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EC number: 201-969-4 | CAS number: 90-15-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
According to the results of the key study (GLP-compliant, Klimisch 1, OECD guideline 438), the registered substance was defined as Category 1 "Irreversible effects on the eye/serious damage to the eye" based on EU-CLP and UN-GHS criteria.
Note: The substance has a harmonized classification as Skin Irr Cat 2, Eye Dam Cat 1
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Skin irritation / corrosion
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- skin irritation: in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Remarks:
- data from Hazardous Substance Database based on EPA No. 86-920000514S submission
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- no information
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- albino
- Type of coverage:
- not specified
- Preparation of test site:
- abraded
- Remarks:
- intact and abraded
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Amount / concentration applied:
- 500 mg
- Observation period:
- 72 hours
- Number of animals:
- Six
- Details on study design:
- The test substance was administered at a dosage of 500 mg to the intact and abraded skin of 6 albino rabbits
- Irritation parameter:
- overall irritation score
- Basis:
- mean
- Time point:
- 72 h
- Score:
- 7.09
- Max. score:
- 8
- Reversibility:
- not specified
- Remarks on result:
- positive indication of irritation
- Remarks:
- highly irritating
- Interpretation of results:
- Category 2 (irritant) based on GHS criteria
- Remarks:
- Note: the substance has a harmonized Skin Irr 2 classification
- Conclusions:
- The test substance was administered at a dosage of 500 mg to the intact and abraded skin of 6 albino rabbits.
Moderate to severe erythema and edema was noted after 72 hours (irritation score of 7.09/8.00).
The substance was highly irritating. - Executive summary:
The test substance was administered at a dosage of 500 mg to the intact and abraded skin of 6 albino rabbits.
Moderate to severe erythema and edema was noted after 72 hours (irritation score of 7.09/8.00).
The substance was highly irritating.
- Endpoint:
- skin irritation: in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- documentation insufficient for assessment
- Remarks:
- RTECS entry, limited information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Draize test
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- not specified
- Type of coverage:
- occlusive
- Preparation of test site:
- not specified
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Amount / concentration applied:
- 500 mg
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 24 hours
- Irritation parameter:
- overall irritation score
- Basis:
- mean
- Time point:
- 24 h
- Reversibility:
- not specified
- Remarks on result:
- positive indication of irritation
- Remarks:
- highly irritating
- Irritant / corrosive response data:
- highly irritating, no individual animal data available from RTECS
- Interpretation of results:
- Category 2 (irritant) based on GHS criteria
- Remarks:
- Note: the substance has a harmonized Skin Irr 2 classification
- Conclusions:
- The substance is highly irritating in a Draize test.
- Executive summary:
The substance is highly irritating in a Draize test.
- Endpoint:
- skin irritation: in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- documentation insufficient for assessment
- Remarks:
- RTECS entry, limited information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Draize test
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- not specified
- Type of coverage:
- open
- Preparation of test site:
- not specified
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Amount / concentration applied:
- 550 mg
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 24 hours
- Irritation parameter:
- overall irritation score
- Basis:
- mean
- Time point:
- 24 h
- Reversibility:
- not specified
- Remarks on result:
- positive indication of irritation
- Remarks:
- moderately irritating
- Irritant / corrosive response data:
- moderately irritating, no individual animal data available from RTECS
- Interpretation of results:
- Category 2 (irritant) based on GHS criteria
- Remarks:
- Note: the substance has a harmonized Skin Irr 2 classification
- Conclusions:
- The substance is moderately irritating in a Draize test.
- Executive summary:
The substance is moderately irritating in a Draize test.
Referenceopen allclose all
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed (irritating)
Eye irritation
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- eye irritation: in vitro / ex vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- From 3 August 2016 et 15 August 2016
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 438 (Isolated Chicken Eye Test Method for Identifying i) Chemicals Inducing Serious Eye Damage and ii) Chemicals Not Requiring Classification for Eye Irritation or Serious Eye Damage)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- SOURCE OF TEST MATERIAL
- Source and lot/batch No.of test material: Supplied by HFC, batch No. 7215452128
- Expiration date of the lot/batch: 30 November 2018
- Purity test date: 27 November 2018
STABILITY AND STORAGE CONDITIONS OF TEST MATERIAL
- Storage condition of test material: stored at ambient temperature 15-25 deg Celsius
- Stability under test conditions: not specified
- Solubility and stability of the test substance in the solvent/vehicle: test item was used pure
TREATMENT OF TEST MATERIAL PRIOR TO TESTING
The test item was used pure at 30 mg per sample - Species:
- chicken
- Strain:
- other: ROSS, spring chickens
- Details on test animals or tissues and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: poultry slaughterhouse v.d. Bor (Netherlands)
- Age at study initiation: 7 weeks old
- Weight at study initiation: 1.5-2.5 kg
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Heads of the animals were cut off immediately after sedation of the animals by electric shock and incision of the neck for bleeding, and before they reached the next station on the process line. The heads were placed in small plastic boxes on a bedding of paper tissues moistened with isotonic saline. Next, they were transported to the testing facility. During transportation, the heads were kept at ambient temperature. - Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Controls:
- yes
- yes, concurrent positive control
- yes, concurrent negative control
- Amount / concentration applied:
- TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): 30 mg
- Concentration (if solution): pure substance was used
NEGATIVE CONTROL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit):30 µL
POSITIVE CONTROL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): 30 mg
- Concentration (if solution): neat (ground) - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 10 seconds
- Observation period (in vivo):
- The eyes were examined at approximately 0, 30, 75, 120, 180 and 240 minutes after treatment
- Duration of post- treatment incubation (in vitro):
- 240 minutes
- Number of animals or in vitro replicates:
- 1 for Negative Contro
3 for Positive Control
3 for Test group - Details on study design:
- SELECTION AND PREPARATION OF ISOLATED EYES
Within 2 hours after kill, eyes were carefully dissected and placed in a superfusion apparatus using the following procedure: First the eye lids were carefully removed without damaging the cornea and a small drop of Fluorescein sodium 2.0% w/v (Minims, England) was applied to the corneal surface for a few seconds and subsequently rinsed off with isotonic saline at ambient temperature. Next, the head with the fluorescein treated cornea was examined with a slit lamp microscope to ensure that the cornea was not damaged. If undamaged (e.g., fluorescein retention and corneal opacity scores of ≤ 0.5), the eye was further dissected from the head without damaging the eye or cornea. Care was taken to remove the eye ball from the orbit without cutting off the optical nerve too short. The enucleated eye was placed in a stainless steel clamp with the cornea positioned vertically and transferred to a chamber of the superfusion apparatus. The clamp holding the eye was positioned in such a way that the entire cornea was supplied with isotonic saline from a bent, stainless steel tube, at a target rate of 0.10 0.15 mL/min (peristaltic pump set at speed 5.00). The chambers of the superfusion apparatus as well as the saline were temperature controlled at approximately 32 deg Celsius (water pump set at 36.4 deg Celsius). After placing in the superfusion apparatus, the eyes were examined again with the slit lamp microscope to ensure that they were not damaged. Corneal thickness was measured using the Depth Measuring Attachment No. I for the Haag Streit slit lamp microscope, set at 0.095 mm. Corneal thickness was expressed in instrument units. An accurate measurement was taken at the corneal apex of each eye. Eyes with a corneal thickness deviating more than 10% of the average corneal thickness of the eyes, eyes showing opacity (score higher than 0.5), or were unacceptably stained with fluores¬cein (score higher than 0.5) indicating the cornea to be permeable, or eyes that showed any other signs of damage, were rejected as test eyes and replaced.
EQUILIBRATION AND BASELINE RECORDINGS
Each eye provided its own baseline values for corneal swelling, corneal opacity and fluorescein retention. For that purpose, after an equilibration period of 45-60 minutes, the corneal thickness of the eyes was measured again to determine the zero reference value for corneal swelling calculati¬ons.
NUMBER OF REPLICATES
1 for Negative Control ; 3 for Positive Control ; 3 for Test group
NEGATIVE CONTROL USED
Physiological saline
POSITIVE CONTROL USED
sodium hydroxide NaOH
APPLICATION DOSE AND EXPOSURE TIME
30 µL of negative control or 30 mg of postive control and test item were applied for 10 seconds
OBSERVATION PERIOD
240 minutes
REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
- Volume and washing procedure after exposure period: 20 mL of saline solution was used for rinsing.
- Indicate any deviation from test procedure in the Guideline : no deviations was noticed
METHODS FOR MEASURED ENDPOINTS:
- Corneal opacity: slit lamp microscope
- Damage to epithelium based on fluorescein retention: Slit lamp microscope
- Swelling: measured with optical pachymeter on a slit-lamp microscope
- Macroscopic morphological damage to the surface: No
- Others (e.g, histopathology): Histopathological examination
SCORING SYSTEM:
- Mean corneal swelling (%)
Corneal swelling, expressed as a percentage, is calculated according to the following formula:
“Corneal thickness at time t minus corneal thickness at time t = 0, divided by corneal thickness at time t = 0 and multiplied by 100”.
The mean percentage of swelling for the three test eyes will be calcula¬ted for each of the observation time points of 30, 75, 120, 180, and 240 minutes. The maximum mean percentage (can be at any of the time points) will be used for classification into one of four categories
- Mean maximum opacity score
Opacity degree of density (area most dense taken for scoring)
0 = no opacity
0.5 = very faint opacity (= very slight)
1 = scattered or diffuse areas, details of iris clearly visible (= slight)
2 = easily discernible translucent area, details of iris slightly obscured (= moderate)
3 = severe corneal opacity, no specific details of iris visible, size of pupil barely discernible (= severe)
4 = complete corneal opacity, iris invisible (= very severe)
The mean corneal opacity value for all test eyes is calculated for the observation time points of 30, 75, 120, 180, and 240 minutes. The maximum mean opacity score (can be at any of the time points) will be used for classification into one of four categorie
- Mean fluorescein retention score at 30 minutes post-treatment
0 = no fluorescein retention
0.5 = very minor single cell staining (= very slight)
1 = single cell staining scattered throughout the treated area of the cornea (= slight)
2 = focal or confluent dense single cell staining (= moderate)
3 = confluent large areas of the cornea retaining fluorescein (= severe)
Intermediate scores can also be assigned. The mean fluorescein retention value for all test eyes is calculated for the observation time point of 30 minutes only. If desired or in case of test substances that have adhered to the cornea, fluorescein retention can be determined at t=240 min or whenever the test compound is removed.
DECISION CRITERIA: please specify if the decision criteria as indicated in the TG was used.
On the basis of the severity of the observed findings for corneal swelling, corneal opacity and fluorescein retention, the effects are divided into four categories, viz. I = no effect; II = slight effect; III = moderate effect; IV = severe effect.
Interpretation of corneal swelling, corneal opacity, and fluorescein retention and categorisation into the four categories is done according the following methodology:
Corneal swelling:
Mean corneal swelling (%) Category
0 5 I
>5 12 II
>12 - 18 (>75 min. after treatment) II
(≤75 min. after treatment) III
>18 26 III
>26 - 32 (>75 min. after treatment) III
(≤75 min. after treatment) IV
>32 IV
Corneal opacity:
Max. mean opacity score Category
0.0 0.5 I
0.6 1.5 II
1.6 2.5 III
2.6 4.0 IV
Fluorescein retention:
mean fluorescein retention score Category
at 30 min after treatment:
0.0 0.5 I
0.6 1.5 II
1.6 2.5 III
2.6 3.0 IV - Irritation parameter:
- percent corneal swelling
- Remarks:
- (in %)
- Run / experiment:
- Test Item
- Value:
- 28
- Negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Remarks on result:
- positive indication of irritation
- Irritation parameter:
- cornea opacity score
- Run / experiment:
- Test item
- Value:
- 3
- Negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Remarks on result:
- positive indication of irritation
- Irritation parameter:
- fluorescein retention score
- Run / experiment:
- Test Item
- Value:
- 3
- Negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Remarks on result:
- positive indication of irritation
- Irritation parameter:
- in vitro irritation score
- Run / experiment:
- Test Item
- Value:
- 148
- Negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Remarks on result:
- positive indication of irritation
- Other effects / acceptance of results:
- OTHER EFFECTS:
- Visible damage on test system: No.
DEMONSTRATION OF TECHNICAL PROFICIENCY: Not specified
ACCEPTANCE OF RESULTS:
- Acceptance criteria met for negative control: yes
- Acceptance criteria met for positive control: yes
- Range of historical values if different from the ones specified in the test guideline: Not specified - Interpretation of results:
- Category 1 (irreversible effects on the eye) based on GHS criteria
- Remarks:
- Note: harmonized classification as Eye Dam 1
- Conclusions:
- Under experimental conditions of this study, the test item 1-Naphthol induced severe damages to enucleated chicken eye in Isolated Chicken Eye assay which was performed according OECD Guideline 438 method. According to CLP regulation, the test item 1-Naphthol was defined as Category 1 "Irreversible effects on the eyes" based on GHS criteria.
- Executive summary:
This GLP-compliant study was performed to assess the potential irritation/corrosion property of the registered substance 1-Naphthol in a Isolated Chicken Eye test (ICE test) according to OECD guideline 438 method.
1-Naphthol was evaluated neat for eye irritation potential in the Isolated Chicken Eye (ICE) test. In addition, the test included a negative control (saline) and a positive control (NaOH). Chicken eyes were obtained from slaughter animals used for human consumption. The isolated chicken eyes were exposed to a single application of 30 mg for 10 seconds followed by a 20 mL saline rinse. Three main parameters were measured to disclose possible adverse eye effects: corneal thickness (expressed as corneal swelling), corneal opacity and fluorescein retention of damaged epithelial cells. In addition, histopathology of the corneas was performed.
The test item caused moderate corneal swelling (mean swelling 28%), severe opacity (mean score 3.0) and severe fluorescein retention (mean score 3.0). Microscopic examination of the corneas revealed severe erosion (3/3 corneas) and severe necrosis (3/3 corneas) of the epithelium, and very slight (3/3 corneas; low region) or slight (3/3 corneas; top and mid region) vacuolation of the epithelium.
Under experimental conditions of this study, the test item 1-Naphthol induced severe damages to enucleated chicken eye in Isolated Chicken Eye assay which was performed according OECD Guideline 438 method. According to CLP regulation, the test item 1-Naphthol was defined as Category 1 "Irreversible effects on the eyes" based on GHS criteria.
Reference
Table 1 - Summary results of the slit-lamp examination
Test material |
Maximum mean score for: |
Irritation categories1 |
Irritation Index2 |
Classifications (EU-CLP3/UN-GHS4)
|
||
Swelling % |
Opacity |
Fluorescein retention |
||||
1-Naphthol (A017; GTS119103) |
28 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
III;IV;IV |
148 |
1/1 |
NaOH(positive control) |
45 |
4.05 |
3.0 |
IV;IV;IV |
185 |
1/1 |
1 I = no effect; II = slight effect; III = moderate effect; IV = severe effect.
2 Irritation Index = maximum mean corneal swelling + maximum mean opacity (x 20) + mean fluorescein score (x 20)
3 EU-CLP: NC = not classified; Category 2 = Irritating to eyes; Category 1 = irreversible effects on the eye/serious damage to the eye. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2808 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2806.
4 UN-GHS: NC = not classified; Category 2B = mild irritant, causes eye irritation; Category 2A = irritant, causes eye irritation; Category 1 = irreversible effects on the eye/serious damage to the eye. United Nations-Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE) (2003). Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). UN, New York and Geneva, 2007.
5 Immediate iris constriction and severe loosening of epithelium
Table 2 - Individual histopathological findings
Test Material |
Eye no.
|
Epithelium |
Notes |
Stroma |
Endothelium |
||||||
Erosion |
Necrosis |
Vacuolation† |
Disorder of fibers
|
Pyknoticnuclei |
Necrosis |
||||||
top |
mid |
low |
outer region (adjacent to epithelium) |
inner region (adjacent to endothelium) |
|||||||
1-Naphthol (A017; GTS119103) |
1 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
½ |
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
½ |
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
3 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
½ |
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
NaOH (positive control) |
13 |
3 |
3 |
- |
- |
- |
‡ |
- |
- |
- |
P |
14 |
3 |
3 |
- |
- |
- |
‡ |
- |
- |
- |
P |
|
15 |
3 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
‡ |
- |
- |
- |
P |
|
Saline (negative control) |
16 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
- = not observed; P = present; ½ = very slight; 1 = slight; 2 = moderate; 3 = severe;
†= scored in the top/mid/low section of the epithelium;‡ = stromal necrosis
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed (irreversible damage)
Respiratory irritation
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
Two key studies were available to assess the potential eye irration/corrision property of the test item, one test was performed on rabbits with diluted at 2.5% of test item in aqueous suspension. The second key study
(GLP-compliant, Klimisch 1, OECD guideline 438) was performed on Isolated Chicken Eye (ICE) test in which the neat test substance was applied on enucleated chicken eye and led to high damages.
According the results of the pure substance in this study and CLP critera, the 1 -Naphthol was classified as Category 1 "Irreversible effects on the eye/serious damage to the eye".
Justification for classification or non-classification
According to the results of the key study (GLP-compliant, Klimisch 1, OECD guideline 438), the registered substance was defined as Category 1 "Irreversible effects on the eye/serious damage to the eye" based on EU-CLP and UN-GHS criteria.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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