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EC number: 215-160-9 | CAS number: 1308-38-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to soil microorganisms
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to soil microorganisms
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: See 'Remarks'
- Remarks:
- The study is not considered reliable due to insufficient documentation and methodological deficiencies: No analytical confirmation of test concentrations, test temperature and pH in soil during test, absolute values (respiration) not reported. In addition, severe soil acidification was observed at the end of the experiment and soil respiration in control soils was unstable during long-term incubation (>70w), pointing to a depletion of the soil carbon source.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Short-term and long-term effects of cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc on soil microbial respiration in relation to abiotic soil factors
- Author:
- Doelman, P. and Haanstra, L.
- Year:
- 1 984
- Bibliographic source:
- Plant and Soil 79, 317-327 (1984)
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The study investigated the influence of heavy metals including chromium on soil microbial respiration in five different soil types. After 2, 4, 8 and 70 weeks, soil respiration was assessed.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Chromium trichloride
- EC Number:
- 233-038-3
- EC Name:
- Chromium trichloride
- Cas Number:
- 10025-73-7
- Molecular formula:
- Cl3Cr
- IUPAC Name:
- Chromium chloride
1
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
Test substrate
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- Concentrations of 55, 150, 400, 1000, 3000 and 8000 mg chromium/kg added to the respective soils (added as finely ground chloride salt)
Results and discussion
Effect concentrationsopen allclose all
- Duration:
- 43 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Remarks:
- sandy loam soil
- Effect conc.:
- 150 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cr(III)
- Basis for effect:
- respiration rate
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- Derived in ERA2008 (Environmental Risk Assessment Report Metallic Chromium and trivalent chromium compounds)
- Duration:
- 90 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Remarks:
- silty loam soil
- Effect conc.:
- 262.7 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cr(III)
- Basis for effect:
- respiration rate
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- Derived in ERA2008 (Environmental Risk Assessment Report Metallic Chromium and trivalent chromium compounds)
- Duration:
- 80 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Remarks:
- clay
- Effect conc.:
- 507 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cr(III)
- Basis for effect:
- respiration rate
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- Derived in ERA2008 (Environmental Risk Assessment Report Metallic Chromium and trivalent chromium compounds)
- Duration:
- 82 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Remarks:
- sandy peat
- Effect conc.:
- 531.4 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cr(III)
- Basis for effect:
- respiration rate
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- Derived in ERA2008 (Environmental Risk Assessment Report Metallic Chromium and trivalent chromium compounds)
- Details on results:
- The original publication only reported the reduction in soil respiration for the individual soils and chromium concentrations. According to the Environmental Risk Assessment Report on metallic chromium and trivalent chromium compounds (2008), the abovementioned NOEC and EC10 values were calculated.
Data available are for the respective soils are presented below (please also refer to table 2-6):
Sand: No clear dose-relation. No data presented for 150-400 mg/kg treatments. Significant effects observed at the 1000 mg Cr(III)/kg treatment after 2 (-23%), 4 (-45%) and 8 weeks (-57%)
Sandy loam: Significant effects at the 150 mg Cr(III)/kg treatment after 2 (-26%), 4 (-29%) and 8 weeks (-32%).
Silty loam: Significant effects observed at the 1000 mg Cr(III)/kg treatment after 2 (-15%), 4 (-46%) and 8 weeks (-58%), however no clear dose-response at higher treatments was observed. No data presented for 150-400 mg/kg treatments
Clay: Significant effects observed at the 1000 mg Cr(III)/kg treatment after 2 (-48%), 4 (-36%) and 8 weeks (-32%), however no data presented for 150-400 mg/kg treatments.
Sandy peat: Significant effects observed at the 1000 mg Cr(III)/kg treatment after 2 (-32%), 4 (-41%) and 8 weeks (-45%), however no data presented for 150-400 mg/kg treatments.
For risk assessment, values derived from long-term incubation cannot be considered reliable due to (presumably) depletion of the carbon source as indicated by significantly reduced respiration in control soils and elevated pH at the end of the experiment. In addition, the dataset does not present data for treatments ranging from 150-400 mg Cr(III) for all soils. Data available are for the respective soils are presented below (please also refer to table 2-6).
Any other information on results incl. tables
pH measurements:
Soil pH remained within 1 unit range during the experiments except for treatments with 3000 and 8000 µg Cr/g where pH values changed significantly: sandy loam (3.4 and 2.6), clay (3.8 and 3.1), sandy peat (3.7 and 2.8) and sandy soil (5.8 to 5.5)
Respiration rates:
Respiration rates of control soils were stable within the first 8 weeks of the experiment, however showed a sharp decline after >70 weeks for all soils exept the "silty loam" soil type (see table 1). The percentage reduction of soil respiration for the five different soils is summarized in tables 2 -6.
Table 1: Respiration rates (µL CO2 * 100g-1 * 24 h-1) of the control soils
|
Weeks |
|
||
Soiltype |
2 |
4 |
8 |
70 |
Sandy |
874±40 |
691±11 |
504±30 |
371±12 |
Sandyloam |
1,248±118 |
1,187±93 |
1,255±146 |
555±22 |
Siltyloam |
1,353±95 |
579±42 |
590±56 |
457±14 |
Clay Sandypeat |
- 2,458±65 |
695±50 2,285±50 |
695±67 2,085±57 |
434±14 1,177±22 |
Table 2: Effects of chromium on the rate of soil respiration in the soil type "sand" (expressed as percentage of untreated soil)
Cr (mg/kg) | 2w | 4w | 8w | 70w |
0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
150 | - | - | - | 101a |
400 | - | - | - | 83b |
1000 | 77 | 55 | 43 | 107ac |
3000 | 66 | 60 | 44 | 82b |
8000 | 165 | 124 | 88 | 115c |
Table 3: Effects of chromium on the rate of soil respiration in the soil type "sandy loam" (expressed as percentage of untreated soil)
Cr (mg/kg) | 2w | 4w | 8w | 43w |
0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
150 | 74 | 71 | 68 | 99a |
400 | 49 | 98 | 79 | 52b |
1000 | 36 | 33 | 24 | 55b |
3000 | 38 | 34 | 37 | 53b |
8000 | 22 | 29 | 18 | 60b |
Table 4: Effects of chromium on the rate of soil respiration in the soil type "silty loam" (expressed as percentage of untreated soil)
Cr (mg/kg) | 2w | 4w | 8w | 90w |
0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
150 | - | - | - | 105a |
400 | - | - | - | 80b |
1000 | 85 | 54 | 42 | 75bc |
3000 | 118 | 116 | 67 | 70c |
8000 | 139 | 232 | 120 | - |
Table 5: Effects of chromium on the rate of soil respiration in the soil type "clay" (expressed as percentage of untreated soil)
Cr (mg/kg) | 4w | 8w | 80w |
0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
150 | - | - | - |
400 | - | - | 124 |
1000 | 52 | 64 | 68a |
3000 | 23 | 31 | 54a |
8000 | 18 | 39 | 60a |
Table 6: Effects of chromium on the rate of soil respiration in the soil type "sandy peat" (expressed as percentage of untreated soil)
Cr (mg/kg) | 2w | 4w | 8w | 82w |
0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
150 | - | - | - | 84b |
400 | - | - | - | 89b |
1000 | 68 | 59 | 55 | 98a |
3000 | 49 | 42 | 34 | 77 |
8000 | 55 | 55 | 34 | 65 |
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- no
- Conclusions:
- The study investigated the influence of heavy metals including chromium(III) on soil microbial respiration in five different soil types after 2, 4, 8 and 70 weeks. Significant effects on microbial respiration were observed in sandy loam at the 150 mg Cr(III)/kg treatment after 2 (-26%), 4 (-29%) and 8 weeks (-32%). However, those values need to be considered with caution due to (presumably) depletion of the carbon source as indicated by significantly reduced respiration in control soils and elevated pH at the end of the experiment. In addition, the dataset does not present data for treatments ranging from 150-400 mg Cr(III) and no clear dose-response was observed for all soils.
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