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EC number: 252-021-1 | CAS number: 34432-92-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Bioaccumulation: aquatic / sediment
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- bioaccumulation in aquatic species: fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 15/12/2017 to 08/02/2018
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Justification for type of information:
- Guideline study, conducted to GLP and current methodology.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 305 (Bioaccumulation in Fish: Aqueous and Dietary Exposure) -I: Aqueous Exposure Bioconcentration Fish Test
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- No further details specified in the study report.
- Radiolabelling:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- Collection of diet samples.
Samples of the treatment, reference, and control diets were collected and analysed in triplicate for the test item and reference substances at the beginning and end of the uptake phase.
The total lipid content of the prepared diet was sampled in triplicate prior to the start of the test and at the end of the uptake phase.
Collection of fish samples.
At each sampling interval, a sufficient number of fish were collected to provide 6 replicates samples from the control, treatment and reference group. Fish were impartially removed from the test chambers, and euthanized. Fish were euthanized in order to carry out the measurements of weight and length and chemical analysis. For this, fish were placed for about five minutes in a beaker containing MS222 (CAS number 886-86-2) at a lethal concentration of approximately 300 mg.L-1. On day 0 and 14 of uptake phase and at the end of depuration phase, additional fish were collected to determine lipid content. - Vehicle:
- yes
- Remarks:
- corn oil
- Details on preparation of test solutions, spiked fish food or sediment:
- Fish were fed with Small Granular product supplied by Special Diet Services (www.sdsdiets.fr).
Test and reference items were dissolved in corn oil as vehicle before mixing with fish food. The amount of corn oil (ref: ACRO405435000 ; VWR distributor) added to the fish food was 0.5%. The same amount of corn oil was added to the control diet. - Test organisms (species):
- Pimephales promelas
- Details on test organisms:
- The fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, was used in the study. This species was obtained from Osage Catfisheries (1170 Nichols Road, Osage Beach, MO 65065 , USA). All fish were on the same year class and come from the same source. Identification of the species was verified by the supplier. Fish arrived in the lab on 25/08/2017.
- Route of exposure:
- feed
- Justification for method:
- dietary exposure method used because stable, measurable water concentrations cannot be maintained
- Test type:
- flow-through
- Water / sediment media type:
- natural water: freshwater
- Total exposure / uptake duration:
- 14 d
- Total depuration duration:
- 28 d
- Hardness:
- 6.5 °dH
- Test temperature:
- 22.1 °C
- pH:
- 7.1
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 7.20%
- TOC:
- 0.2505 - 0.7926 (mg.L-1)
- Salinity:
- Not specified
- Conductivity:
- 253.4 (μS/cm)
- Details on test conditions:
- Test conditions
A continuous-flow was used to deliver water to the treatment, reference and control groups. The flow of water to the test chambers was controlled by peristaltic pumps
The delivery of water by peristaltic pumps was checked prior to the test and at approximately weekly intervals thereafter.
The test chambers used during both uptake and depuration phases were 96-L glass aquaria and filled with approximately 78 L of water.
Water
The water used for holding and testing was freshwater obtained from a mixture of deionized water and tap water issued from our water system.
Preliminary trial
A non-GLP pilot study was conducted to evaluate the biomagnification potential of test item. The pilot study was conducted with different nominal concentration of test item in diet.
The procedures used to prepare the fortified test diet for the definitive study were established during the pilot study. The stability, homogeneity and storage conditions of the test substance in the treated diet were confirmed during the pilot study. The results of the pilot study showed that there were not any harmful effect on fish at 500μg/ Yellow 124 and there was uptake of test item into the fish tissue, BMF values were estimated to be 0.00008.
Preparation of diet
Fish were fed with Small Granular product supplied by Special Diet Services (www.sdsdiets.fr).
Test and reference items were dissolved in corn oil as vehicle before mixing with fish food. The amount of corn oil (ref: ACRO405435000 ; VWR distributor) added to the fish food was 0.5%. The same amount of corn oil was added to the control diet. The preparation of the different diets is described below under "any other information on materials and methods inc tables".
Feeding of fish
During the uptake phase, the fish were fed with the appropriate test item, reference substance, or control diet daily at approximately 1.5 % of body weight (wet weight). The initial feed rate was based on weight measurements of a sample of fish collected on first day of acclimation and on first day of the test.
The amount of feed was adjusted based on the wet weights of sampled fish at each interval during testing period to account for growth during the test. Any uneaten food as well feces were removed from the different test chambers shortly after feeding.
Acclimation and test initiation
An acclimation period was performed from December 15th , 2017.
Fathead minnows were collected from the rearing tanks and impartially distributed, using dip nets, to the different test chambers until they contained 80 fish.
Initiation of the test was performed on December 27th, 2017, corresponding to the day 0 of the uptake phase.
Fish-to-water loading rate
Loading rate was defined as the total wet weight of fish per liter of water that passed through the test chamber in 24 hours.
On first day of acclimation, 10 fish were sampled in each test chamber and then weighed to estimate the feed rate.
Loading rates at the start of the acclimation were 0.44, 0.45 and 0.44 g.L-1.day-1 for the control, the test item and the reference item group, respectively.
On first day of uptake, 10 fish were sampled in each test chamber and then weighed to estimate the feed rate. 9 out 10 were used to chemical analysis and lipid content, one was replaced in the test corresponding chamber.
Loading rates at the start of the test were 0.40, 0.40 and 0.41 g.L-1.day-1 for the control, the test item and the reference item group, respectively.
Loading rate during the test is details in annex X and ranged from 0.22 to 0.43 g.L-1.day-1 in the control group, from 0.22 to 0.43 g.L-1.day-1 in the test item group and from 0.22 to 0.41 g.L-1.day-1 in the reference item group.
Biological observations
All fish were observed daily to evaluate the number or mortalities and the number of individuals exhibiting signs of abnormal behavior.
Environmental conditions
Neon day light was used for illumination of the controlled rooms. A photoperiod of 16 hours of light and 8 hours of dark was applied. Light intensity at the surface of the water at the start of the uptake phase was measured using a light meter.
The target water test temperature during the test was 22 ± 2°C. Temperature was measured in all test chambers at the beginning and end of the test and at approximately weekly intervals during the test. Temperature was also monitored continuously only in the control test chamberà.
Measurements of Dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, were performed in each test chamber at the beginning and at the end of the test and approximately weekly during the test using a multiparemeter. Hardness and alkalinity was measured in the control test chambers at the beginning and end of the uptake phase and at the end of the depuration phase. - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal: Control: 500 μg CI Yellow 124. g-1 fish food; 10 μg HCB. g-1 fish food (reference)
Mean Measured: <0.02 μg/g; 374.0 μg CI Yellow 124. g-1 fish food; 8.4 μg HCB. g-1 fish food - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- Hexachlorobenzene
- Details on estimation of bioconcentration:
- The depuration (loss) rate constant (k2)is the numerical value defining the rate of reduction in the concentration of the test substance in the test fish (or specified tissues thereof) following the transfer of the test fish from a medium containing the test substance to a medium free of that substance (k2 is expressed in day-1).
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC): measure of the concentration of carbon originating from dissolved organic sources in the test media.
Exposure or uptake phase: time during which the fish are exposed to the test chemical.
Food ingestion rate (I): Average amount of food eaten by each fish each day, relative to the estimated average fish whole body weight (expressed in terms of g food-1.g fish.day-1).
Kinetic bioconcentration factor (BCFK): ratio of the uptake rate constant, k1, to the depuration rate constant, k2 (i.e. k1/ k2 – see corresponding definitions in this annex). In principle the value should be comparable to the BCFSS (see definition above), but deviations may occur if steadystate was uncertain or if corrections for growth have been applied to the kinetic BCF.
The lipid normalised kinetic bioconcentration factor (BCFKL) is normalised to a fish with a 5% lipid content.
The lipid normalised, growth corrected kinetic bioconcentration factor (BCFKgL) is normalised to a fish with a 5% lipid content and corrected for growth during the study period as described in Annex 5.The lipid normalised steady-state bioconcentration factor (BCFSSL) is normalised to a fish with 5% lipid content.
The octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) is the ratio of a chemical’s solubility in n-octanol and water at equilibrium (OECD Guidelines 107, 117, 123); also expressed as POW. The logarithm of KOW is used as an indication of a chemical’s potential for bioconcentration by aquatic organisms.
A steady-state is reached in the plot of test substance in fish (Cf) against time when the curve becomes parallel to the time axis and three successive analyses of Cf made on samples taken at intervals of at least two days are within ± 20% of each other, and there is no significant increase of Cf in time between the first and last successive analysis. When pooled samples are analysed at least four successive analyses are required. For test substances which are taken up slowly the intervals would more appropriately be seven days.
The steady-state bioconcentration factor (BCFSS) does not change significantly over a prolonged period of time, the concentration of the test substance in the surrounding medium being constant during this period of time (cf. Definition of steady-state).
The uptake rate constant (k1) is the numerical value defining the rate of increase in the concentration of test substance in/on test fish (or specified tissues thereof) when the fish are exposed to that chemical (k1) is expressed in L. Kg-1.day-1). - Lipid content:
- 8.7 %
- Time point:
- start of exposure
- Lipid content:
- 10.3 %
- Time point:
- end of exposure
- Key result
- Conc. / dose:
- 374 µg/g food
- Temp.:
- >= 20 - <= 24 °C
- pH:
- 7
- Type:
- BMF
- Value:
- 0.001 dimensionless
- Basis:
- normalised lipid fraction
- Time of plateau:
- 15 d
- Calculation basis:
- steady state
- Key result
- Conc. / dose:
- 374 µg/g food
- Temp.:
- >= 20 - <= 24 °C
- pH:
- 7
- Type:
- BCF
- Value:
- 43.3 L/kg
- Basis:
- whole body w.w.
- Calculation basis:
- other: OECD calculation matrix
- Key result
- Elimination:
- yes
- Parameter:
- DT50
- Depuration time (DT):
- 3.5 d
- Key result
- Rate constant:
- overall depuration rate constant (d-1)
- Value:
- -0.206
- Details on kinetic parameters:
- Depuration rate and Derived time Zero
The depuration rate constant (k2) was calculated by plotting the natural logarithm of measured concentrations of the test or reference substance (ln(concentration)) for the depuration period versus time (day). A linear least squares correlation was calculated for the ln(concentration) vs. time (day) data. The slope of the line was reported as the overall depuration constant (k2) and the intercept of the line was reported as the natural logarithm of the derived time zero concentration (C0,d). The overall depuration rate constants (k2) and the derived time zero concentrations (C0,d) for the treatment reference groups are presented.
In the test item treatment the k2 value for whole fish tissue was -0.2064. The derived time zero concentration (C0,d) for whole fish tissues in the test item treatment group was 3.14 μg/g.
Assimilation efficiency
The assimilation efficiency (α) is the efficiency of absorption of the test or reference substance across the gut.
The assimilation efficiency for whole fish tissue in the test item treatment group was 0.0068.
Lipid correction
The corrections were calculated using (i) the mean lipid fractions from the fish (Lfish) from Day 0 and 14 of uptake and from day 28 of depuration and (ii) The mean lipid fractions of diet (Lfood) analyzed on Day 0 and 14 of uptake.
The lipid-correction factor was calculated to be 0.53 for the treatment group. - Metabolites:
- Not determined.
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- Concentration of reference item in fish tissue
The mean measured tissue concentration of test item in whole fish tissues at Day 14 of uptake was 1,06 μg/g. The whole fish tissue concentration from Day 14 of the uptake phase (1,06 μg/g ) is also the measured time zero concentration (C0,m). The mean measured concentration of NOMSUBSTANCE in whole fish tissue by Day 28 of depuration was 0.38 μg/g.
The growth and lipid corrected BMF value for the reference substance HCB was 0,4553 in whole fish tissues. The time to reach 95% steady state (BMFSS) was 90 days and the estimated time to reach 50% clearance was 18 days.
Depuration rate and Derived time Zero
In the HCB reference group, the k2 value for whole fish tissue was -0.0387. The derived time zero concentration (C0,d) for whole fish tissues in the HCB reference group was 1.18 μg/g.
The assimilation efficiency for whole fish tissue in the HCB reference group was 0.5278.
Lipid correction
The corrections were calculated using (i) the mean lipid fractions from the fish (Lfish) from Day 0 and 14 of uptake and from day 28 of depuration and (ii) The mean lipid fractions of diet (Lfood) analyzed on Day 0 and 14 of uptake.
The lipid-correction factor was calculated to be 0.52 for the reference group. - Details on results:
- Observations and clinical signs of toxicity
There were no observed mortalities in reference groups during the tests. There was one mortality in the control group on Day 2 of the uptake phase. There was one mortality in the test item group on Day 8 of the depuration phase. This was incidental and not considered treatment related. All fish appeared normal and healthy throughout the test.
Concentration of test item in fish tissues
The mean measured tissue concentration of test item in whole fish tissues at Day 14 of uptake was 7.1 μg/g. The whole fish tissue concentration from Day 14 of the uptake phase (7,1 μg/g) is also the measured time zero concentration (C0,m). The mean measured concentration of test item in whole fish tissue by Day 28 of depuration was 0.04 μg/g
The concentrations of test item in the control group was < 0.02 μg/g during the test.
Growth rate
Growth measurements (length and total wet weight) for individual fish collected during uptake and depuration in each condition are presented in appendix.
Growth rate constants (kg), were calculated by performing a linear least squares correlation on the individual data of the control, treatment and reference groups.
The slopes of the linear regression were compared statistically using the student’s t-test (p = 0.05).
In each condition, there were no statistical differences between the slopes of the uptake and depuration phase growth data in the treatment group (p > 0.05) therefore the uptake and depuration data was pooled.
The growth rate constants (kg) were -0.0093, -0.0067 and -0.0052 day-1 in the control, treatment and reference groups, respectively.
Food ingestion rate
The food ingestion rate constant (I) was calculated using the desired amount of food to be fed per day, weight of fish and number of fish remaining in each tank. Feeding rates were adjusted based out on the weights of sampled fish at each interval during the study. The food ingestion rate was calculated to be 0.015 g food g-1 fish day-1 (i.e. 1,5%).
BCF estimation based on BMF values
According to the Guidance Document OECD TG 305, different methods are available to estimate the BCF from a dietary exposure. For this, the Excel BCF Estimation Tool version 2 available on the OECD website was used (http://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/testing/section-3-environmental-fate-behaviour-software-tg-305.htm).
With this tool, estimated BCF ranged from 43.3 to 4054 according to the method.
In this study, This BMFKgL estimate is reasonable (0.001), as the measured assimilation efficiency approaches zero, indicating that the test substance is not taken up from the food and the depuration rate is not really relevant.
Measured concentrations of the test substance in the feed were 374,0 µg Y124 /g , whereas maximum concentration in tissues at end of uptake was 0.182 µg Y124 /g. This would seem to indicate that test item simply does not pass through the gut lining into the tissues, and suggests that there is a large margin between the observed accumulation of the test substance and any level of accumulation that might be of concern.
Thus several lines of evidence indicate the empirical method of Inoue et.al. (2012) should be favoured, and the best available estimate of BCFKgL is 43.3.
Please see "any other information on results incl tables" below for further iformation. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Fathead minnow were exposed to a control, treatment and reference diet for 14 days. Mean measured concentration of the treatment diet was 374,0 μg CI Yellow 124 /g and mean measured concentration of the reference diet was 8.2 μg HCB /g.
The growth and lipid corrected BMF value was 0.001 in analytically determined whole fish tissues in the CI Yellow 124 treatment group.
The mean measured time zero concentration (tissue concentration at Day 14 uptake) in whole fish tissue was 7,1 μg/g, while the derived time zero concentration in whole fish tissue was 3.14 μg/g suggesting the presence of undigested food in the gut tract. The time to reach 95% steady state (BMFSS) was 15 days and the estimated time to reach 50% clearance was 3,5 days.
The growth and lipid corrected BMF value for the reference substance HCB was 0,4553 in whole fish tissues. The time to reach 95% steady state (BMFSS) was 90 days and the estimated time to reach 50% clearance was 18 days.
The substance is not considered to be bioaccumulative on the basis of the study results observed. - Executive summary:
Fathead minnow were exposed to a control, treatment and reference diet for 14 days. Mean measured concentration of the treatment diet was 374.0 μg CI Yellow 124 /g and mean measured concentration of the reference diet was 8.2 μg HCB /g.
The growth and lipid corrected BMF value was 0.001 in analytically determined whole fish tissues in the CI Yellow 124 treatment group.
The mean measured time zero concentration (tissue concentration at Day 14 uptake) in whole fish tissue was 7.1 μg/g, while the derived time zero concentration in whole fish tissue was 3.14 μg/g suggesting the presence of undigested food in the gut tract. The time to reach 95% steady state (BMFSS) was 15 days and the estimated time to reach 50% clearance was 3, 5 days.
The growth and lipid corrected BMF value for the reference substance HCB was 0.4553 in whole fish tissues. The time to reach 95% steady state (BMFSS) was 90 days and the estimated time to reach 50% clearance was 18 days.
Results:
Conditions
Tissue type
Depuration rate constant
k2g
Assimilation efficiency
Growth and lipid corrected Biomagnification factor
BMFKgL
CI Yellow 124
Whole fish
0.1997
0.0068
0.0010
HCB (reference)
Whole fish
0.0334
0.5278
0.4553
The substance is not considered to be bioaccumulative on the basis of the study results observed.
Reference
Physico-chemical measurements in each test chamber are summarized in the table below:
|
|
Dissolved oxygen (%) |
pH |
Temperature (°C) |
Conductivity (µS/cm) |
Lightning (lux) |
Hardness (°dH) |
Alkalinity (mg /L CaCO3) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Control |
Mean |
75.8 |
7.1 |
22.1 |
257.7 |
891.5 |
6.1 |
108.5 |
Standard deviation |
8.0 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
22.1 |
2.1 |
1.3 |
23.9 |
|
RSD (%) |
10.6 |
2.2 |
0.7 |
8.6 |
0.2 |
22.0 |
22.0 |
|
Min |
64.6 |
6.9 |
21.4 |
228.2 |
890.0 |
4.6 |
82.8 |
|
Max |
85.8 |
7.3 |
22.5 |
278.9 |
893.0 |
7.3 |
130.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Treatment_Y124 |
Mean |
72.0 |
7.1 |
22.1 |
253.4 |
890.0 |
6.5 |
116.6 |
Standard deviation |
6.0 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
19.3 |
46.0 |
1.1 |
20.5 |
|
RSD (%) |
8.3 |
2.5 |
1.4 |
7.6 |
5.2 |
17.6 |
17.6 |
|
Min |
64.2 |
7.0 |
21.8 |
228.9 |
925.0 |
5.2 |
93.5 |
|
Max |
81.3 |
7.5 |
22.7 |
270.4 |
990.0 |
7.4 |
132.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Reference_HCB |
Mean |
73.4 |
7.1 |
21.9 |
247.2 |
940.0 |
6.4 |
113.9 |
Standard deviation |
3.9 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
21.5 |
19.8 |
1.8 |
32.7 |
|
RSD (%) |
5.4 |
2.4 |
1.4 |
8.7 |
2.1 |
28.7 |
28.7 |
|
Min |
67.4 |
7.0 |
21.9 |
225.5 |
863.0 |
4.3 |
76.2 |
|
Max |
77.6 |
7.5 |
22.7 |
272.9 |
891.0 |
7.5 |
134.6 |
The dissolved oxygen concentration was > 60% of the air saturation value throughout the test in each test chamber. The pH was in all conditions within a range of ± 0.5. Water did not differ by more than 2°C in treatment or control groups.
Concentration of lipid in control, test and reference diets
Lipids (%) |
||||
Phase_time (days) |
Control |
Treatment_Y124 |
Reference_HCB |
|
Uptake_0 |
14,9 |
13,8 |
14,1 |
|
13,9 |
14,1 |
14,4 |
||
13,8 |
14,2 |
14,1 |
||
mean |
14,2 |
14,0 |
14,2 |
|
SD |
0,6 |
0,2 |
0,2 |
|
Uptake_14 |
14,6 |
14,5 |
14,1 |
|
14,5 |
14,7 |
14,5 |
||
14,3 |
14,7 |
14,4 |
||
mean |
14,4 |
14,6 |
14,3 |
|
SD |
0,1 |
0,1 |
0,2 |
|
mean |
14,3 |
14,3 |
14,3 |
|
SD |
0,4 |
0,4 |
0,2 |
Concentration of test item in test and control diets
The concentration of test item in the test diet and control diet collected at day 0 and 14 of the uptake phase is presented in table below.
[Y124] µg.g food-1 |
|||
Phase_time (days) |
Control |
Treatment_Y124 |
|
Uptake_0 |
<0,02 |
369,0 |
|
<0,02 |
364,5 |
||
<0,02 |
374,3 |
||
mean |
NA |
369,3 |
|
mean +15% |
NA |
424,6 |
|
mean -15% |
NA |
313,9 |
|
SD |
NA |
4,9 |
|
Uptake_14 |
<0,02 |
378,2 |
|
<0,02 |
382,6 |
||
<0,02 |
375,7 |
||
mean |
NA |
378,8 |
|
mean +15% |
NA |
435,6 |
|
mean -15% |
NA |
322,0 |
|
SD |
NA |
3,5 |
|
General mean |
NA |
374,0 |
|
General mean +20% |
NA |
448,8 |
|
General mean -20% |
NA |
299,2 |
Test item was not detected in control diet
The mean measured concentration of the test item in diet was 374,0 µg.g food-1. The concentration of the test item in fish diet before and at the end of the uptake phase was within ± 20% .
The homogeneity of the test item in fish diet did not vary more than ± 15% from the mean.
Concentration of reference item in reference diet
[HCB] µg.g food-1 |
||
Phase_time (days) |
Treatment_Y124 |
|
Uptake_0 |
8,40 |
|
9,10 |
||
9,02 |
||
mean |
8,8 |
|
mean +15% |
10,2 |
|
mean -15% |
7,5 |
|
SD |
0,4 |
|
Uptake_14 |
7,73 |
|
7,62 |
||
7,45 |
||
mean |
7,6 |
|
mean +15% |
8,7 |
|
mean -15% |
6,5 |
|
SD |
0,1 |
|
General mean |
8,2 |
|
General mean +20% |
9,9 |
|
General mean -20% |
6,6 |
The mean measured concentration of the reference item in diet was 8,2 µg.g food-1.
The concentration of the reference item in fish diet before and at the end of the uptake phase was within ± 20% .
The homogeneity of the reference item in fish diet did not vary more than ± 15% from the mean.
Concentration of test item in fish tissues
The concentrations of test items in tissues of fish exposed to the treatment diet with a mean measured concentration of 374.0 µg/g are summarized in the table below .
Sampling date |
Phase_time (days) |
Mean |
SD |
27/12/2017 |
Uptake_0 |
<0.02 |
<0.02 |
10/01/2018 |
Uptake_14 |
7.10 |
3.34 |
11/01/2018 |
Depuration_1 |
3.07 |
2.04 |
12/01/2018 |
Depuration_2 |
4.44 |
4.26 |
18/01/2018 |
Depuration_5 |
3.04 |
2.55 |
18/01/2018 |
Depuration_8 |
0.67 |
0.84 |
25/01/2018 |
Depuration_15 |
0.18 |
0.21 |
01/02/2018 |
Depuration_22 |
0.07 |
0.11 |
07/02/2018 |
Depuration_28 |
0.04 |
0.07 |
The mean measured tissue concentration of test item in whole fish tissues at Day 14 of uptake was 7.1 µg/g. The whole fish tissue concentration from Day 14 of the uptake phase (7,1 µg/g) is also the measured time zero concentration (C0,m). The mean measured concentration of test item in whole fish tissue by Day 28 of depuration was 0.04 µg/g
Concentration of reference item in fish tissue
The concentrations of test items in tissues of fish exposed to the reference diet with a mean measured concentration of 8.2 µg/g are presented in appendix X and summarized in the table below:
Sampling date |
Phase_time (days) |
Mean (µg/g) |
SD |
27/12/2017 |
Uptake_0 |
0,03 |
0,01 |
10/01/2018 |
Uptake_14 |
1,06 |
0,36 |
11/01/2018 |
Depuration_1 |
1,09 |
0,28 |
12/01/2018 |
Depuration_2 |
1,07 |
0,30 |
18/01/2018 |
Depuration_5 |
1,19 |
0,29 |
18/01/2018 |
Depuration_8 |
0,87 |
0,25 |
25/01/2018 |
Depuration_15 |
0,74 |
0,33 |
01/02/2018 |
Depuration_22 |
0,61 |
0,19 |
07/02/2018 |
Depuration_28 |
0,38 |
0,16 |
The mean measured tissue concentration of test item in whole fish tissues at Day 14 of uptake was 1,06 µg/g. The whole fish tissue concentration from Day 14 of the uptake phase (1,06 µg/g ) is also the measured time zero concentration (C0,m). The mean measured concentration of test item in whole fish tissue by Day 28 of depuration was 0.38 µg/g.
Depuration rate and Derived time Zero
The depuration rate constant (k2) was calculated by plotting the natural logarithm of measured concentrations of the test or reference substance (ln(concentration)) for the depuration period versus time (day). A linear least squares correlation was calculated for the ln(concentration)vs.time (day) data. The slope of the line was reported as the overall depuration constant (k2) and the intercept of the line was reported as the natural logarithm of the derived time zero concentration (C0,d). The overall depuration rate constants (k2) and the derived time zero concentrations (C0,d) for the treatment reference groups are presented.
In the test item treatment thek2value for whole fish tissue was -0.2064. The derived time zero concentration (C0,d) for whole fish tissues in the test item treatment group was 3.14 µg/g.
In the HCB reference group, thek2value for whole fish tissue was -0.0387. The derived time zero concentration (C0,d) for whole fish tissues in the HCB reference group was 1.18 µg/g.
These results are be summarized in the table below.
|
Slope |
Intercept |
C0,d |
Test item |
-0.2064 |
1.1447 |
3.14 |
Reference item |
-0.0387 |
0.1264 |
1.18 |
Slope=k2 |
C0,d(µg/g)= |
Growth rate
Growth measurements (length and total wet weight) for individual fish collected during uptake and depuration in each condition are presented in appendix.
Growth rate constants (kg), were calculated by performing a linear least squares correlation on the individual data of the control, treatment and reference groups.
The slopes of the linear regression were compared statistically using the student’s t-test (p = 0.05).
In each condition, there were no statistical differences between the slopes of the uptake and depuration phase growth data in the treatment group (p > 0.05) therefore the uptake and depuration data was pooled.
The growth rate constants (kg) were -0.0093, -0.0067 and -0.0052 day-1in the control, treatment and reference groups, respectively.
Food ingestion rate
The food ingestion rate constant (I) was calculated using the desired amount of food to be fed per day, weight of fish and number of fish remaining in each tank. Feeding rates were adjusted based out on the weights of sampled fish at each interval during the study. The food ingestion rate was calculated to be 0.015 g food g-1 fish day-1 (i.e. 1,5%).
Assimilation efficiency
The assimilation efficiency (α) is the efficiency of absorption of the test or reference substance across the gut.
The equations and parameters used to calculate the assimilation efficiency are presented in the table below. The assimilation efficiencies for whole fish tissues in the treatment and reference group are also presented in the table below :
|
a |
Test item |
0.0068 |
Reference item |
0.5278 |
|
|
C0,d=derived concentration at end of uptake k2=Depuration rate constant. I =Food ingestion rate constant (g food g-1day-1) Cfood(µg/g) = Average measured concentration in food
t = Days of feeding (exposure) |
The assimilation efficiency for whole fish tissue in the test item treatment group was 0.0068. The assimilation efficiency for whole fish tissue in the HCB reference group was 0.5278.
Lipid fish content
Lipids (%) |
||||
Phase_time (days) |
|
Control |
Treatment_Y124 |
Reference_HCB |
Uptake_0 |
9.5 |
7.9 |
7.9 |
|
12.8 |
11.7 |
8.8 |
||
8.7 |
6.3 |
11.0 |
||
mean |
10.3 |
8.7 |
9.2 |
|
SD |
2.1 |
2.8 |
1.6 |
|
Uptake_14 |
8.9 |
7.9 |
6.8 |
|
9.2 |
13.3 |
8.3 |
||
9.7 |
9.7 |
5.6 |
||
mean |
9.3 |
10.3 |
6.9 |
|
SD |
0.4 |
2.7 |
1.3 |
|
Depuration_28 |
7.9 |
3.0 |
11.1 |
|
10.5 |
5.9 |
1.6 |
||
6.9 |
2.9 |
6.3 |
||
mean |
8.4 |
3.9 |
6.3 |
|
SD |
1.8 |
1.7 |
4.7 |
|
Mean |
9.3 |
7.6 |
7.5 |
|
SD |
1.6 |
3.6 |
2.9 |
Lipid correction
The corrections were calculated using (i) the mean lipid fractions from the fish (Lfish) from Day 0 and 14 of uptake and from day 28 of depuration and (ii) The mean lipid fractions of diet (Lfood) analyzed on Day 0 and 14 of uptake.
The lipid correction (Lc) factors for both the treatment and reference groups are presented in Table below.
|
Test item |
Reference item |
Lfish |
7.6 ±3.6 |
7.5±2.9 |
Lfood |
14.3 ±0.4 |
14.3±0.2 |
LC |
0.53 |
0.52 |
The lipid‑correction factor was calculated to be 0.53 for the treatment group and 0.52 for the reference group.
BMF calculations
The equations used to calculate the BMF values for the treatment and reference groups are presented in the table below:
|
Test item |
Reference item |
k2 |
-0.2064 |
-0.0387 |
kg |
-0.0067 |
-0.0052 |
k2g |
0.1997 |
0.0334 |
BMF |
0.0005 |
0.2048 |
BMFKg |
0.0005 |
0.2367 |
BMFKgL |
0.0010 |
0.4553 |
t1/2g |
3.5 |
18 |
BMFSS |
15.0 |
90 |
The growth and lipid corrected BMF (BMFKgL) value for whole fish tissue of the test item treatment group was 0,0010. The time to reach 95% steady state (BMFSS) was 15 days and the growth corrected half-life (t1/2g) was 3,5 days.
The growth and lipid corrected BMF (BMFKgL) value for whole fish tissue of the HCB treatment group was 0,4553. The BMFKgLfalls within the range from the OECD ring test (0.0645 to 4.377). This suggests that dosing was properly performed, and that thePimephales promelastook up the HCB and distributed it to tissues in a manner consistent with previous studies. The time to reach 95% steady state (BMFSS) was 90 days and the growth corrected half-life (t1/2g) was 18 days.
BCF estimation based on BMF values
According to the Guidance Document OECD TG 305, different methods are available to estimate the BCF from a dietary exposure.
For this, the Excel BCF Estimation Tool version 2 available on the OECD website was used (http://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/testing/section-3-environmental-fate-behaviour-software-tg-305.htm).
The results table the for test item, Yellow 124, is given below:
Inputs |
|
|
Outputs |
||||
Variable |
Value |
|
|
Method 1 |
|||
Mean weight at test start (g) |
1,7 |
|
|
inputs for K1 |
K1 |
BCF Est. |
Ref. |
Uptake phase duration (days) |
14 |
|
|
weight |
455,12 |
1604,9 |
Hayton and Barron (1990) |
Growth rate, Kg(day-1) |
-0,0067 |
|
|
weight |
620,01 |
2186,4 |
Erickson and McKim (1990a) |
Log KOW |
7,12 |
|
|
weight |
619,43 |
2184,4 |
Barber et al. (1991) |
K2 g(K2- Kg) |
0,1997 |
|
|
weight |
401,86 |
1417,1 |
Barber (2003) - observed |
Mean fish lipid uptake end or depuration start (fraction) |
0,103 |
|
|
weight |
637,57 |
2248,3 |
Barber (2001) |
Mean fish lipid depuration end (fraction) |
0,039 |
|
|
weight |
120,86 |
426,2 |
Streit and Sire (1993) |
Depuration phase duration (days) |
28 |
|
|
weight |
506,23 |
1785,2 |
Erickson and McKim (1990b) |
BMFg l |
0,001 |
|
|
weight |
440,63 |
1553,8 |
Sijm et al. (1995) |
|
|
|
|
weight |
544,20 |
1919,1 |
Barber (2003) - calibrated |
Interim Outputs |
|
|
log Kow |
1149,85 |
4054,8 |
Tolls and Sijm (1995) |
|
|
|
log Kow |
1063,26 |
3749,5 |
Spacie and Hamelink (1982) |
||
|
|
|
|
weight, log Kow |
112,57 |
397,0 |
Hendriks et al. (2001) |
Variable |
Value |
|
|
weight, log Kow |
43,76 |
154,3 |
Thomann (1989) |
Mean weight midpoint uptake phase (g) |
1,678 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mean lipid content midpoint depuration phase |
0,071 |
|
|
Method 2 |
|||
K2 g l |
0,284 |
|
|
input |
Estimated K1 |
BCF Est. |
Ref. |
|
|
|
|
K2 g l |
327,35 |
1154,4 |
Brookes and Crooke (2012) |
|
|
|
|
Method 3 |
|||
|
|
|
|
input |
Estimated K1 |
BCF Est. |
Ref. |
|
|
|
|
BMFg l |
12,26 |
43,3 |
Inoue et al (2012) |
With this tool, estimated BCF ranged from 43.3 to 4054 according to the method.
In this study, This BMFKgLestimate is reasonable (0.001), as the measured assimilation efficiency approaches zero, indicating that the test substance is not taken up from the food and the depuration rate is not really relevant.
Measured concentrations of the test substance in the feed were 374,0 µg Y124 /g , whereas maximum concentration in tissues at end of uptake was 0.182 µg Y124 /g. This would seem to indicate that test item simply does not pass through the gut lining into the tissues, and suggests that there is a large margin between the observed accumulation of the test substance and any level of accumulation that might be of concern.
Thus several lines of evidence indicate the empirical method of Inoueet.al. (2012) should be favoured, and the best available estimate of BCFKgL is 43.3.
BCF estimation was performed for the reference item using the same excel tool. The result table is given below:
Variable |
Value |
|
|
Method 1 |
|||
Mean weight at test start (g) |
1,696 |
|
|
inputs for K1 |
K1 |
BCF Est. |
Ref. |
Uptake phase duration (days) |
14 |
|
|
weight |
455,07 |
10321,8 |
Hayton and Barron (1990) |
Growth rate, Kg(day-1) |
-0,005211089 |
|
|
weight |
619,96 |
14061,9 |
Erickson and McKim (1990a) |
Log KOW |
5,73 |
|
|
weight |
619,37 |
14048,5 |
Barber et al. (1991) |
K2 g(K2- Kg) |
0,0334 |
|
|
weight |
401,82 |
9114,0 |
Barber (2003) - observed |
Mean fish lipid uptake end or depuration start (fraction) |
0,069 |
|
|
weight |
637,52 |
14460,1 |
Barber (2001) |
Mean fish lipid depuration end (fraction) |
0,063 |
|
|
weight |
120,84 |
2741,0 |
Streit and Sire (1993) |
Depuration phase duration (days) |
28 |
|
|
weight |
506,17 |
11480,8 |
Erickson and McKim (1990b) |
BMFg l |
0,4553 |
|
|
weight |
440,55 |
9992,5 |
Sijm et al. (1995) |
|
|
|
|
weight |
543,98 |
12338,5 |
Barber (2003) - calibrated |
Interim Outputs |
|
|
log Kow |
778,14 |
17649,8 |
Tolls and Sijm (1995) |
|
|
|
log Kow |
664,22 |
15065,7 |
Spacie and Hamelink (1982) |
||
|
|
|
|
weight, log Kow |
110,83 |
2513,8 |
Hendriks et al. (2001) |
Variable |
Value |
|
|
weight, log Kow |
160,00 |
3629,1 |
Thomann (1989) |
Mean weight midpoint uptake phase (g) |
1,679 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mean lipid content midpoint depuration phase |
0,066 |
|
|
Method 2 |
|||
K2 g l |
0,044 |
|
|
input |
Estimated K1 |
BCF Est. |
Ref. |
|
|
|
|
K2 g l |
494,84 |
11223,8 |
Brookes and Crooke (2012) |
|
|
|
|
Method 3 |
|||
|
|
|
|
input |
Estimated K1 |
BCF Est. |
Ref. |
|
|
|
|
BMFg l |
302,96 |
6871,8 |
Inoue et al (2012) |
VALIDITY CRITERIA
All the validity criteria specified in the study plan were met.
· Water temperature variation was less than +/- 2°C in treatment, reference or control groups
· Concentration of dissolved oxygen did not fall below 60% of the air saturation value
· The concentration of the test item in fish food before and ate the end of the uptake phase was within a range of +/-20% (based on three replicates)
· A high degree of homogeneity of test item in food was demonstrated. Three sample concentrations taken ate test stat did not vary more than +/- 15% from the mean.
· Concentration of test item was not detected in control fish diet and tissue.
· No mortality or other adverse effects was observed in both control and treatment groups.
Description of key information
Results:
Conditions |
Tissue type |
Depuration rate constant k2g |
Assimilation efficiency |
Growth and lipid corrected Biomagnification factor BMFKgL |
CI Yellow 124 |
Whole fish |
0.1997 |
0.0068 |
0.0010 |
HCB (reference) |
Whole fish |
0.0334 |
0.5278 |
0.4553 |
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- BMF in fish (dimensionless):
- 0.001
Additional information
Fathead minnow were exposed to a control, treatment and reference diet for 14 days. Mean measured concentration of the treatment diet was 374.0 μg CI Yellow 124 /g and mean measured concentration of the reference diet was 8.2 μg HCB /g.
The growth and lipid corrected BMF value was 0.001 in analytically determined whole fish tissues in the CI Yellow 124 treatment group.
The mean measured time zero concentration (tissue concentration at Day 14 uptake) in whole fish tissue was 7.1 μg/g, while the derived time zero concentration in whole fish tissue was 3.14 μg/g suggesting the presence of undigested food in the gut tract. The time to reach 95% steady state (BMFSS) was 15 days and the estimated time to reach 50% clearance was 3, 5 days.
The growth and lipid corrected BMF value for the reference substance HCB was 0.4553 in whole fish tissues. The time to reach 95% steady state (BMFSS) was 90 days and the estimated time to reach 50% clearance was 18 days.
Results:
Conditions |
Tissue type |
Depuration rate constant k2g |
Assimilation efficiency |
Growth and lipid corrected Biomagnification factor BMFKgL |
CI Yellow 124 |
Whole fish |
0.1997 |
0.0068 |
0.0010 |
HCB (reference) |
Whole fish |
0.0334 |
0.5278 |
0.4553 |
The substance is not considered to be bioaccumulative on the basis of the results observed.
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