Zinc methacrylate

Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

05 - 28 November 2012

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study with acceptable restrictions

Remarks:

GLP study conducted in compliance with OECD Guideline 202 with minor deviations: static test system; oxygen concentration in some of the test vessels was observed to have an air saturation value (ASV) in excess of 100 %

Justification for type of information:

Read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

static test system; oxygen concentration in some of the test vessels was observed to have an air saturation value (ASV) in excess of 100 %

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Not applicable

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

- Sampling method: Water samples were taken from the control and the each test group (replicates R1 – R4 pooled) at
0 and 48 h for quantitative analysis.
- Sample storage conditions before analysis: Samples were stored at approximately -20 °C prior to analysis. Duplicate samples were taken and stored at approximately -20 °C for further analysis if necessary.

Vehicle:

yes

Details on test solutions:

PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method: An amount of test item (550 mg) was dispersed in 11 L of reconstituted water with the aid of a propeller stirrer at a rate of approximately 1500 rpm for a period of 24 h. After stirring any undissolved test item was removed by filtration using a 0.2 µm Gelman Acrocap filter (first approximate 500 mL discarded to pre-condition the filter) to give the 100 % v/v saturated solution test concentration. Aliquots (100, 180, 320 and 560 mL) of the 100 % v/v saturated solution test concentration were each separately added to a final volume of 1 L of reconstituted water to give the 10, 18, 32 and 56 % v/v saturated solution test concentrations respectively. Each stock solution and prepared concentration was inverted several times to ensure adequate mixing and homogeneity.
- Controls: The control group was maintained under identical conditions but not exposed to the test item.

Test organisms (species):

Daphnia magna

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Water Flea (Daphnia)
- Strain: Daphnia magna
- Source: In-house laboratory cultures
- Age at study initiation: 1st instar (< 24 h old)
- Method of breeding: Parthenogenesis
- Feeding during test: No

ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation conditions (same as test or not): Yes
- Type and amount of food: A mixture of algal suspension (Desmodesmus subspicatus) and Tetramin® flake food suspension
- Feeding frequency: Daily

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

48 h

Post exposure observation period:

No data

Hardness:

250 mg/L as CaCO3

Test temperature:

20-22 °C

pH:

7.1-8.0

Dissolved oxygen:

8.4-9.2 mg O2/L

Salinity:

Not applicable

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal concentrations: 10, 18, 32, 56 and 100 % v/v saturated solution

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 250 mL glass jars containing approximately 200 mL of test preparation
- Aeration: No
- No. of organisms per vessel: Five
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 4 replicates
- No. of vessels per blank control (replicates): 4 replicates

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: Reconstituted Water- Elendt M7 Medium
- Conductivity: < 5 µS/cm
- Intervals of water quality measurement: Water temperature was recorded daily throughout the test. Dissolved oxygen concentrations and pH were recorded at the start and termination of the test.

EQUIPMENTS:
- The pH and dissolved oxygen concentration were measured using a Hach HQ30d Flexi handheld meter.
- The temperature was measured using a Hanna Instruments HI 93510 digital thermometer.

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 16 h of continuous artificial light (419-426 lux) and 8 h continuous darkness with 20 min dawn and dusk transition periods

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable): Any immobilization or adverse reactions to exposure were recorded at 24 and 48 h after the start of exposure. The criterion of effect used was that Daphnia were considered to be immobilised if they were unable to swim for approximately 15 sec after gentle agitation.

TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Range finding study
- Test concentrations: 0.10, 1.0, 10 and 100 % v/v saturated solution (nominal)
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: In the range-finding test, no immobilization was observed at the test concentrations of 0.10, 1.0 and 10 % v/v saturated solution. However, immobilization was observed at 100 % v/v saturated solution. Based on this information test concentrations of 10, 18, 32, 56 and 100 % v/v saturated solution were selected for the definitive test.

Reference substance (positive control):

yes

Remarks:

potassium dichromate (non-concurrent): 0.32, 0.56, 1.0, 1.8 and 3.2 mg/L

Key result

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

ca. 8.7 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (arithm. mean)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Remarks on result:

other: equivalent to 3.36 mg Zn/L

Key result

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

ca. 5.4 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (arithm. mean)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Key result

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LOEC

Effect conc.:

ca. 9.5 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (arithm. mean)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Details on results:

- Cumulative immobilisation % at 0, 10, 18, 32, 56 and 100 % v/v saturated solution were 0, 0, 0, 5, 45 and 80 at 24 h and 0, 0, 0, 5, 80 and 85 at 48 h, respectively.
- EC50 (24 h): 11 mg/L (9.0-13 mg/L)
- EC50 (48 h): 8.7 mg/L (5.4-9.5 mg/L)

Results with reference substance (positive control):

- Results with reference substance valid: Yes
- EC50 (24 h): 0.75 mg/L (0.56-1.0 mg/L)
- EC50 (48 h): 0.45 mg/L (0.42-0.48 mg/L)
- NOEC after 24 and 48 h were 0.56 and 0.32 mg/L, respectively.

Reported statistics and error estimates:

- The EC50 values and associated confidence limits at 24 and 48 h and the slope of the response curve and its standard error were calculated by the maximum-likelihood probit method (Finney, 1971) using the ToxCalc computer software package (ToxCalc, 1999).
- Probit analysis was used where two or more partial responses to exposure were shown.
- The slopes and their standard errors of the response curves at 24 and 48 h were 4.84 (SE = 1.07) and 5.17 (SE = 3.06), respectively.

Chemical analysis:

Chemical analysis of the 32, 56 and 100 % v/v saturated solution test preparations showed measured test concentrations of 5.5, 9.5 and 17 mg/L, respectively at 0 h and 5.4, 9.5 and 17 mg/L, respectively at 48 h, indicating that the test item was stable over the test period.

Table 6.1.3/1: Cumulative immobilisation data in the definitive test

Nominal concentration (% v/v saturated solution)	Cumulative Immobilised Daphnia (Initial Population: 5 Per Replicate)
	24 h						48 h
	R1	R2	R3	R4	Total	%	R1	R2	R3	R4	Total	%
Control	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
10	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
18	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
32	1	0	0	0	1*	5	1	0	0	0	1*	5
56	2	1	3	3	9	45	3	3	5	5	16	80
100	5	5	3	3	16	80	5	5	4	3	17	85

R1 – R4 = Replicates 1 to 4

*Single immobilised daphnid considered to be due to natural causes as less than 10 % immobilisation occurred.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

Under the test conditions, the 48 h EC50 for read across substance zinc monomethacrylate to Daphnia magna based on mean measured test concentrations was 8.7 mg/L with 95 % confidence limits of 5.4-9.5 mg/L. The Lowest Observed Effect Concentration based on mean measured test concentrations was considered to be 9.5 mg/L. The No Observed Effect Concentration based on mean measured test concentrations was 5.4 mg/L. Similar results can be expected for zinc dimethacrylate.

Executive summary:

An acute aquatic toxicity study was performed in accordance with GLP and OECD Guideline 202. Following a preliminary range-finding test, twenty daphnids (4 replicates of 5 animals) were exposed to read across substance zinc monomethacrylate at concentrations of 10, 18, 32, 56 and 100 % v/v saturated solution for 48 h at a temperature of 20-22 °C under static test conditions. The test item solution was prepared by stirring an excess (50 mg/L) of test item in test medium using a propeller stirrer at approximately 1500 rpm for 24 h. After the stirring period any undissolved test item was removed by filtration (0.2 µm Gelman Acrocap filter, first approximate 500 mL discarded in order to pre-condition the filter) to produce a 100 % v/v saturated solution of the test item. The numbers of immobilized Daphnia were recorded after 24 and 48 h. Cumulative immobilisation % at 0, 10, 18, 32, 56 and 100 % v/v saturated solution were 0, 0, 0, 5, 45 and 80, respectively at 24 h, and 0, 0, 0, 5, 80 and 85, respectively at 48 h. Chemical analysis of the 32, 56 and 100 % v/v saturated solution test preparations showed measured test concentrations of 5.5, 9.5 and 17 mg/L, respectively at 0 h and 5 .4, 9.5 and 17 mg/L, respectively at 48 h, indicating that the test item was stable over the test period. Mortality in control group was <10 % (no immobilisation observed), whereas dissolved oxygen concentration was >3 mg O2/L. Under the test conditions, the 48 h EC50 for read across substance zinc monomethacrylate to Daphnia magna based on mean measured test concentrations was 8.7 mg/L (equivalent to 3.36 mg Zn/L) with 95 % confidence limits of 5.4-9.5 mg/L. The Lowest Observed Effect Concentration based on mean measured test concentrations was considered to be 9.5 mg/L. The No Observed Effect Concentration based on mean measured test concentrations was 5.4 mg/L (Parr, 2013). Similar results can be expected for zinc dimethacrylate.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Study period:

1998

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study without detailed documentation

Justification for type of information:

Please refer to section 13 of the dataset for read across justification

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to same study

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)

Deviations:

not specified

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Not applicable

GLP compliance:

no

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

- Analytical determinations of the test substance concentrations were carried out at the start and the end of the test.

Vehicle:

not specified

Details on test solutions:

No data

Test organisms (species):

Daphnia magna

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Water flea

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

48 h

Post exposure observation period:

No data

Hardness:

No data

Test temperature:

No data

pH:

No data

Dissolved oxygen:

No data

Salinity:

No data

Nominal and measured concentrations:

No data

Details on test conditions:

No data

Reference substance (positive control):

not specified

Key result

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

ca. 8.9 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Key result

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

ca. 3.2 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Details on results:

- Based on nominal concentration of substance: EC50 (48 h) = 8.9 mg/L and NOEC = 3.2 mg/L
- Based on measured concentration of Zn cation in zinc chloride: EC50 (48 h) = 2.1 mg/L and NOEC = 0.75 mg/L

Results with reference substance (positive control):

Not applicable

Reported statistics and error estimates:

EC50 value and 95 % confidence interval for mobility were calculated by means of a parametric model developed by Kooijman (1981) or, if too few concentrations showed partial mortality, by assuming a log-logistic dose-effect relation (van der Hoeven, 1991).

None

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Conclusions:

Under the test conditions, the 48 h EC50 and NOEC values for read across substance zinc lactate to Daphnia magna were 8.9 and 3.2 mg/L, respectively, based on nominal concentrations. The 48 h EC50 and NOEC values for zinc cation in read across substance zinc chloride were 2.1 and 0.75 mg/L, respectively, based on measured concentration of zinc metal. Similar results can be expected for zinc dimethacrylate.

Executive summary:

In an acute aquatic toxicity study, performed in accordance with GLP and OECD Guideline 202, groups of Daphnia magna were exposed to read across substance zinc lactate at different concentrations for 48 h under static conditions. The toxicity of zinc lactate was determined simultaneously with zinc chloride. Under the test conditions, the 48 h EC50 and NOEC values for read across substance zinc lactate to Daphnia magna were 8.9 and 3.2 mg/L, respectively, based on nominal concentrations. The 48 h EC50 and NOEC values for zinc cation in read across substance zinc chloride were 2.1 and 0.75 mg/L, respectively, based on measured concentration of zinc metal (Bowmer, 1998). Similar results can be expected for zinc dimethacrylate.

Reference 3

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Study period:

1993

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Remarks:

No data on purity or source of test item; test type not specified; no data on nominal or measured test concentrations; ranges of data for hardness, temperature and mortality in control group were different from the recommended ranges; no details on result, only LC50 was given (range and mean)

Justification for type of information:

Please refer to section 13 of the dataset for read across justification

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to same study

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Method: Groups of Ceriodaphnia dubia were exposed to zinc sulphate for 96 h at pH 6-6.5, 7-7.5 and 8-8.5 and LC50 values were calculated.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

No data

Vehicle:

yes

Details on test solutions:

PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Method: Stock solutions were prepared in Millipore® (Milli-Q Corp., Bedford, MA) water.
- Controls: Blank very hard reconstituted water samples were pH adjusted and tested for toxicity to measure the effects of pH adjustments alone on sample toxicity. In all cases, blank mortality was ≤ 20 % .

Test organisms (species):

Ceriodaphnia dubia

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Water flea
- Source: Cultured at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) laboratory in Duluth, Minnesota
- Age at study initiation: ≤ 48 h
- Feeding: 100 µL of a yeast-Cerophyl (Agri-Tech, Kansas City, MO)-fermented Purina Brand (St. Louis, MO) Trout Chow solution (6 mg/L solids, final concentration)

Test type:

other: not specified but seems to be static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

48 h

Post exposure observation period:

No data

Hardness:

280-300 mg/L as CaCO3

Test temperature:

25 °C

pH:

6.0-6.5, 7.0-7.5 and 8.0-8.5

Dissolved oxygen:

Never below 5 mg/L (60 % saturation)

Salinity:

Not applicable

Nominal and measured concentrations:

No data

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 30 mL aliquots at each concentration were dispensed into 30 mL polystyrene cups and sealed with 35 mm polystyrene culture dish bottoms as lids to prevent headspace gas exchange. Vessels at pH 8.25 were not sealed.
- No. of organisms per vessel: Five
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): Duplicate or triplicate

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: Very hard reconstituted water (VHRW)
- Alkalinity: 225-245 mg/L as CaCO3

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: Yes, adjusted to the desired test pH (6.25 and 7.25, with 8.25 remaining unadjusted) using analytical-grade HCl
- pH values were measured at termination using a Beckman Instruments (Fullerton, CA) model 70 pH meter equipped with a Beckman KCI-filled probe.
- Photoperiod: 16 h light and 8 h dark cycle

Reference substance (positive control):

not specified

Key result

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

> 530 µg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (not specified)

Conc. based on:

other: total metal concentrations

Basis for effect:

mortality

Remarks on result:

other: at pH 6-6.5

Key result

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

ca. 360 µg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (not specified)

Conc. based on:

other: total metal concentrations

Basis for effect:

mortality

Remarks on result:

other: 95 % CL = 260-500; at pH 7-7.5

Key result

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

ca. 95 µg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (not specified)

Conc. based on:

other: total metal concentrations

Basis for effect:

mortality

Remarks on result:

other: 95 % CL = 86-105; at pH 8-8.5

Details on results:

- LC50 (48 h) values at pH 6-6.5, 7-7.5 and 8-8.5 were > 530, 360 (260-500) and 95 (86-105) µg/L, respectively.

Results with reference substance (positive control):

Not applicable

Reported statistics and error estimates:

Median lethal concentrations (LC50s) and corresponding 95 % CI were calculated using the trimmed Spearman-Karber method.

None

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

Under the test conditions, the LC50 (48 h) values of read across substance zinc sulphate to Ceriodaphnia dubia at pH 6-6.5, 7-7.5 and 8-8.5 were calculated to be > 530, 360 (260-500) and 95 (86-105) µg/L, respectively. Similar results can be expected for zinc dimethacrylate.

Executive summary:

In an acute aquatic toxicity study, performed similarly to OECD Guideline 202, groups (2 or 3 replicates of 5 organisms/vessel) of Ceriodaphnia dubia were exposed to read across substance zinc sulphate at different concentrations for 48 h at pH 6-6.5, 7-7.5 and 8-8.5. Median lethal concentrations (LC50s) and corresponding 95 % CI were calculated using the trimmed Spearman-Karber method. Mortality in blank control was ≤ 20 %. Dissolved O2 concentrations during the test were never below 5 mg/L (60 % saturation). Under the test conditions, the LC50 (48 h) values of read across substance zinc sulphate to Ceriodaphnia dubia at pH 6-6.5, 7-7.5 and 8-8.5 were calculated to be > 530, 360 (260-500) and 95 (86-105) µg/L, respectively (Schubauer-Berrigan, 1993). Similar results can be expected for zinc dimethacrylate.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water invertebrates

Fresh water invertebrates

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect concentration:

ca. 8.7 mg/L

Additional information

An acute aquatic toxicity study was performed in accordance with GLP and OECD Guideline 202. Following a preliminary range-finding test, twenty daphnids (4 replicates of 5 animals) were exposed to read across substance zinc monomethacrylate at concentrations of 10, 18, 32, 56 and 100 % v/v saturated solution for 48 h at a temperature of 20-22 °C under static test conditions. The test item solution was prepared by stirring an excess (50 mg/L) of test item in test medium using a propeller stirrer at approximately 1500 rpm for 24 h. After the stirring period any undissolved test item was removed by filtration (0.2 µm Gelman Acrocap filter, first approximate 500 mL discarded in order to pre-condition the filter) to produce a 100 % v/v saturated solution of the test item. The numbers of immobilized Daphnia were recorded after 24 and 48 h. Cumulative immobilisation % at 0, 10, 18, 32, 56 and 100 % v/v saturated solution were 0, 0, 0, 5, 45 and 80, respectively at 24 h, and 0, 0, 0, 5, 80 and 85, respectively at 48 h. Chemical analysis of the 32, 56 and 100 % v/v saturated solution test preparations showed measured test concentrations of 5.5, 9.5 and 17 mg/L, respectively at 0 h and 5 .4, 9.5 and 17 mg/L, respectively at 48 h, indicating that the test item was stable over the test period. Mortality in control group was <10 % (no immobilisation observed), whereas dissolved oxygen concentration was >3 mg O2/L. Under the test conditions, the 48 h EC50 for read across substance zinc monomethacrylate to Daphnia magna based on mean measured test concentrations was 8.7 mg/L (equivalent to 3.36 mg Zn/L) with 95 % confidence limits of 5.4-9.5 mg/L. The Lowest Observed Effect Concentration based on mean measured test concentrations was considered to be 9.5 mg/L. The No Observed Effect Concentration based on mean measured test concentrations was 5.4 mg/L (Parr, 2013). Similar results can be expected for zinc dimethacrylate.

In an acute aquatic toxicity study, performed in accordance with GLP and OECD Guideline 202, groups of Daphnia magna were exposed to read across substance zinc lactate at different concentrations for 48 h under static conditions. The toxicity of zinc lactate was determined simultaneously with zinc chloride. Under the test conditions, the 48 h EC50 and NOEC values for read across substance zinc lactate to Daphnia magna were 8.9 and 3.2 mg/L, respectively, based on nominal concentrations. The 48 h EC50 and NOEC values for zinc cation in read across substance zinc chloride were 2.1 and 0.75 mg/L, respectively, based on measured concentration of zinc metal (Bowmer, 1998). Similar results can be expected for zinc dimethacrylate.

In an acute aquatic toxicity study, performed similarly to OECD Guideline 202, groups (2 or 3 replicates of 5 organisms/vessel) of Ceriodaphnia dubia were exposed to read across substance zinc sulphate at different concentrations for 48 h at pH 6-6.5, 7-7.5 and 8-8.5. Median lethal concentrations (LC50s) and corresponding 95 % CI were calculated using the trimmed Spearman-Karber method. Mortality in blank control was ≤ 20 %. Dissolved O2 concentrations during the test were never below 5 mg/L (60 % saturation). Under the test conditions, the LC50 (48 h) values of read across substance zinc sulphate to Ceriodaphnia dubia at pH 6-6.5, 7-7.5 and 8-8.5 were calculated to be > 530, 360 (260-500) and 95 (86-105) µg/L, respectively (Schubauer-Berrigan, 1993). Similar results can be expected for zinc dimethacrylate.