/Labs V12.01)
Water solubility 0.17 g/l, 0.86 mmol/l (calculated, ACD/Labs V12.01)
Log P 4.25 (calculated, ACD/Labs V12.01)
Radiolabelled test item 14C-DMOE Ac
[3-14C]DSM078139
(R,S)-[3-14C]-3,7-dimethyl-1-octen-3-yl acetate
Batch/Lot-No. 7688SJR003-2
Supplier Selcia Limited, Ongar, Essex, UK
Specific activity 31.85 mCi/mmol (1178 MBq/mmol)
159.8 uCi/mg (5.91 MBq/mg)
Storage Supplied as a solution in ethanol with a concentration of:
1.074 mCi/ml (39.75 MBq/ml)
Radiochemical purity 99.4% (HPLC, November 2013)
Chemical purity Contains 0.1% solvents (NMR, November 2013)
Storage conditions Glass bottle, <-15°C - Radiolabelling:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Series 1
50 ul of the DMOE Ac stock solution was added to 450 ul buffer and immediately 50 ul aliquots
were distributed into 8 individual conical HPLC vials (450 μL glass insert, fused into a 2 ml
crimp top vial from Chromacol, UK). The HPLC vials were crimp capped with a PTFE seal and
placed into the HPLC autosampler thermostatted at 37°C. At each sampling time point 20 ul
aliquots were removed (one aliquot from a fresh vial) and analyzed by HPLC (S1).
The concentration of DMOE Ac in the incubation solution corresponded to 0.13 mmol/l or 9540
dpm/ul.
Series 2 &3
50 ul of the DMOE Ac or DMOE stock solution was added to 450 ul buffer and immediately
about 400 - 450 ul was filled into one conical HPLC vial (450 μL glass insert, fused into a 2 ml
crimp top vial from Chromacol, UK) leaving as less void volume as possible. The HPLC vials
were crimp capped with a PTFE seal and placed into the HPLC autosampler thermostatted at
37°C. At each sampling time point 20 ul aliquots were removed from the same vial and analyzed
by HPLC (S1 for Series 2 and S2 for Series 3).
The concentration of DMOE Ac in the incubation solution corresponded to 0.13 mmol/l or 9540
dpm/ul. For DMOE the concentration was 0.13 mmol/l or 8866 dpm/ul.
Series 4
40 ul aliquots of the DMOE Ac stock solution were added into 3 20 ml headspace vials
containing 960 ul buffer and were crimp capped with a PTFE seal and placed into the incubator
of the headspace autosampler. The incubation was performed at 37°C. At each sampling time
point the headspace vials were removed and analyzed by Headspace M.
Immediately after the measurement the remaining samples were frozen and stored at -20°C.
For analysis of the aqueous phase 20 ul aliquots were removed and analyzed by HPLC (S1).
The concentration of DMOE Ac in the incubation solution corresponded to 0.13 mmol/l or 9540
dpm/ul. - Buffers:
- pH 2.2: 98.8% 0.1 mol/l citric acid monohydrate + 1.2% 0.2 mol/l disodium hydrogen phosphate
pH 4.5: 56.4% 0.1 mol/l citric acid monohydrate + 43.6% 0.2 mol/l disodium hydrogen phosphate
pH 7.5: 19.0% 0.1 mol/l citric acid monohydrate + 81% 0.2 mol/l disodium hydrogen phosphate
pH 9.2: 10.0% 0.1 mol/l sodium carbonate + 90.0% 0.1 mol/l sodium hydrogen carbonate - Duration:
- 6 h
- pH:
- 9.2
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Initial conc. measured:
- 0.13 mmol/L
- Remarks:
- series 1
- Duration:
- 3 h
- pH:
- 2.2
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Initial conc. measured:
- 0.13 mmol/L
- Remarks:
- series 1
- Duration:
- 6 h
- pH:
- 9.2
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Initial conc. measured:
- 0.13 mmol/L
- Remarks:
- series 2
- Duration:
- 6 h
- pH:
- 7.5
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Initial conc. measured:
- 0.13 mmol/L
- Remarks:
- series 2
- Duration:
- 6 h
- pH:
- 4
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Initial conc. measured:
- 0.13 mmol/L
- Remarks:
- series 2
- Duration:
- 6 h
- pH:
- 2.2
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Initial conc. measured:
- 0.13 mmol/L
- Remarks:
- series 2
- Duration:
- 2 h
- pH:
- 2.2
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Initial conc. measured:
- 0.13 mmol/L
- Remarks:
- series 3
- Duration:
- 6 h
- pH:
- 9.2
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Initial conc. measured:
- 0.13 mmol/L
- Remarks:
- series 4
- Duration:
- 6 h
- pH:
- 4
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Initial conc. measured:
- 0.13 mmol/L
- Remarks:
- series 4
- Number of replicates:
- single samples
- Positive controls:
- no
- Negative controls:
- no
- Transformation products:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Only DMOE was identified
- No.:
- #1
- Details on hydrolysis and appearance of transformation product(s):
- DMOE Ac was non-enzymatically hydrolyzed to DMOE at the temperature and pH range corresponding to physiological conditions.
Hydrolysis was faster at low pH than at high pH.
No other reaction products were detected. - % Recovery:
- 32
- pH:
- 9.2
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Duration:
- 6 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: loss due to volatization
- Remarks:
- series 1
- % Recovery:
- 69
- pH:
- 2.2
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Duration:
- 3 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: loss due to volatization
- Remarks:
- series 1
- % Recovery:
- 48
- pH:
- 9.2
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Duration:
- 6 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: loss due to volatization
- Remarks:
- series 2
- % Recovery:
- 66
- pH:
- 7.5
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Duration:
- 6 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: loss due to volatization
- Remarks:
- series 2
- % Recovery:
- 52
- pH:
- 4
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Duration:
- 6 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: loss due to volatization
- Remarks:
- series 2
- % Recovery:
- 80
- pH:
- 2.2
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Duration:
- 6 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: loss due to volatization
- Remarks:
- series 2
- % Recovery:
- 77
- pH:
- 2.2
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Duration:
- 2 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: loss due to volatization
- Remarks:
- series 3
- pH:
- 9.2
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Hydrolysis rate constant:
- 0.239 h-1
- DT50:
- 2.9 h
- Type:
- (pseudo-)first order (= half-life)
- Remarks on result:
- other: series 2
- Key result
- pH:
- 7.5
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Hydrolysis rate constant:
- 0.203 h-1
- DT50:
- 3.41 h
- Type:
- (pseudo-)first order (= half-life)
- Remarks on result:
- other: series 2
- pH:
- 4
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Hydrolysis rate constant:
- 0.292 h-1
- DT50:
- 2.37 h
- Type:
- (pseudo-)first order (= half-life)
- Remarks on result:
- other: series 2
- pH:
- 2.2
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Hydrolysis rate constant:
- 1.95 h-1
- DT50:
- 0.36 h
- Type:
- (pseudo-)first order (= half-life)
- Remarks on result:
- other: series 2
- pH:
- 2.2
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Hydrolysis rate constant:
- 2.553 h-1
- DT50:
- 0.27 h
- Type:
- (pseudo-)first order (= half-life)
- Remarks on result:
- other: series 3
- Details on results:
- The incubation of 14C-DMOE Ac with buffers at pH 2.2, 4.0, 7.5 and 9.2 at 37°C showed the
following results:
DMOE Ac was non-enzymatically hydrolyzed to DMOE at the temperature and pH range
corresponding to physiological conditions.
Hydrolysis was faster at low pH than at high pH. This indicates that in the stomach
DMOE Ac will be rapidly and completely hydrolyzed to DMOE due to the low pH
conditions.
No other reaction products were detected.
At 37°C a significant loss of DMOE Ac due to volatilization was observed.
The incubation of 14C-DMOE with buffers at pH 2.2, 4.0, 7.5 and 9.2 at 37°C showed the
following results:
DMOE is chemically stable under the conditions tested.
DMOE is only slightly volatile in aqueous systems. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- The incubation of 14C-DMOE Ac with buffers at pH 2.2, 4.0, 7.5 and 9.2 at 37°C showed the following results:
DMOE Ac was non-enzymatically hydrolyzed to DMOE at the temperature and pH range corresponding to physiological conditions.
Hydrolysis was faster at low pH than at high pH, with half lives of 2.9, 3.4, 2.4 and 0.3 h at pH 9.2, 7.5, 4.0 and 2.2 respectively
No other reaction products were detected.
At 37°C a significant loss of DMOE Ac due to volatilization was observed.
The incubation of 14C-DMOE with buffers at pH 2.2, 4.0, 7.5 and 9.2 at 37°C showed the following results:
DMOE is chemically stable under the conditions tested.
DMOE is only slightly volatile in aqueous systems. - Executive summary:
Data for hydrolysis for ethyllinalyl acetate were obtained from the read across substance 3,7-dimethyl-1-octen-3-yl acetate (DMOE Ac).
The chemical stability of 3,7-dimethyl-1-octen-3-yl acetate (DMOE Ac) was tested in aqueous solutions under different physiological conditions, i.e. at different pH values in the range of pH 2.2-9.2 at 37°C to mimic the hydrolysis behavior in the different parts of the gastrointestinal tract.
[3-14C]-3,7-dimethyl-1-octen-3-yl acetate (14C-DMOE Ac) was incubated at a concentration of 0.13 mmol/L at 37°C in buffers at pH 9.2, 7.5, 4.0 and 2.2. At several time points aliquots were removed and analyzed by radio-HPLC.
In the aqueous phase DMOE Ac was hydrolyzed to DMOE (3,7-dimethyl-1-octen-3-ol) with half lives of 2.9, 3.4, 2.4 and 0.3 h at pH 9.2, 7.5, 4.0 and 2.2 respectively. Thus, below pH 7.5 the hydrolysis rate was inversely related to the pH: the lower the pH, the higher the rate. Besides the hydrolysis product DMOE, no other degradation products were detected. Although closed systems were used and the gas volume in the incubation vials was kept low, the recovery of radioactivity in the aqueous phase decreased to about 50% after 6h, indicating a loss of volatile compounds at higher pH values. However, at pH 2.2 the overall radioactivty in the aqueous phase decreased only to 80% of the starting amount within 6h.
In control experiments, 14C-DMOE was incubated under identical conditions. DMOE was stable for up to 6h. The recovery of radioactivity was > 83% indicating that in aqueous solutions DMOE Ac was more volatile than DMOE. This was confirmed by measuring the ratio of DMOE Ac to DMOE in the gas phase by headspace MS. A ratio of about 90/10 was found in the gas phase after 6h incubation.
The results show that non-enzymatic hydrolysis of DMOE Ac to DMOE is faster at the lowest pH than at the highest pH tested. This indicates that in the stomach DMOE Ac will be rapidly (the calculated half-life is 0.3h) and completely hydrolyzed to DMOE due to the low pH conditions.
- Endpoint:
- hydrolysis
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Justification for type of information:
- See attached justification
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Transformation products:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Only DMOE was identified
- No.:
- #1
- Details on hydrolysis and appearance of transformation product(s):
- DMOE Ac was non-enzymatically hydrolyzed to DMOE at the temperature and pH range corresponding to physiological conditions.
Hydrolysis was faster at low pH than at high pH.
No other reaction products were detected. - % Recovery:
- 32
- pH:
- 9.2
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Duration:
- 6 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: loss due to volatization
- Remarks:
- series 1
- % Recovery:
- 69
- pH:
- 2.2
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Duration:
- 3 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: loss due to volatization
- Remarks:
- series 1
- % Recovery:
- 48
- pH:
- 9.2
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Duration:
- 6 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: loss due to volatization
- Remarks:
- series 2
- % Recovery:
- 66
- pH:
- 7.5
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Duration:
- 6 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: loss due to volatization
- Remarks:
- series 2
- % Recovery:
- 52
- pH:
- 4
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Duration:
- 6 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: loss due to volatization
- Remarks:
- series 2
- % Recovery:
- 80
- pH:
- 2.2
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Duration:
- 6 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: loss due to volatization
- Remarks:
- series 2
- % Recovery:
- 77
- pH:
- 2.2
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Duration:
- 2 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: loss due to volatization
- Remarks:
- series 3
- pH:
- 9.2
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Hydrolysis rate constant:
- 0.239 h-1
- DT50:
- 2.9 h
- Type:
- (pseudo-)first order (= half-life)
- Remarks on result:
- other: series 2
- Key result
- pH:
- 7.5
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Hydrolysis rate constant:
- 0.203 h-1
- DT50:
- 3.41 h
- Type:
- (pseudo-)first order (= half-life)
- Remarks on result:
- other: series 2
- pH:
- 4
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Hydrolysis rate constant:
- 0.292 h-1
- DT50:
- 2.37 h
- Type:
- (pseudo-)first order (= half-life)
- Remarks on result:
- other: series 2
- pH:
- 2.2
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Hydrolysis rate constant:
- 1.95 h-1
- DT50:
- 0.36 h
- Type:
- (pseudo-)first order (= half-life)
- Remarks on result:
- other: series 2
- pH:
- 2.2
- Temp.:
- 37 °C
- Hydrolysis rate constant:
- 2.553 h-1
- DT50:
- 0.27 h
- Type:
- (pseudo-)first order (= half-life)
- Remarks on result:
- other: series 3
- Details on results:
- The incubation of 14C-DMOE Ac with buffers at pH 2.2, 4.0, 7.5 and 9.2 at 37°C showed the
following results:
DMOE Ac was non-enzymatically hydrolyzed to DMOE at the temperature and pH range
corresponding to physiological conditions.
Hydrolysis was faster at low pH than at high pH. This indicates that in the stomach
DMOE Ac will be rapidly and completely hydrolyzed to DMOE due to the low pH
conditions.
No other reaction products were detected.
At 37°C a significant loss of DMOE Ac due to volatilization was observed.
The incubation of 14C-DMOE with buffers at pH 2.2, 4.0, 7.5 and 9.2 at 37°C showed the
following results:
DMOE is chemically stable under the conditions tested.
DMOE is only slightly volatile in aqueous systems. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- The incubation of 14C-DMOE Ac with buffers at pH 2.2, 4.0, 7.5 and 9.2 at 37°C showed the following results:
DMOE Ac was non-enzymatically hydrolyzed to DMOE at the temperature and pH range corresponding to physiological conditions.
Hydrolysis was faster at low pH than at high pH, with half lives of 2.9, 3.4, 2.4 and 0.3 h at pH 9.2, 7.5, 4.0 and 2.2 respectively
No other reaction products were detected.
At 37°C a significant loss of DMOE Ac due to volatilization was observed.
The incubation of 14C-DMOE with buffers at pH 2.2, 4.0, 7.5 and 9.2 at 37°C showed the following results:
DMOE is chemically stable under the conditions tested.
DMOE is only slightly volatile in aqueous systems. - Executive summary:
Data for hydrolysis for ethyllinalyl acetate were obtained from the read across substance 3,7-dimethyl-1-octen-3-yl acetate (DMOE Ac).
The chemical stability of 3,7-dimethyl-1-octen-3-yl acetate (DMOE Ac) was tested in aqueous solutions under different physiological conditions, i.e. at different pH values in the range of pH 2.2-9.2 at 37°C to mimic the hydrolysis behavior in the different parts of the gastrointestinal tract.
[3-14C]-3,7-dimethyl-1-octen-3-yl acetate (14C-DMOE Ac) was incubated at a concentration of 0.13 mmol/L at 37°C in buffers at pH 9.2, 7.5, 4.0 and 2.2. At several time points aliquots were removed and analyzed by radio-HPLC.
In the aqueous phase DMOE Ac was hydrolyzed to DMOE (3,7-dimethyl-1-octen-3-ol) with half lives of 2.9, 3.4, 2.4 and 0.3 h at pH 9.2, 7.5, 4.0 and 2.2 respectively. Thus, below pH 7.5 the hydrolysis rate was inversely related to the pH: the lower the pH, the higher the rate. Besides the hydrolysis product DMOE, no other degradation products were detected. Although closed systems were used and the gas volume in the incubation vials was kept low, the recovery of radioactivity in the aqueous phase decreased to about 50% after 6h, indicating a loss of volatile compounds at higher pH values. However, at pH 2.2 the overall radioactivty in the aqueous phase decreased only to 80% of the starting amount within 6h.
In control experiments, 14C-DMOE was incubated under identical conditions. DMOE was stable for up to 6h. The recovery of radioactivity was > 83% indicating that in aqueous solutions DMOE Ac was more volatile than DMOE. This was confirmed by measuring the ratio of DMOE Ac to DMOE in the gas phase by headspace MS. A ratio of about 90/10 was found in the gas phase after 6h incubation.
The results show that non-enzymatic hydrolysis of DMOE Ac to DMOE is faster at the lowest pH than at the highest pH tested. This indicates that in the stomach DMOE Ac will be rapidly (the calculated half-life is 0.3h) and completely hydrolyzed to DMOE due to the low pH conditions.
Referenceopen allclose all
Description of key information
Data for hydrolysis for ethyllinalyl acetate were obtained from the read across substance 3,7-dimethyl-1-octen-3-yl acetate (DMOE Ac).
The chemical stability of 3,7-dimethyl-1-octen-3-yl acetate (DMOE Ac) was tested in aqueous solutions under different physiological conditions, i.e. at different pH values in the range of pH 2.2-9.2 at 37°C to mimic the hydrolysis behavior in the different parts of the gastrointestinal tract.
[3-14C]-3,7-dimethyl-1-octen-3-yl acetate (14C-DMOE Ac) was incubated at a concentration of 0.13 mmol/L at 37°C in buffers at pH 9.2, 7.5, 4.0 and 2.2. At several time points aliquots were removed and analyzed by radio-HPLC.
In the aqueous phase DMOE Ac was hydrolyzed to DMOE (3,7-dimethyl-1-octen-3-ol) with half lives of 2.9, 3.4, 2.4 and 0.3 h at pH 9.2, 7.5, 4.0 and 2.2 respectively. Thus, below pH 7.5 the hydrolysis rate was inversely related to the pH: the lower the pH, the higher the rate. Besides the hydrolysis product DMOE, no other degradation products were detected. Although closed systems were used and the gas volume in the incubation vials was kept low, the recovery of radioactivity in the aqueous phase decreased to about 50% after 6h, indicating a loss of volatile compounds at higher pH values. However, at pH 2.2 the overall radioactivty in the aqueous phase decreased only to 80% of the starting amount within 6h.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Half-life for hydrolysis:
- 3.4 h
- at the temperature of:
- 37 °C
Additional information
The hydrolysis half-life of 3.4 hours was concluded from data at pH 7.5 which is considered representative for environmental aquatic conditions.
ELAC and DMOEAc are well-defined, fall in the allylic esters class and show high similarity in structure and properties. Therefore, the hydrolysis can be predicted because a similar reaction for these two substances is anticipated. The predicted values for hydrolysis half-lives are between 0.3 and 3.4 hours and can be used for ELAC. Experimental data from the OECD SIDS program for another close analogue, LAC, includes results in the same order of magnitude which further validate the hypothesis.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.