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EC number: 204-625-1 | CAS number: 123-41-1
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Biodegradation in water: screening tests
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Justification for type of information:
- REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
Please refer also to Read Across Statement attached in Section 13
1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
In this read-across approach choline chloride data is used to fill data gaps for choline hydroxide, in accordance with Regulation No 1907/2006 (REACH), Annex XI. The basis for this read-across approach is the “Read-Across Assessment Framework” (RAAF) (ECHA 2017). The read-across hypothesis for the analogue approach is that choline hydroxide and choline chloride exhibit a similar (eco)toxicological profile. This is due to the fact that both choline salts as quaternary alkylammonium salts dissociate readily into the respective ions when getting into contact with water and the choline cation is what is left to be considered (US EPA, 2010). Thus, the different choline salts are used to for hazard assessment. According to the RAAF this approach is covered by scenario 1: “(Bio)transformation to common compound(s)”.
“This scenario covers the analogue approach for which the read-across hypothesis is based on (bio) transformation to common compound(s). For the REACH information requirement under consideration, the property investigated in a study conducted with one source substance is used to predict the properties that would be observed in a study with the target substance if it were to be conducted. Similar properties or absence of effect are predicted. The predicted property may be similar or based on a worst-case approach.” (ECHA 2017).
2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES)
Source chemical:
2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride
Molecular formula: C5H14ClNO
SMILES: [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CCO
CAS: 67-48-1
Purity: not specified
Target chemical:
Choline hydroxide
Molecular formula: C5H15NO2
SMILES: [OH-].C[N+](C)(C)CCO
CAS: 123-41-1
Purity: 96 %
3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
Upon contact with water, choline hydroxide is expected to dissociate into the cationic form (choline) and the anionic form (hydroxide ions); the hydroxy moiety dissociates and essentially ceases to exist upon mixing with water in preparation for application and in the body. The latter will be even skipped because both choline hydroxide and choline chloride are only distributed as aqueous solution, i.a. due to their hygroscopic properties. The choline cation is what is left to be considered (US EPA, 2010). Due to the structural similarities, i.e. the identical organic cation, which contains a positively charged nitrogen, and small, negatively charged inorganic anion (for choline base: Hydroxide), this is a reasonable and scientifically expectable conclusion, which allow one to draw the generalized conclusion, that Choline salts in general dissociate readily in water into the corresponding positively charged quaternary hydroxyl alkylammonium ion and the negatively charged inorganic anion (OECD SIDS, 2004). The choline cation therefore, is the moiety of interest. Based on the fact that in the environment and in biological fluids the same compounds are formed from the source and the target substances, the same (eco)toxicological profile of choline hydroxide and choline chloride is expected. Therefore, the read-across approach is justified. Thus, the available studies for the source substance choline chloride were used to fill data gaps for choline hydroxide for several environmental and toxicological endpoints. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Duration of test (contact time):
- ca. 5 d
- Preliminary study:
- No details are reported.
- Test performance:
- No details are reported.
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Value:
- > 75
- Sampling time:
- 5 d
- Details on results:
- The percentage of degradation was calculated by dividing BOD5 by ThOD.
1280 mg/g divided by 1710 mg/g amounts to 75 % of degradation. - Parameter:
- BOD5
- Value:
- > 1 066 - < 1 400 other: mg/L
- Parameter:
- COD
- Value:
- > 321 - < 322 mg O2/g test mat.
- Results with reference substance:
- Not applicable.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Basic scientifical principles are fulfilled.
- Interpretation of results:
- readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- Within 5 days, a degradation of 75 % was determined for choline chloride under the given test conditions. Therefore, the substance is considered as readily biodegradable. The study was conducted without GLP compliance and the study report is not well documented. However, the experimental procedure can be considered as valid. Nevertheless, choline is a naturally occurring compound and a strong biodegradation potential for the test substance can be foreseen.
- Executive summary:
Choline chloride was found to be readily biodegradable based upon an experiment conducted according to H5 (Bestimmung des biochemischen Sauerstoffbedarfs) published in "Deutsche Einheitsverfahren zur Wasser-, Abwasser- und Schlammuntersuchung, 3. Auflage, 11. Lieferung, Weinheim (1982)" (BASF AG, 1984). Thereby, the biodegradation of the test material was calculated by dividing the measured BOD5 by the calculated ThOD resulting in 75 - 90 % biodegradation within 5 days. The COD determined according to DIN 38 409 (part 43) was not considered as suitable reference value. Based on the fact that in the environment and in biological fluids the same compounds are formed from the source and the target substances, the choline moiety is the considered fraction of the source substance. Thus, this conclusion can also be drawn for the target substance choline hydroxide.
Reference
Table 1. Test results
BOD [mg/L] |
TOC [mg/L] |
COD [mg/L] |
Initial weight [mg/L] |
Oxygen consumption | |
stock solution | 1305 | 338 | 322 | 1022.5 | 0 |
1003.7 (COD) | |||||
BOD [mg/L] |
TOC [mg/L] |
COD [mg/L] |
ThOD [mg/g] |
% Degradation based on ThOD |
|
test material | 1276 | 331 | 321 | 1430 - 1710 | 75-89 |
Remarks | COD was repeatedly determined; no appropriate reference value |
Table 2. BOD5 determination
Oxygen content [mg/L] |
Biochemical Oxygen Demand | |||||
Dilution [mL] p |
Flask No. | Beginning | End | Consumption [mg/L] Z- ZV |
single value 1000/p x (Z-ZV) |
Mean value |
2 | 118 | 9.6 | ||||
348 | 6.9 | 2.7 | 1350 | |||
145 | 6.8 | 2.8 | 1400 | |||
3 | 257 | 9.5 | ||||
315 | 5.9 | 3.6 | 1200 | |||
535 | 5.7 | 3.8 | 1270 | 1305 | ||
4.5 | 494 | 9.5 | ||||
194 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 1066 | |||
538 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 1090 | |||
Remarks | ||||||
Laboratory No. | 2567 | |||||
TOC [mg/L] | 338 | |||||
BOD5 [mg/L] | 1305 | |||||
COD [mg/L] | 322 | |||||
Initial weight [g/L] | 1.0225 | |||||
Initial weight [g/L] for COD |
1.0027 |
Description of key information
RA_CAS 67-48-1_Readily biodegradability_DIN 38 409 part 43/H5 (Determination of BOD): 75 % degradation within 5 days - readily biodegradable
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Biodegradation in water:
- readily biodegradable
- Type of water:
- freshwater
Additional information
Choline hydroxide was not investigated experimentally for its potential to biodegrade. A valid experimental result for the read-across substance Choline chloride (CAS 67-48-1) is available concluding that the substance is readily biodegradable. Based on the structural similarities and substance characteristics of both, the same result can be presumed for the target substance. For justification and further details of this procedure, please refer to the separate read-across statement by Chemservice S.A., 2013. In general, choline is a naturally occurring compound and the potential to readily biodegrade can be foreseen for both substances. The available experiment, which was conducted with Choline chloride, was performed according to DIN 38409 (Part 43) and H5 (Detection of biochemical oxygen demand, BOD) published in "Deutsche Einheitsverfahren zur Wasser-, Abwasser- und Schlammuntersuchung, 3. Auflage, 11. Lieferung, Weinheim (1982)" (BASF AG, 1984). Biodegradability was calculated by dividing the measured BOD5 by the calculated ThOD. Thereby, Choline chloride attained 75 - 90 % degradation within 5 days.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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