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EC number: 265-198-5 | CAS number: 64742-94-5 A complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained from distillation of aromatic streams. It consists predominantly of aromatic hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the range of C9 through C16 and boiling in the range of approximately 165°C to 290°C (330°F to 554°F).
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Genetic toxicity: in vivo
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vivo mammalian somatic cell study: cytogenicity / bone marrow chromosome aberration
- Remarks:
- Type of genotoxicity: chromosome aberration
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Not GLP, but key cytogenetic parameters measured comparable to guideline study.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Dose-related clastogenic effects induced by benzene in bone marrow cells and in differentiating spermatogonia of Swiss CD1 mice.
- Author:
- Ciranni R, Barale R and Adler I-D.
- Year:
- 1 991
- Bibliographic source:
- Mutagenesis 6 (5), 417-421
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 475 (Mammalian Bone Marrow Chromosome Aberration Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- only 3-4 animals/group
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Mice given single oral gavage dose of benzene (1 mL/kg bw) and chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow and spermatogonal cells assessed at time points up to 48 h post-treatment.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of assay:
- other: bone marrow chromosome aberration assay and mammalian germ cell cytogenetic assay
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Benzene
- EC Number:
- 200-753-7
- EC Name:
- Benzene
- Cas Number:
- 71-43-2
- IUPAC Name:
- benzene
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): benzene
- Source: Farmitalia, Carlo Erba, Italy
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- CD-1
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River, Valco Co., Italy
- Age at study initiation: 2 months
- Weight at study initiation: 30-35 g
- no further details
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- no data
IN-LIFE DATES:
- no data
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- - Olive oil
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Single oral dose
- Frequency of treatment:
- Single oral dose
- Post exposure period:
- Up to 48 h
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
1 mL/kg
Basis:
actual ingested
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 3-4 male mice
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
Examinations
- Tissues and cell types examined:
- Bone marrow and spermatogonal cells
- Statistics:
- The binomial dispersion test was applied to test homogeneity of results from control animals. Statistical differences between treated and solvent control groups were determined by Fisher's exact test. To compare the sensitivity of the two cell types the doubling doses were calculated. The doubling dose (DD) is defined as the dose that induces as many aberrations as occur spontaneously per cell generation. Based on the linear dose-response, Y = a + b D, where Y is the yield of aberrant cells, a the spontaneous frequency and b the linear regression coefficient, the doubling dose is calculated as the ratio of a to b (DD = a/b).
Results and discussion
Test resultsopen allclose all
- Sex:
- male
- Genotoxicity:
- positive
- Remarks:
- Chromosomal aberration test; mouse (bone marrow)
- Toxicity:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Negative controls validity:
- not examined
- Positive controls validity:
- not applicable
- Sex:
- male
- Genotoxicity:
- positive
- Remarks:
- Germ cell chromosome aberration test; mouse (spermatogonia)
- Toxicity:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Negative controls validity:
- not examined
- Positive controls validity:
- not valid
Any other information on results incl. tables
Bone Marrow:
Benzene showed high clastogenic activity in bone marrow cells at all sampling times with a peak at 24 and 30 hours (approx. 20% aberrant cells (excl. gaps) versus 1% in controls). The dose-response was determined 24 h after treatment with 0.1, 0.5 or 1.0 mL/kg benzene (equivalent to 88, 440 and 880 mg/kg bw). All three doses were clearly positive and a dose-dependency was established.
Chromatid aberrations in bone marrow cells of mice treated with 1 mL/kg (880 mg/kg) of benzene: time-response
Time (h) |
No. cells scored a |
No. of aberrations |
Highly damaged cells (n) b |
Aberrant cells (%±SE) |
|||
|
|
gaps |
breaks |
exchanges |
|
including gaps |
excluding gaps |
Control |
1000 |
24 |
11 |
- |
- |
3.2 ± 0.6 |
1.1 ± 0.1 |
6 |
600 |
47 |
29 |
- |
- |
11.3 ± 0.1 |
4.3 ± 0.6** |
12 |
600 |
89 |
98 |
7 |
- |
24.6 ± 2.4 |
16.6 ± 0.4** |
18 |
600 |
59 |
112 |
7 |
3 |
22.6 ± 4.5 |
15.3 ± 3.0** |
24 |
600 |
53 |
206 |
6 |
13 |
25.1 ± 2.7 |
20.8 ± 3.3** |
30 |
600 |
117 |
237 |
15 |
13 |
28.7 ± 7.4 |
19.8 ± 0.5** |
36 |
600 |
10 |
24 |
- |
- |
4.8 ± 0.4 |
3.5 ± 0.5** |
42 |
600 |
26 |
31 |
- |
- |
8.6 ± 1.4 |
5.3 ± 0.4** |
48 |
600 |
41 |
44 |
- |
- |
12.0 ±1.7 |
6.3 ± 1.1** |
**P <0.01 (Fisher's exact test).
a 200 cells scored per animal.
b Cells with more than 10 aberrations.
Spermatogonia:
After administration of 1 mL/kg (880 mg/kg bw) the maximum response was obtained 24 h after treatment (6.3% aberrant cells versus 1.2% in negative controls). In the dose-response study, all doses tested (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mL/kg bw, equivalent to 220, 440 and 880 mg/kg bw) increased the aberration frequency in a dose-dependent manner; at 880 mg/kg again 6.3% of the spermatogonia were aberrant. Since bone marrow clastogenicity was investigated in parallel, it can be concluded that clastogenicity in bone marrow cells and spermatogonia was induced in the same dose range, although effects were less pronounced in spermatogonia.
Chromatid aberrations in differentiating spermatogonia of mice treated with 1 mL/kg (880 mg/kg) of benzene: time-response
Time (h) |
No. cells scored a |
No. of aberrations |
Aberrant cells (%±SE) |
|||
|
|
gaps |
breaks |
exchanges |
including gaps |
excluding gaps |
Control |
1000 |
49 |
12 |
- |
5.5 ± 0.9 |
1.12 ± 0.2 |
6 |
600 |
32 |
6 |
- |
6.3 ± 0.1 |
1.0 ± 0.3 |
12 |
600 |
63 |
18 |
1 |
12.3 ± 0.3 |
3.3 ± 0.4** |
18 |
600 |
67 |
24 |
- |
13.3 ± 1.2 |
4.0 ± 0.5** |
24 |
600 |
54 |
36 |
3 |
14.8 ± 2.6 |
6.3 ± 1.6** |
30 |
600 |
33 |
16 |
1 |
7.8 ± 1.6 |
2.6 ± 0.5* |
36 |
600 |
31 |
23 |
1 |
8.3 ± 1.0 |
3.5 ± 0.5** |
42 |
600 |
21 |
14 |
- |
5.2 ± 1.3 |
2.0 ± 0.5 |
48 |
600 |
19 |
23 |
- |
18.2 ±2.0 |
3.5 ± 0.7** |
**P <0.01 (Fisher's exact test).
a 200 cells scored per animal.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results (migrated information): positive Chromosomal aberration test (mouse bone marrow) and Germ cell chromosome aberration test (mouse spermatogonia)
Benzene was positive in the chromosomal aberration test (mouse bone marrow) and germ cell chromosome aberration test (mouse spermatogonia), following a single oral dose of 1 mL/kg to male mice. - Executive summary:
The ability of benzene to induce chromosome damage in vivo was assessed by determining the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow and spermatogonial cells of male Swiss CDI mice. Initially a single dose of 1 mL benzene/kg (880 mg/kg) was assessed using a wide range of times (6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42 and 48 hours) to determine the time of maximum response. Benzene showed high clastogenic activity with a peak between 24 and 30 hours in bone marrow cells or 24 hours in differentiating spermatogonia. The effect in bone marrow cells was greater than in spermatogonia. Secondly, the dose response 24 hours after treatment was determined. Additional doses of benzene used were: 0.1 mL/kg (88 mg/kg) and 0.5 mL/kg (440 mg/kg) for bone marrow cells; 0.25 mL/kg (220 mg/kg) and 0.5 mL/kg (440 mg/kg) for differentiating spermatogonia.
Benzene was positive in this test with dose dependent clastogenic effects in both cell types. All dose levels showing a statistically significant increase in the incidence of aberrant cells.
It is concluded that benzene is a clastogen in male germ cells and the bone marrow of mice.
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