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EC number: 232-140-5 | CAS number: 7789-00-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Short-term toxicity to fish
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- From 1954 to 1989
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- The EU RAR summarises the results of a number of fish acute studies which, individually, have limitations regarding study design and reliabilty. However the results of these studies when taken as a whole, provide an adequate assessment of acute toxicity to fish. The data are considered to fulfil the criteria laid down in Annex XI to Regulation 1907/2006: adequate for classification and labelling, adequate coverage of key parameters (lethality), exposure duration comparable or longer that Article 13(3) methods ( 96 hours), adequate documentation provided: EU RAR, of which parts have been copied to this endpoint record. Reliability for endpoint also increased based on test results from several species.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- review article or handbook
- Title:
- European Union Risk Assessment Report: chromium trioxide, sodium chromate, sodium dichromate, ammonium dichromate and potassium dichromate
- Author:
- European Chemicals Bureau
- Year:
- 2 005
- Bibliographic source:
- 3rd. Priority List; Volume 53
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Several studies, collectively, provide a weight-of-evidence to address the acute toxicity endpoint. The methods include the appropriate endpoints (lethality and sublethal effects) and duration (equal to 96 hours exposure). Results from more species than recommended have been reported and hence provide an adequate representation of acute toxicity to fish.
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Chromium trioxide
- EC Number:
- 215-607-8
- EC Name:
- Chromium trioxide
- Cas Number:
- 1333-82-0
- IUPAC Name:
- 1333-82-0
- Reference substance name:
- Sodium chromate
- EC Number:
- 231-889-5
- EC Name:
- Sodium chromate
- Cas Number:
- 7775-11-3
- Molecular formula:
- CrH2O4.2Na
- IUPAC Name:
- disodium dioxido(dioxo)chromium
- Reference substance name:
- Potassium chromate
- EC Number:
- 232-140-5
- EC Name:
- Potassium chromate
- Cas Number:
- 7789-00-6
- Molecular formula:
- CrH2O4.2K
- IUPAC Name:
- dipotassium dioxochromiumbis(olate)
- Reference substance name:
- Sodium dichromate
- EC Number:
- 234-190-3
- EC Name:
- Sodium dichromate
- Cas Number:
- 10588-01-9
- Molecular formula:
- Cr2Na2O7
- IUPAC Name:
- sodium dichromate
- Reference substance name:
- Potassium dichromate
- EC Number:
- 231-906-6
- EC Name:
- Potassium dichromate
- Cas Number:
- 7778-50-9
- Molecular formula:
- Cr2H2O7.2K
- IUPAC Name:
- sodium dichromate
- Reference substance name:
- Ammonium dichromate
- EC Number:
- 232-143-1
- EC Name:
- Ammonium dichromate
- IUPAC Name:
- Ammonium dichromate
- Details on test material:
- For some fish species, toxicity data are available for more than one of the chromium (VI) compounds included in this assessment. The available information indicates that, when expressed on a total chromium concentration, there are no significant differences between the toxicity of sodium chromate, sodium dichromate and potassium dichromate (allowing for differences in water properties). This is as would be expected if the equilibria between the chromate and dichromate anions are established in the test medium. Little information is available for ammonium dichromate and chromic acid, but it would be expected that their toxicity would be similar to that of the other chromates/dichromates, when expressed on a total chromium concentration basis.
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
Constituent 3
Constituent 4
Constituent 5
Constituent 6
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material:
See Test material identity above
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Various sampling procedures based on multiple studies
Test solutions
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- various test media prepared based on multiple studies in freshwater and salt water.
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Range of species tested
- Details on test organisms:
- Range of species tested
Study design
- Test type:
- other: Range of test designs used
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Remarks on exposure duration:
- Range used from several studies
- Post exposure observation period:
- None reported
Test conditions
- Hardness:
- Range used from several studies
- Test temperature:
- Range used from several studies
- pH:
- Range used from several studies
- Dissolved oxygen:
- Range used from several studies
- Salinity:
- Range used from several studies
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Range used from several studies
- Details on test conditions:
- Range used from several studies
- Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
Results and discussion
Effect concentrations
- Remarks on result:
- other: See "Any other information on results incl. tables" below.
- Details on results:
- See any other information below.
Any other information on results incl. tables
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
The results of the acute fish toxicity studies evaluated in the EU RAR are summarised below:
Species
Endpoint
Value (mg/l)
Reference
Freshwater
Brachydanio rerio
96-hour LC50
58.5
Bellavere and Gorbi (1981)
Carrasius auratus
96-hour LC50
37.5
Pickering and Henderson (1966)
Channa punctatus
96-hour LC50
45.2
Saxena and Parashari (1983)
Colisa fasciatus
96-hour LC50
20.8c
Srivastava et al. (1979)
Ictalurus punctatus
24-hour LC50
58
Cairns Jr. et al (1978)
Lebistes reticulatus
96-hour TLm
30
Pickering and Henderson (1966)
Lepomis macrochirus
96-hour LC50
48-hour TLm96-hour LC50
110
213a
120b
Trama and Benoit (1960)
Turnbull et al. (1954)
Cairns Jr. and Scheier (1958)
Morone saxitalis
96-hour LC50
28b
Palawski et al. (1985)
Notemigonus crysoleucas
96-hour LC50
55
Hartwell et al. (1989)
Oncorhynchus mykiss
96-hour LC50
63.6
69a
13d
Brown et al. (1985)
Benoit (1976)
Van Der Putte et al (1981b)
Pimephales promelas
96-hour TLm
96-hour LC5096-hour TLm
17.6
33.2a
45.6b
Pickering and Henderson (1966)
Benoit (1976)
Pickering and Henderson (1966)
Salvelinus fontinalis
96-hour LC50
59
Benoit (1976)
Saltwater
Alburnus alburnus*
96-hour LC50
84.8
Lindén et al. (1979)
Chelon labrosus
48-hour LC50
47.2
Taylor et al. (1985)
Citlerichthys stigmaeus
96-hour LC50
30
Mearns et al. (1976)
Cyprinodon variegates
96-hour LC50
25
21.4b
Jop et al. (1987)
Dorn et al. (1987)
Gasterosteus aculcatus*
96-hour LC50
33
35b
Jop et al. (1987)
Limanda limanda
96-hour LC50
47
Taylor et al. (1985)
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Based on a review of existing fish data from the EU RAR, an acceptable assessment of acute toxicity was achieved.
- Executive summary:
Based on a review of existing fish data from the EU RAR, an acceptable assessment of acute toxicity was achieved.
The acute toxicity of chromium (VI) to fish appears to be dependent on the water hardness and also pH. Higher toxicity has generally been seen in soft water and at more acidic pHs, particularly those <6.5. This dependence appears to follow a similar pattern to the uptake of chromium (VI) by fish (see Section 3.1.1.2.4), where it has been postulated that at lower pHs, the main form of chromium (VI) in solution is the monovalent HCrO4 - ion, which has been postulated as having a higher mobility across cell membranes than the divalent chromium (VI) oxyanions found at higher pH.
For some fish species, toxicity data are available for more than one of the chromium (VI) compounds included in this assessment. The available information indicates that, when expressed on a total chromium concentration, there are no significant differences between the toxicity of sodium chromate, sodium dichromate and potassium dichromate (allowing for differences in water properties). This is as would be expected if the equilibria between the chromate and dichromate anions are established in the test medium. Little information is available for ammonium dichromate and chromic acid, but it would be expected that their toxicity would be similar to that of the other chromates/dichromates, when expressed on a total chromium concentration basis.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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