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EC number: - | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Remarks:
- from study with reproduction / developmental toxicity screening
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
Reference
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral
- Remarks:
- combined repeated dose and reproduction / developmental screening
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 422 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)
- Version / remarks:
- of 1996
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Sprague Dawley rats, strain: Crl:CD(SD) with appropriate range of bodyweight at study start.
- Source: Charles River (UK) Ltd.
- Age at treatment start: 61-68 days.
- Weight at treatment start: Males: minimum 332 g, maximum 397 g,
Females: minimum 210 g, maximum 255 g.
- Housing Inside a barriered rodent facility:
all animals pre-pairing + toxicity subgroups: In groups up to 5 by sex in solid floor polycarbonate cages.
during pairing (1 male+1 female/cage): In RB3 modified polypropylene cages with stainless steel grid-floor over absorbent paper-lined trays.
males after pairing: In groups of up to 5 in solid floor polycarbonate cages.
females during gestation and lactation: Females housed individually (+litter) in solid floor polycarbonate cages.
- Bedding material (in solid floor cages): Wood based bedding.
- Cage enrichment: Aspen chew block + plastic shelter (except during pairing or post gestation day 20).
- Diet (ad libitum): Standard rodent diet (SDS VRF1 Certified) without antibiotic, chemotherapeutic or prophylactic agent.
- Fasting (diet withheld): Main phase males and Toxicity phase females overnight before blood sampling for clinical pathology.
- Water (ad libitum): Potable drinking water from the public supply.
- Acclimation period: 5 days before treatment start, under laboratory conditions.
Routine analysis of the batch of diet used and water, chew blocks and bedding material did not provide evidence of contamination that might have prejudiced the study.
IN-LIFE DATES:
- Duration of test, males & toxicity phase females: Five weeks
Duration of test, main phase females (i.e. reproductive subgroup): From 14 days prior to pairing to day 6 of lactation.
Duration of test, offspring: From birth to day 6 of lactation.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Air conditioned room kept at positve pressure without re-circulation of the filtered fresh air supplied to the room.
Controlled environment, environmental conditions were set at:
- Temperature (°C): 21 ± 2°C
- Relative Humidity (%): 40 to 70%
- Photoperiod (artificial lighting): 12 hrs day / 12 hrs night
Deviations from the target ranges for temperature and relative humidity were not evident. - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Details on oral exposure:
- - Concentration in vehicle: The concentration of the test material in vehicle was 20, 60, and 200 mg/ml.
- Amount (dose volume by gavage): 5 mL/kg bw/day..
Actual dose volumes were calculated at about weekly or shorter intervals accounting for the latest body weight. Litter animals were not dosed. - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- - Chemical analysis of test material formulations by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS/MS).
- Concentrations (verified at first and last treatment week) of the test material formulations were confirmed at each dose level.
- Chemical analysis confirmed that the mean concentrations of WS405777 in prepared formulations were 100% to 113% of the corresponding
nominal concentration, thus confirming accuracy of formulation. - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- - Treatment period, males & toxicity phase females: Daily, for five consecutive weeks, in males commencing 14 days prior to pairing
- Treatment period, main phase females (i.e. reproductive subgroup): 43 to 46 days (from 14 days prior to pairing to day 6 of lactation)
- Offspring were not dosed - Frequency of treatment:
- Daily, 7 days/week (during parturition, dosing omitted as appropriate)
- Dose / conc.:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Dose / conc.:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Dose / conc.:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Toxicity phase animals: */ 5 females
Main phase animals (i.e. reproductive subgroups): 10 males / 10 females
*Explanatory note by the notifier:
Examinations assigned to the toxicity phase females to meet the requirements of a 28-day repeat dose oral toxicity study were also assigned to 5 main phase males per dose group. Therefore, these 5 main phase males per dose group are called also "toxicity subgroup" in the present robust study summary for clarification. After pairing with main phase females, all males were killed at the same time (Week 6). - Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- This study was conducted to examine both repeated dose toxicity and reproductive/developmental toxicity as an OECD screening combined study
(OECD 422 test guideline). Therefore, animals initially entering the study were divided into toxicity subgroup animals (toxicity phase) and reproductive subgroup animals (main phase), whereby 5 of the 10 F0 males (used for pairing) per dose group formed the toxicity male subgroups.
Dose selection was based on the results of a 7-day preliminary oral toxicity study in the rat in which dose levels of 100, 300 or 1000 mg/kg/day did not have any overt treatment-related effects on young adult animals (females nulliparous and non-pregnant). Accordingly the same dose levels were used in the present OECD 422 combined repeat dose toxicity and reprotoxic/develpmental toxicity screening study. - Positive control:
- Not included in the study.
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- Clinical observations performed and frequency:
- Clinical signs : At least twice a day (before and after administration)
- Detailed physical examination
and arena observations: Before treatment start and at least once a treatment week.
- Functional Observation Battery:* During treatment week 5 (before dosing) on all toxicity subgroup animals (5 males + 5 females/group).
- Body weight, all males: Weekly throughout the study.
Body weight, Toxicity Females: Weekly throughout the study.
- Food consumption, all males: Weekly for pre-pairing period and for the period after mating.
Food cons., Toxicity Females: About weekly throughout the study.
* FOB including sensory reactivity tests (approach, touch, auditory startle reflex, tail pinching), grip strength and motor activity.
Hematological examinations (only for toxicity subgroup animals) during treatment week 5 at least one day after functional observation battery:
Red blood cell count, reticulocyte count, white blood cell count, platelet count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value, differential leukocyte counts, protrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin, mean cell hemoglobin concentration.
Blood (plasma) chemical examinations (only for toxicity subgroup animals) during treatment week 5 at least one day after functional observation battery:
Total protein, albumin, A/G ratio, urea, creatinine, glucose, total cholesterol, total bilirubin, bile acids, sodium, potassium, chloride,
calcium, inorganic phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase.
- Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes, see below
WEIGHING OF ORGANS: Yes, see below
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes, see below
Terminal sacrifice
- all males and toxicity subgr. females: Killed in Week 6, after completion of the Treatment Week 5 investigations.
Gross pathology:: Full macroscopic examination with tissue collection.
Organ Weights:
- main phase and tox. subgr. adults: Adrenals, brain, epididymides, heart, kidneys, liver, ovaries, prostate, seminal vesicles & coagulation
gland, spleen, testes, thymus, uterus with cervix & oviducts.
Histopathology:
- toxicity subgroups: The following organs were microscopically observed for the control and 1000 mg/kg bw/day groups:
Brain, eyes, pituitary gland, thyroid with parathyroids, heart, thymus, liver, spleen, adrenals
kidneys, testes, epididymides, ovaries, lung, trachea, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, colon, rectum, Peyer's patch, lymph node (axillary, mesenteric), urinary bladder, uterus (with cervix &
oviducts), vagina, spinal cord, sciatic nerve, skeletal muscle, skin with mammary glands, sternum with marrow,
seminal vesicle & coagulation gland, prostate. In addition, any gross lesions from all dose groups
were examined by light microscopy. - Other examinations:
- Reproductive and developmental toxicity parameters (addressed in separate endpoints).
- Statistics:
- Grip strength, motor activity, bodyweight, food consumption, organ weight, blood chemistry and haematology data were statistically analysed by adoption of the following sequence of tests:
- Parametric analysis, if Bartlett's test for variance homogeneity was not significant at the 1% level.
F1 approximate test for monotonicity of dose-response. If this F1 test was not significant at the 1% level, Williams' test for a monotonic trend was applied.
If this F1 test was significant, suggesting that the dose-response was not monotone , the Dunnett's test was performed instead.
- Non-parametric analysis, if Bartlett's test was still significant at the 1% level following logarithmic and square-root transformations.
H1 approximate test for monotonicity of dose-response. If this H1 test was not significant at the 1% level, Shirley's test for a monotonic trend was applied.
-For grip strength, motor activity, and clinical pathology data,
if 75% of the data (across all groups) were the same value, pairwise comparison of each dose group against the control by Fisher’s Exact tests.
-For organ weight data, covariance analysis using terminal bodyweight as covariate (Angervall & Carlstrom, 1963).
For statistical references, see next field. - Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- no effects observed
- Food efficiency:
- not specified
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not specified
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- no effects observed
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- no effects observed
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- no effects observed
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- no effects observed
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Neuropathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- >= 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: NOAEL = highest dose tested.
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- no
- Executive summary:
Administration of WS405777 to rats at dose levels of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day was well tolerated with no effects that could be attributed to treatment. The NOAEL was derived at the highest dose, i.e. 1000 mg/kg/day.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 014
- Report date:
- 2014
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: OECD Guideline 422 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test) of 1996
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
Reference
- Name:
- Unnamed
- Type:
- Constituent
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Sprague Dawley rats, strain: Crl:CD(SD) with appropriate range of bodyweight at study start.
- Source: Charles River (UK) Ltd.
- Age at treatment start: 61-68 days.
- Weight at treatment start: Males: minimum 332 g, maximum 397 g,
Females: minimum 210 g, maximum 255 g.
- Housing Inside a barriered rodent facility:
all animals pre-pairing + toxicity subgroups: In groups up to 5 by sex in solid floor polycarbonate cages.
during pairing (1 male+1 female/cage): In RB3 modified polypropylene cages with stainless steel grid-floor over absorbent paper-lined trays.
males after pairing: In groups of up to 5 in solid floor polycarbonate cages.
females during gestation and lactation: Females housed individually (+litter) in solid floor polycarbonate cages.
- Bedding material (in solid floor cages): Wood based bedding.
- Cage enrichment: Aspen chew block + plastic shelter (except during pairing or post gestation day 20).
- Diet (ad libitum): Standard rodent diet (SDS VRF1 Certified) without antibiotic, chemotherapeutic or prophylactic agent.
- Water (ad libitum): Potable drinking water from the public supply.
- Acclimation period: 5 days before treatment start, under laboratory conditions.
Routine analysis of the batch of diet used and water, chew blocks and bedding material did not provide evidence of contamination that might have prejudiced the study.
IN-LIFE DATES:
- Duration of test, males & toxicity phase females: Five weeks
Duration of test, main phase females (i.e. reproductive subgroup): From 14 days prior to pairing to day 7 of lactation.
Duration of test, offspring: From birth to day 7 of lactation.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Air conditioned room kept at positve pressure without re-circulation of the filtered fresh air supplied to the room.
Controlled environment, environmental conditions were set at:
- Temperature (°C): 21 ± 2°C
- Relative Humidity (%): 40 to 70%
- Photoperiod (artificial lighting): 12 hrs day / 12 hrs night
Deviations from the target ranges for temperature and relative humidity were not evident.
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Details on exposure:
- Treatment of parental animals by oral gavage administration. Test substance was not directly administered to F1 animals.
- Concentration in vehicle: 20, 60 and 200 mg/ml
- Amount (dose volume by gavage): 5 mL/kg bw/day.
Actual dose volumes were calculated at about weekly or shorter intervals accounting for the latest body weight. - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- - Chemical analysis of test material formulations by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS).
- Concentrations (verified at first and last treatment week) of the test material formulations were confirmed at each dose level.
- Chemical analysis confirmed that the mean concentrations of WS405777 in prepared formulations were 100% to 113% of the corresponding
nominal concentration, thus confirming accuracy of formulation. - Details on mating procedure:
- - Male/female ratio per cage: 1/1
- Length of cohabitation: At the most 14 days, until proof of pregnancy was confirmed.
- Proof of successful mating: Formation of at least one copulation plug and a sperm positive vaginal smear.
The day this was found was referred to as day 0 of gestation.
(During cohabitation, females were checked every morning for pregnancy). - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- - Treatment period, males & toxicity phase females: Daily, for five consecutive weeks, in males commencing 14 days prior to mating
- Treatment period, main phase females (i.e. reproductive subgroup): 43 to 46 days (from 14 days prior to pairing to day 7 of lactation)
- Offspring were not dosed - Frequency of treatment:
- Daily, 7 days/week (during parturition, dosing omitted as appropriate)
- Duration of test:
- - Duration of test, all F0 males & toxicity subgroup females: Five weeks
Duration of test, reproductive subgroup females (F0): From 14 days prior to mating to day 7 of lactation.
Duration of test, offspring: From birth to day 7 of lactation.
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Dose / conc.:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Dose / conc.:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Dose / conc.:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Main phase animals (i.e. reproductive subgroups): 10 males / 10 females
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- This study was conducted to examine both repeated dose toxicity and reproductive/developmental toxicity as an OECD screening combined study
(OECD 422 test guideline). Therefore, animals initially entering the study were divided into toxicity subgroup animals (toxicity phase) and reproductive subgroup animals (main phase), whereby 5 of the 10 F0 males (used for pairing) per dose group formed the toxicity male subgroups.
Dose selection was based on the results of a 7-day preliminary oral toxicity study in the rat in which dose levels of 100, 300 or 1000 mg/kg/day did not have any overt treatment-related effects on young adult animals (females nulliparous and non-pregnant). Accordingly the same dose levels were used in the present OECD 422 combined repeat dose toxicity and reprotoxic/develpmental toxicity screening study.
Examinations
- Maternal examinations:
- Clinical observations performed and frequency:
- Clinical signs : At least twice a day (before and after administration)
- Detailed physical examination
and arena observations: Before treatment start and at least once a treatment week.
- Body weight: Weekly for pre-pairing period; on gestation days 0, 6, 13, 20; on lactation days 1 & 7.
- Food consumption: Weekly for pre-pairing period, during gestation for days 0-6, 6-13, 13-20, during lactation for days 1-4 & 4-7.
- Frequency of vaginal estrus: Daily by examination of vaginal smears taken from the beginning of the treatment period to the day of confirmed copulation.
(During the pairing period, females were checked every morning for pregnancy).
Additional parameters examined:
- No. of animals mating (evidence of successful copulation, i.e. sperm positive vaginal smear and at least one copulation plug)
- Pre-coital interval (pairing days until detection of mating)
- No. of animals achieving pregnancy
- No. of living pregnant females
- From Day 20 post copulation 3 times a day checks for evidence of parturition, any difficulties and numbers of live and dead offspring.
- Gross pathology
- Organ weights
adrenals, brain, heart, kidneys, liver,ovaries, pituitary, spleen, thymus, uterus with cervix & oviducts.
- Histopathology (gross lesions).
- Ovaries and uterine content:
- The ovaries and uterine content were macroscopically examined after termination on day 7 of lactation, i.e. day 7 post partum.
Numbers of uterine implantation sites were recorded and post implantation survival determined.
In addition, gestation length (time elapsing between detection of mating and commencement of parturition) was recorded. - Fetal examinations:
- Litters were examined post partum as follows (day of birth = day 0):
- Number: Daily until day 7 post partum.
- Sex: In total litter: 1st day; in live litter on days 1, 4 and 7
- Live births/mortality: Daily until day 7 post partum.
- Clinical signs: Daily until day 7 post partum
- Body weight of live pups: 1st, 4th, 7th day and weight change from days 1-4, 4-7 and 1-7.
- Necropsy: 7th day full macroscopic examination of all pups including assessment of the presence of milk in the stomach, where possible.
(Missing or grossly autolysed or cannibalised pups could not be examined) - Statistics:
- As detailed in Endpoint study record "7.5.1 Repeated dose toxicity: oral - Repeat dose tox combined_gavage_rat_HLS_GAH0213"
- Indices:
- - Percentage mating (No. of animals mating/No. of animals paired) x 100
- Conception rate (No. of animals achieving pregnancy/No. of animals mated) x 100
- Fertility index (No. of animals achieving pregnancy/ No. of animals paired) x 100
- Gestation index (No. of live litters born on day 0/No. of living pregnant females) x 100
- Post-implantation survival index (Total no. of pups born/Total no. of uterine implantation sites) x 100
- Live birth index (No. of live pups on day 1 after littering/Total no. of pups born) x 100
- Sex ratio expressed as percentage males and calculated for total offspring on Day 1 and for live offspring on Days 1, 4 and 7
(No. of male pups in litter/No. of offspring in litter) x 100
- Viability index (No. of live pups on day 7 after littering /No. of live pups on day 1 after littering) x 100 - Historical control data:
- Not included in the study report.
Results and discussion
Results: maternal animals
General toxicity (maternal animals)
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- see Figures on body weight attached as background material
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
Maternal developmental toxicity
- Number of abortions:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- see Tables on litter size and offspring survival attached as background material
- Changes in pregnancy duration:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- see Table on gestation length attached as background material
- Changes in number of pregnant:
- no effects observed
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
- Details on maternal toxic effects:
- Maternal toxic effects:no effects
Effect levels (maternal animals)
open allclose all
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- >= 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect level:
- other: maternal toxicity
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- >= 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect level:
- other: developmental toxicity
Maternal abnormalities
- Key result
- Abnormalities:
- no effects observed
Results (fetuses)
- Fetal body weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- see Table on offspring body weight development attached as background material
- Reduction in number of live offspring:
- no effects observed
- Changes in sex ratio:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- see Table on sex ratio attached as background material
- Changes in litter size and weights:
- no effects observed
- Changes in postnatal survival:
- no effects observed
- External malformations:
- no effects observed
- Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects
Effect levels (fetuses)
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- >= 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- dams were dosed
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: NOAEL = highest dose tested
Fetal abnormalities
- Key result
- Abnormalities:
- no effects observed
Overall developmental toxicity
- Key result
- Developmental effects observed:
- no
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Executive summary:
In this screening study, administration of WS405777 to rats at dose levels of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day was well tolerated with no effects to parental animals, to reproductive endpoints and to offspring. The NOAEL was derived at the highest dose, i.e. 1000 mg/kg/day.
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Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.