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EC number: 202-626-1 | CAS number: 98-00-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Exposure related observations in humans: other data
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- exposure-related observations in humans: other data
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Non- GLP, non-guideline, human workplace investigation, minor restrictions in design and/or reporting but otherwise adequate for assessment.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Impeded lung function in moulders and coremakers handling furan resin sand
- Author:
- Ahman M, et al
- Year:
- 1 991
- Bibliographic source:
- Int. Arch Occup Environ Health (1991) 63:175-180
Materials and methods
- Type of study / information:
- Effects on human lung function after occupational exposure to furan resin sand.
- Endpoint addressed:
- respiratory irritation
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Deviations:
- not applicable
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Moulders and core makers exposed to furan resin sand and unexposed local controls were examined by lung-function tests before and after a work shift. Furfuryl alcohol and formaldehyde (emitted from the furan resin sand) was measured from the breathing zone of exposed workers during their work shift.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- based either on urea-formaldehyde resin containing 50%-95% furfuryl alcohol or on a phenol-fortified resin containing 50% furfuryl alcohol
- IUPAC Name:
- based either on urea-formaldehyde resin containing 50%-95% furfuryl alcohol or on a phenol-fortified resin containing 50% furfuryl alcohol
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Furfuryl alcohol
- Other : Foundry workers were exposed to furan resin binders based either on urea-formaldehyde resin containing 50%-95% furfuryl alcohol or on a phenol-fortified resin containing 50% furfuryl alcohol.
Toluene-sulphonic acid (PTS) or a mixture of PTS and phosphoric acid was used as hardener. The moulding sand contained some quartz. A few moulders and coremakers were exposed to organic solvents during coating of cores and moulds with a mixture containing, for example, graphite, ceramic material, and isopropanol or isopropanol and ethanol. Some moulders were also exposed to low levels of inorganic gases from recovered moulding sand.
Constituent 1
Method
- Ethical approval:
- not applicable
- Remarks:
- Occupational exposure
- Details on study design:
- Lung function tests were performed before and after a work shift in moulders and coremakers exposed to furan resins and in unexposed local controls. Exposure measurements included a combination of measurements, observations and interviews for the determination of the mean exposure level for each working moment and the time weighed average (TWA) exposures for different contaminants.
- Exposure assessment:
- measured
- Details on exposure:
- TYPE OF EXPOSURE: Occupational
TYPE OF EXPOSURE MEASUREMENT: Personal sampling.
Sampling was repeated several times during the working day, and the sampling period amounted to about 15-30 minutes for each test. Peak exposures during different times at work were measured by a direct reading instrument.
EXPOSURE LEVELS: 50%-95% furfuryl alcohol in furan resin binders based on urea-formaldehyde resin or 50% furfuryl alcohol in furan resin binders based on a phenol-fortified resin.
EXPOSURE PERIOD: Entire work shift
POSTEXPOSURE PERIOD: Group A - furan exposed workers were studied following 2 days without exposure.
DESCRIPTION OF EXPOSURE GROUPS :
GROUP A - 28 subjects (average age 37 years), employed full-time in furan resin sand moulding or core-making processes for >3 months. On average they had been employed in moulding or core-making for 15 years and had been exposed to furan resin sand for 7 years. 27 controls, employed at a nearby factory, who had not been exposed to furan resin sands or toerh airway irritants, were observed .
Control group was similar to exposed group in age, sex, height and smoking habits.
GROUP B - in a supplementary study, 11 workers (average age 46 years, 5 smokers) exposed to furan resin sands for an average of 12 years were examined for lung-function effects at the alveolar level.
Results and discussion
- Results:
- The mean TWA concentration of furfuryl alcohol was 7 mg/m3. Upper range >40 mg/m3 for short periods in 6 workers.
During the work shift studied, the 28 workers exposed to furan resins had more symptoms of airways irritation than the unexposed control workers, and showed an average decrease in forced vital capacity (FVC) of 0.21, but no reduction in any other lung function variables. The other 11 exposed workers showed a post-shift decrease in total lung capacity (TLC).
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table 1. Group A workers – incidence of symptoms in the mucous membranes and airways,as determined during the day of study
Symptoms involving: |
Exposed (n= 28) |
Controls (n = 27) |
Eyes |
3 (1) |
1(1) |
Nose |
8 (5) |
3(0) |
Thorat |
11*(6) |
0(0) |
Dyspnea |
2 (1) |
1(1) |
Wheezing |
1 (0) |
0(0) |
Chest "oppression" |
0 (0) |
0(0) |
Cough |
6 (2) |
1(1) |
* P<0.001
Figures in parentheses represent the number of smokers
Table 2. Increase or decrease in spirometry and nitrogen washout over a work shift (Tuesday or Wednesday) in Group A workers
|
FVC (L) |
FEV1 (L) |
FEV% |
CV% |
Phase III %N2/L |
Exposed (n = 28) |
-0.18*-**± 0.21 |
-0.07 ± 0.26 |
+1.1**±5.3 |
0 |
± 5.3 |
Controls(n=27) |
0.00 |
±0.31 |
-1.8 |
±4.2 |
+1.1±3.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Data represent mean values ± SD; +, increase; -, decrease
* P < 0.01 (paired t-test), ** P < 0.05 (unpaired t-test vs local control value)
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- The results of lung functions tests before and after a work shift of subjects exposed to furan resin sand indicated an acute restrictiveness was induced , but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Chronic impairment of lung function was not observed.
- Executive summary:
A total of 39 moulders and coremakers exposed to furan resin sand and 27 unexposed local controls were examined by lung-function tests before and after a work shift In all, 28 of the subjects exposed to furan resin sand and the control group were evaluated by dynamic spirometry and nitrogen washout. The remaining 11 subjects exposed to furan resin sand were studied using both static and dynamic spirometry and the CO single-breath technique. The time-weighted average exposure to furfuryl alcohol was about 7 mg/m3, with peak values exceeding the present Swedish short-term exposure limit (40 mg/m3). The exposure to respirable dust and formaldehyde as time-weighted over the shift was <2 mg/m3and 0 4 mg/m3, respectively, in all groups. During the work shift studied, the 28 exposed subjects had more complaints of airway symptoms than did the controls, showing an average decrease of 0.21 in forced vital capacity but no fall in any other lung-function variable. The remaining 11 exposed subjects demonstrated a post-shift decrease in total lung capacity. The results indicate an acute restrictiveness induced by exposure to furan resin sand, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Chronic impairment of lung function was not observed.
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