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EC number: - | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Bioaccumulation: aquatic / sediment
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- bioaccumulation in aquatic species: fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Guideline study, basic data given; test was performed by an laboratory with an high reputation for delivery of robust data.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 305 C (Bioaccumulation: Test for the Degree of Bioconcentration in Fish)
- Version / remarks:
- Test method used corresponds to OECD TG 305 C from May 12, 1981
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The test was performed by a laboratory with a high reputation for delivery of robust data.
This test was conducted in accordance with the test method "Bioaccumulation test of chemical substance in fish and shellfish" stipulated in the Order Prescribing the Items of the Test Relating to the New Chemical Substance (1974, Order of the Prime Minister, the Minister of Health and Welfare, the Minister of International Trade and Industry No.1). It corresponds to OECD TG 305 C of May 12, 1981) - GLP compliance:
- yes
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): 4-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol [synonym: 2-phenyl-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane]
- Purity of test material: 99.9 % (GC)
- no further information on test material - Radiolabelling:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- - Sampling intervals/frequency for test organisms: 2 fish every two weeks
- Sampling intervals/frequency for test medium samples: twice a week
- Sample storage conditions before analysis: no data
- Details on sampling and analysis of test organisms and test media samples (e.g. sample preparation, analytical methods): no data - Vehicle:
- yes
- Remarks:
- 2-Methoxyethanol
- Details on preparation of test solutions, spiked fish food or sediment:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Chemical name of vehicle (organic solvent, emulsifier or dispersant): 2-methoxyethanol
- Concentration of vehicle in test medium: high and low water concentration ca. 25 ppm (v/v)
- Evidence of undissolved material (e.g. precipitate, surface film, etc): no data - Test organisms (species):
- Cyprinus carpio
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: carp
- Source: Sugishima Fish Farm, Kumamoto, Japan
- Length at study initiation: about 10 cm
- Weight at study initiation: about 30 g
- Lipid content: 3.5 g (start); 4.1 (end)
- Weight at termination: no data
- Method of breeding: flow through system at 25 ± 2°C
- Health status: only visibly healthy fish were used; after reception, fish were externaly desinfected (static conditions,
50 mg/L Terramycin (Taito Pfizer) and 7g/L sodium chloride for 24 h).
- Feeding during test:
- Food type: pelleted feed for carp (Japan Haigo Shiryo K.K.)
- Amount: 2% of total body weight
- Frequency: twice a day, half of total amount each
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: at least one month
- Acclimation conditions (same as test or not): yes
- Type and amount of food: pelleted feed for carp (Japan Haigo Shiryo K.K.), 2% of total body weight
- Feeding frequency: twice a day, half of total amount each
- Health during acclimation (any mortality observed): no data, abnormal fish were removed - Route of exposure:
- aqueous
- Test type:
- flow-through
- Water / sediment media type:
- natural water: freshwater
- Total exposure / uptake duration:
- 60 d
- Hardness:
- --
- Test temperature:
- 25 ± 2°C
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 6 - 8 mg/L
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM (see also CITI 1992)
- Test vessel:
- Type (delete if not applicable): no data
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: glas tank , volume 100 L
- Aeration: aeration of dilution water
- Type of flow-through (e.g. peristaltic or proportional diluter): no data
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): 2.9 to 11.5 per day / flow rate 200 to 800 mL/min
- No. of organisms per vessel: 15 - 20
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 1
- No. of vessels per control / vehicle control (replicates): no data
- Biomass loading rate: 4.5 - 6 g/L
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: underground water pumped at the site of Kurume Research Laboratories
- dilution water was confirmed to meet the quality criteria fisheries
- Intervals of water quality measurement: once every six month; temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen continuously.
- Intervals of test medium replacement: flow through system, see above
RANGE-FINDING / PRELIMINARY STUDY
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: test concentrations were decided on basis of an acute toxicity test (Oryzias latipes; 48h-LC50 5.4 mg/L) - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- High exposure level (level 1): 10 µg/L
low exposure level (level 2): 1 µg/L - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Details on estimation of bioconcentration:
- Calculation of bioconcentration factor = concentration of test substance in fish / concentration of test substance in water
- Lipid content:
- 3.5 %
- Time point:
- start of exposure
- Lipid content:
- 4.1 %
- Time point:
- end of exposure
- Key result
- Conc. / dose:
- 10 µg/L
- Temp.:
- 25 °C
- Type:
- BCF
- Value:
- 168 L/kg
- Basis:
- whole body w.w.
- Time of plateau:
- 14 d
- Calculation basis:
- steady state
- Remarks on result:
- other: average of measurements during steady state (three measurements from day 28 to day 60 with two fish per measurement)
- Remarks:
- high exposure level
- Conc. / dose:
- 10 µg/L
- Temp.:
- 25 °C
- Type:
- BCF
- Value:
- 139 - 187 L/kg
- Basis:
- whole body w.w.
- Time of plateau:
- 14 d
- Calculation basis:
- steady state
- Remarks on result:
- other: maximum and minimum BCF value of measurements from day 28 to day 60 (three measurements with two fish each)
- Conc. / dose:
- 1 µg/L
- Temp.:
- 25 °C
- Type:
- BCF
- Value:
- 69 - 190 L/kg
- Basis:
- whole body w.w.
- Remarks on result:
- other: maximum and minimum BCF value of measurements from day 7 to day 60 (five measurements)
- Elimination:
- not specified
- Details on kinetic parameters:
- --
- Metabolites:
- --
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- --
- Details on results:
- --
- Reported statistics:
- --
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Taking into account the derived values for the Bioconcentration Factors (during steady state mean 165, min/max 123/187 for the 1st concentration area (10 µg/L) and min/max 69/190 for the 2nd concentration area (1 µg/L)), it can be concluded that p-cumylphenol exhibits a low bioconcentration potential.
- Endpoint:
- bioaccumulation in aquatic species: fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Secondary source (reference 1) is a reliable expert evaluation of data on styrenated phenol. Original report is an OECD guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 305 (Bioaccumulation in Fish: Aqueous and Dietary Exposure) -III: Dietary Exposure Bioaccumulation Fish Test
- Version / remarks:
- study was based on a draft of the guideline before adoption on 02 Oct. 2012
- Deviations:
- not specified
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Similar to OECD TG 305 with some deviations: test substance was applied spiked in food, uptake phase is only 10 days, only one test substance concentration was applied.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): mixture of distyrenated phenol and tristyrenated phenol
- Percentage of components:
- Distyrenated phenol: 40 % w/w
- Tristyreanted phenol: 60 % w/w - Radiolabelling:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- - Sampling intervals/frequency for test organisms: day 0, 1, 5, and 10 of uptake phase
day 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28, and 42 of depuration phase
- Sampling intervals/frequency for test medium samples: samples of the water phase and test and control diets were also analysed at the beginning of the test and at various times during the uptake phase - Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation of test solutions, spiked fish food or sediment:
- PREPARATION OF SPIKED FOOD
- Method: distyrenated phenol (57.6 mg) and tristyrenated phenol (86.4 mg) were added to 10 mL of solvent (methyl tertiary butyl ether - MTBE) and 7.2 mL of fish oil, shaken for 10 seconds and then added to 144 g of standard fish food (floating and/or sinking pelletised diet) in 750 μL portions. The food was mixed by hand after addition of each portion. Once all of the MTBE/fish oil solution had been added, the spiked food was mixed on a bottle roller for 10 minutes and then shaken (20 rpm) for a further hour. The MTBE was allowed to evaporate under a gentle flow of nitrogen for 24 hours and the spiked food was again shaken for a final 30 minutes. Control food and positive control food was prepared in the same way without addition of the test substance (control food) or with the addition of hexachlorobenzene in place of the test substance. The prepared food was stored under a nitrogen atmosphere at -18 °C until required.
- Concentration of test substance in food: 1000mg/kg food, mixture of distyrenated phenol (40%) and tristyrenated phenol (60%)
- Controls: negative controls, positive controls - hexachlorobenzene (250 mg/kg food) - Test organisms (species):
- Oncorhynchus mykiss (previous name: Salmo gairdneri)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: rainbow trout
- Source: no data
- Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): three month
- Length at study initiation (lenght definition, mean, range and SD):
- Weight at study initiation (mean and range, SD): 1.57 g (mean, Brooke et al. 2009, p. 41)
- Weight at termination (mean and range, SD): 2.36 g (mean after 10 d of uptake: Brooke et al. 2009, p. 44)
- Feeding during test: yes
- Food type: standard fish food (floating and/or sinking pelletised diet)
- Amount: three per cent of body weight per day
- Frequency: two feedings daily - Route of exposure:
- feed
- Justification for method:
- dietary exposure method used for following reason: very poor vater solubility of test substances
- Test type:
- flow-through
- Water / sediment media type:
- natural water: freshwater
- Total exposure / uptake duration:
- 10 d
- Total depuration duration:
- 42 d
- Hardness:
- 55 -57 mg/L as CaCO3
- Test temperature:
- 15°C
- pH:
- 7.06 - 7.70
- Dissolved oxygen:
- > 60% of saturation
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: no data
- Type (delete if not applicable): open / closed
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 140 L of water (test group), 110 L of water (control groups)
- Aeration:
- Type of flow-through (e.g. peristaltic or proportional diluter):
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): 3 renewals per day
- No. of organisms per vessel: 125
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 1
- No. of vessels per control / vehicle control (replicates): 1
- Biomass loading rate: 0.57 g fish/L/d - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentration of test substance in food: 1000 mg/kg food (distyrenated phenol 40 % / 400 mg/kg, tristyrenated phenol 60 % /600 mg/kg)
Measured concentrations in food: distyrenated phenol: 342 ± 50 mg/kg food (mean ± s.d.)
tristyrenated phenol: 509 ± 110 mg/kg food (mean ± s.d.) - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- hexachlorobenzene (250 mg/kg food)
- Lipid content:
- 5.8 %
- Key result
- Conc. / dose:
- 342 other: µg distyrenated phenol/g food
- Temp.:
- 15 °C
- pH:
- 7.5
- Type:
- BMF
- Remarks on result:
- not determinable
- Remarks:
- test substance distyrenated phenol: a BMF could not be determined, as the test substance could not be detected any more in test fish after day 5 of the uptake phase. Therefore, it was not possible to estimate the depuration rate and a BMF
- Key result
- Conc. / dose:
- 509 other: µg tristyrenated phenol/g food
- Temp.:
- 15 °C
- pH:
- 7.5
- Type:
- BMF
- Value:
- 0.355
- Calculation basis:
- kinetic, corrected for growth
- Remarks on result:
- other: test substance tristyrenated phenol: the BMF is growth-corrected and lipid-normalised; the growth-corrected BMF as reported in the study is 0.110
- Key result
- Remarks on result:
- not determinable
- Remarks:
- already at the end of uptake phase and during depuration, concentrations of distyrenated phenol in fish remained below limit of quantification
- Key result
- Elimination:
- yes
- Parameter:
- DT50
- Depuration time (DT):
- 18.4 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: test substance is tristyrenated phenol; depuration half-life is based on the growth corrected depuration rate
- Details on kinetic parameters:
- - Uptake rate constant (k1): uptake rate constants are not determined in a dietary bioaccumulation study in fish
- Depuration (loss) rate constant (k2): test substance distyrenated phenol: could not be determined due to concentrations in fish below LOD
: test substance tristyrenated phenol: 0.038 1/day (growth corrected) - Details on results:
- - Mortality of test organisms: no mortality in the test group
- Other biological observations: no significant non-lethal effects
- Organ specific bioaccumulation: at day 10 of the uptake phase, in gut no test substance could be detected (di- as well as tristyrenated phenol)
- Bound residues forming a plateau:
- Mortality and/or behavioural abnormalities of control:no mortality in control group, 1 fish of 125 died in the positive control group (hexachlorobenzene) on day 42 of the depuration phase; no significant non-lethal effects were evident in any of the groups. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- In a bioconcentration study, a mixture of distyrenated and tristyrenated phenol (40/60% w/w) was used to determine bioaccumulation of test substances in fish (rainbow trout). Test substances were applied in feed (1000 mg/kg food). Already during uptake phase (day 1 to 10), a decrease in distyrenated phenyl body concentrations was observed. At the end of uptake phase and during depuration, concentrations of distyrenated phenol in fish remained below limit of quantification. Test results do not allow determination of a bioconcentration factor. But it can be concluded that the bioaccumulation potential of distyrenated phenol in fish is low.
Uptake and depuration of tristyrenated phenol followed the expected pattern (continuous increase and decrease of test substance in fish during uptake and depuration phase, respectively). A BMF of 0.355 (growth corrected and lipid normalised) could be calculated resulting in estimates of BCF between 6.695 and 10.395 L/kg. Data clearly indicate that the substance is very bioaccumulating (vB).
Referenceopen allclose all
Bioaccumulation test results
|
7 d |
14 d |
28 d |
42 d |
60 d |
|
1st concentration area |
Test substance concentration (mg/L) |
0.00953 |
0.00960 |
0.00971 |
0.00970 |
0.00978 |
Bioconcentration factor (L/kg) |
154 |
123 |
181 |
171 |
173 |
|
133 |
172 |
158 |
139 |
187 |
||
2nd concentration area |
Test substance concentration (mg/L) |
0.000987 |
0.001038 |
0.001016 |
0.0010000 |
0.000996 |
Bioconcentration factor (L/kg) |
69 |
99 |
75 |
85 |
104 |
|
104 |
87 |
102 |
190 |
136 |
Levels of test substance measured in fish following exposure via the diet
|
|
Uptake phase |
Depuration phase |
||||||||
Day |
Substance |
1 |
5 |
10 |
1 |
2 |
4 |
7 |
14 |
28 |
42 |
Concentration [mg/kg fish] |
Distyrenated phenol |
5.89 |
3.95 |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
Tristyrenated phenol |
7.39 |
17.4 |
21.6 |
17.1 |
14.0 |
8.04 |
13.9 |
6.71 |
3.75 |
1.61 |
n. d.: not detectable - less than limit of quantification
For distyrenated phenol, a rapid decrease of the concentrations in fish was detected leading to undetectable levels by day 10 of the uptake phase and throughout the depuration phase. A steady state could not be observed. This unusual pattern could be explained by a rapid increase of depuration (increased metabolism/clearance) after initial intake of the substance evidenced by the fish body concentrations found on day 1 and 5 of the uptake phase. But by days 5 to 10, elimination exceeds uptake by far resulting in non-detectable concentrations of the substance in fish. Based on this data, a BCF could not be determined. But it can be concluded that the bioaccumulation potential of distyrenated phenol is low.
The uptake and depuration pattern for tristyrenated phenol shows increasing concentrations with time over the entire exposure period followed by decreasing concentrations during the depuration period. This pattern of accumulation and depuration is in line with that normally expected in accumulation studies.
Description of key information
In a study according to OECD TG 305 using the supporting substance cumylphenol, BCF between 69 and 190 were determined. The highest value is taken to characterise the bioaccumulation potential of phenol, mono- & distyrenated.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- BCF (aquatic species):
- 190 L/kg ww
Additional information
Two experimental studies were identified providing data to assess the bioaccumulation potential of phenol, mono- & distyrenated (LS 500). In one study, the supporting substance cumylphenol (4-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol) was tested according to OECD TG 305. The BCF values determined were in the range between 65 and 190 L/kg. In a second study, a mixture of distyrenated and tristyrenated phenol (40 and 60% w/w, respectively) was applied in a feeding study (uptake phase 10 days, depuration phase 42 days). A BMF/BCF for distyrenated phenol could not be established, as the test substance concentration in fish decreased below limit of detection already during the second half of the uptake phase (after day 5). For tristyrenated phenol, a growth corrected, lipid normalised BMF of 0.355 was determined. Applying different calculation methods, BCF values between 6,695 and 10,395 were estimated. Results of both studies indicate that the bioaccumulation potential of ca. 93 % of phenol, mono- & distyrenated is low, but that a minor component (ca. 2 %) has a high bioconcentration potential (BCF > 5000). In an averall consideration, the highest BCF value measured for the supporting substance 4-cumylphenol is used to characterise the aquatic bioconcentration potential of > 90 % phenol, mono- & distyrenated.
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