Registration Dossier

Data platform availability banner - registered substances factsheets

Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.

The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.

Diss Factsheets

Administrative data

Description of key information

A combined repeated dose toxicity study with reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test with the test item administered by oral gavage in Wistar rats (10/sex/dose) was performed according to OECD TG 422. From the results presented in this report a definitive No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for parental and reproduction/developmental toxicity for the test item of 1000 mg/kg/day was established.


No toxic effects were observed in an oral chronic repeated dose toxicity study in rats (highest dose tested: 555 mg/kg bw/day). The only effect observable after subacute inhalation exposure was minimal deposition of test material in the lung, which was not accompanied by an inflammatory or any other adverse response at low concentrations.


The repeated dose toxicity potential of registration substance is assessed based on results of structure analogue pigment yellow 13 using analogue approach. The test item did not elicit relevant toxicological effects after subacute inhalation exposure except for some local effects in the lungs of the treated animals probably due to the particulate matter of the test item and not due to inherent toxicity. 


No data on repeated dose toxicity after dermal exposure are available.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Repeated dose toxicity: via oral route - systemic effects

Link to relevant study records

Referenceopen allclose all

Endpoint:
short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral
Remarks:
combined repeated dose and reproduction / developmental screening
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
From 26 JUL 2000 to 02 OCT 2000
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study
Remarks:
Guideline study (OECD TG 422)
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
reference to same study
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 422 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)
Deviations:
no
GLP compliance:
yes
Limit test:
no
Species:
rat
Strain:
Wistar
Sex:
male/female
Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
TEST ANIMALS
- strain: Wistar Crl:(WI) BR (outbred, SPF)
- Source: Charles River Deutschland, Sulzfeld, Germany
- Age at study initiation: approximately 14 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: group means males: 489-501 g; group means females: 267-271 g
- Fasting period before study: no
- Housing:
acclimatisation period: 5 animals per sex per cage, stainless steel suspended cages with wire mesh floors
mating period: 1 female together with 1 male, stainless steel suspended cages with wire mesh floors
after mating: animals were housed individually, Macrolon cages (Type III)
- Diet: standard pelleted laboratory animal diet (Carfil Quality BVBA, Oud-Turnhout, Belgium), ad libitum
- Water: tap water, ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 26 days


ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 21 +/- 3
- Humidity (%): 30-70
- Air changes (per hr): 15
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12

Route of administration:
oral: gavage
Vehicle:
other: polyethylene glycol 400
Details on oral exposure:
PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
- formulations (w/w) were prepared daily within 4 hours prior to dosing
- storage at ambient temperature

VEHICLE
- vehicle: polyethylene glycol 400, specific gravity: 1.125
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle: based on trial fromulations
- Concentration in vehicle: 0 mg/g; 4.45 mg/g; 17.8 mg/g; 89.9 mg/g
- Amount of vehicle: 10 ml/kg bw
Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
yes
Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
Analytical study was performed to check accuracy of preparation and to determine stability and homogeneity of test substance preparation.
Test samples were dissolved in chloroform by sonication and analysed spectrophotometrically.
Duration of treatment / exposure:
F0-males:
- for 2 weeks prior to mating, throughout mating and after mating at least until the minimum total dosing period of 28 days had been completed
F0-females:
2 weeks prior to mating, throughout mating, and pregnancy and at least up to, and including the day before sacrifice
Frequency of treatment:
once daily
Dose / conc.:
0 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Dose / conc.:
50 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Dose / conc.:
200 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Dose / conc.:
1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
No. of animals per sex per dose:
10
Control animals:
yes, concurrent vehicle
Details on study design:
- Dose selection rationale: based on the results of a dose range finding study with the test item (5 days oral exposure of male and female rats to 50, 200 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day did not cause changes in clinical appearance, body weights, food consumption, macroscopic examination and organ weights)
Positive control:
none
Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: twice daily


DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: daily in the home cage and twice during the complete study in a standard arena


BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations:
F0-males and F0-females: on the first day of dosing and weekly thereafter
mated females were weighed daily from day 0 until day 20 of gestation inclusive
F0-females were weighed daily during lactation
F1-pubs were weighed on day 1 and 4 post partum


FOOD CONSUMPTION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: weekly, but not during the mating period

WATER CONSUMPTION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: subjective appraisal during the study, no quantitative investigation


OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: No


HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: just prior to killing
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: Yes (ether anaesthesia)
- Animals fasted: Yes (overnight with a maximum of 20 hours)
- How many animals: 5 males and 5 females randomly selected from each group
- Parameters: erythrocyte count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, platelet count, red cell distribution width, total leucocyte count, differential leucocyte count, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time


CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: just prior to killing
- Animals fasted: Yes (overnight with a maximum of 20 hours)
- How many animals: 5 males and 5 females randomly selected from each group
- Parameters: alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, glucose, urea, total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin globulin ratio, alkaline phosphatase, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus


URINALYSIS: No


NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: once, males during week 4 of treatment, femals during lactation (all before blood sampling)
- Dose groups that were examined: all dose groups
- Battery of functions tested: hearing ability / pupillary reflex / static righting reflex / grip strength / motor activity


OTHER:
Observations on females and litters, calculation of reproduction parameters are reported in section 7.8.
Sacrifice and pathology:
GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes (cranial, thoracic, abdominal tissues and organs with special attention to the reproductive organs)
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes
from all animals:
accessory sex organs
epididymides (fixed in Bouin's fixative)
ovaries
testes (fixed in Bouin's fixative)
all macroscopic lesions

from 5 animals/sex/group:
adrenal glands
bone marrow
brain
cervix
heart
kidneys
liver
lung, infused with formalin
lymph nodes - mandibular, mesenteric
oesophagus
sciatic nerve
small and large intestines (including Peyer's patches)
spinal cord -cervical, midthoracic, lumbar
spleen
stomach
thymus
thyroid including parathyroid
trachea
urinary bladder
uterus
vagina
all gross lesions
Other examinations:
ORGAN WEIGHTS
- from all males: epididymides, testes
- from 5 animals/sex/group: adrenal glands, brain, heart, kidneys, liver, spleen, thymus
Statistics:
- Dunnett-test
- Steel-test
- exact Fisher-test

Clinical signs:
no effects observed
Mortality:
no mortality observed
Body weight and weight changes:
no effects observed
Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
no effects observed
Food efficiency:
not examined
Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
not examined
Ophthalmological findings:
not examined
Haematological findings:
no effects observed
Clinical biochemistry findings:
no effects observed
Urinalysis findings:
not examined
Behaviour (functional findings):
no effects observed
Immunological findings:
not examined
Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
no effects observed
Gross pathological findings:
no effects observed
Neuropathological findings:
not examined
Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
no effects observed
Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
not examined
Details on results:
CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY
No treatment related clinical signs were observed.

Almost all animals of the control and treated groups showed scabbing, red/brown staining of various body parts, and diarrhoea. Erythema of the anus was seen in all males during the last three weeks of the study period, and piloerection was observed in almost all females. The vehicle (polyethylene glycol) that was used, is known to cause these effects. Therefore, these findings were considered to be of no toxicological significance.
Almost all animals showed alopecia of various parts of the body. Alopecia is commonly seen in group housed rats and therefore no toxicological significance was attached to this finding. Greenish/yellowish faeces and yellow staining of various body parts were observed in almost all animals of the treated groups. This was probably due to the staining properties of the test substance.
Incidental findings included lethargy, rales, hunched posture, laboured respiration, piloerection and reddish faeces in males, chromodacryorrhoea, salivation, and emaciation and are commonly.

One male receiving 200 mg/kg was killed in extremis after showing severe clinical signs. Two males (one of the control and one of the 50 mg/kg dose group) died spontaneously. These three deaths were considered to be unrelated to treatment, because there were no macroscopic findings suggesting a relation with treatment and there were no other death among the animals. No unscheduled deaths occurred among the females.


BODY WEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN
Body weights and body weight gain of treated animals remained in the same range as controls.

Except on day 8 of the pre-mating period, when the males of the treatment groups showed a statistical significant reduction in body weight gain when compared to the control group. And on days 2 and 3 of lactation, when females of the 50 mg/kg dose group showed a statistical significant reduced body weight gain. These incidental reductions were considered to have arisen by chance and not to represent a change of toxicological significance.


FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study)
There were no differences in food consumption (absolute and relative) between treated and control animals.

Except on days 2-3 of lactation, when females of the 50 mg/kg dose group showed a statistical significant reduced food consumption (absolute and relative) when compared to the control group. This incidental difference showed no dose relationship and was considered to has arisen by chance and to be of no toxicological relevance.

HAEMATOLOGY
The haematological profile was not disturbed by treatment.

Statistically significant differences for Erythrocyte counts (RBC) of males and females in group 2 (50 mg/kg) did not form a dose response relationship. Therefore, this finding was considered to be of no toxicological relevance.
Monocyte counts were statistically significant decreased in males of group 3 (200 mg/kg). Haemoglobin (HB), haematocrit (HCT), and mean corpuscular haernagiobin (MCHC) values of females in group 2 were statistically significant increased when compared to that of the controls. However, similar findings in the opposite sex were absent and no dose relationship was observed. Therefore, the toxicological significance of these findings was considered to be doubted.


CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
The clinical blochemistry parameters were not changed by treatment.

Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) activity, Aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) activity, and inorganic phosphate values were statistically significant decreased and total protein values were statistically significant increased in the males of group 3 (200 mg/kg) when compared of the control values. Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) activity, Aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) activity, bilirubin, and triglyceride values were increased among high dose females, being mainly attributable to one high individual value (female no. 77). On exclusion of this value, average values were slightly decreased for ALAT and ASAT, and bilirubin and triglyceride were similar when compared to the controls.
Creatine values were statistically significant decreased in females of group 2 (50 mg/kg), and glucose values were statistically significant increased in females of group 3 (200 mg/kg) when cempared to the control values. However, similar findings in the opposite sex were absent and no dose relationship was observed. Therefore, the toxicological significance of these findings were considered to be irrelevant.
Chloride values of males of group 4 (1000 mg/kg) were statistical significant decreased, and total globuline values were statistical significant increased in males of groups 3 and 4. This was considered to be due to slightly high or low control values respectively.


NEUROBEHAVIOUR
No changes were observed in hearing ability, pupillary reflex, static righting reflex and grip strength in the treated animals, when compared to control animals.

Extremely increased motor activity was noted by the high sensors for the 200 mg/kg treated males (no. 23, 25 and 28). Since an increase in motor activity recorded by the high sensors is unlikely to occur without an concurrent change recorded by the low sensors, the increased motor activity was considered to have occurred by chance and of no toxicological significance.
Increased motor activity was noted by the low sensors for the 50 mg/kg (no. 14) and 1000 mg/kg treated males (no. 32 and 33). Since no corroborative findings were noted during clinical observations of the animals, this was considered to have occurred by chance without any toxicological relevance.
Decreased motor activity was noted by the low sensors for one control female (no. 41) and one 1000 mg/kg treated female (no. 71). Since the counts per sample period were often very low or even zero, these recordings were excluded from interpretation.


ORGAN WEIGHTS
Organ weights and organ:body weight ratios of treated animals were considered to be similar to those of control animals.

GROSS PATHOLOGY
Macroscopic observations of the remaining animals at necropsy did not reveal any alterations that were considered to have arisen as a result of treatment.
Six males of the 1000 mg/kg and 2 males of the 200 mg/kg dose group showed a greenish contents in the gastro-intestinal tract. In the absence of correlated microscopic findings these findings were considered to be due to the presence of undigested pigment, and although treatment-related, of limited toxicological significance.
At the 1000 mg/kg dose group, one male showed yellow foci on the lungs, and another male showed yellow foci on the lungs, a yellowish discolouration of the trachea and oesophagus. These findings were considered to be due to gavage errors, and without toxicological significance.
One male of the control group which died spontaneously showed a thoracic cavity containing cloudy gray/white fluid. One male of 200 mg/kg dose group was killed in extremis and showed a gastro-intestinal tract which contained fluid and was distended with gas, a dark red discolouration of the glandular mucosa of the stomach, and a spleen reduced in size.
Incidental findings included an enlarged caecum or adrenal glands, the testes, epididymis or seminal vesicles reduced in size, and red foci on the thymus.
Three females in the 200 mg/kg dose group and one female in the 50 mg/kg dose group showed a dark red discolouration of the mandibular lymph node. Incidental findings included a caecum with a greenish contents, pelvic dilatation of the kidney, a red-brown discolouration of the clitoral gland, irreguter surface of the spleen, and a thymus reduced in size.


HISTOPATHOLOGY: NON-NEOPLASTIC
There were no microscopic findings recorded which could be attributed to treatment with the test substance.

All microscopic findings were within the range of background pathology encountered in Wistar rats of this age and strain and occurred at similar incidences and severity in both control and treated rats.
The assessment of the integrity of the spermatogenetic cycle did not provide any evidence of impaired spermatogenesis.

OTHER:
There were no treatment related findings on reproduction. Details are presented in section 7.8.
Key result
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
other: see 'Remark'
Key result
Critical effects observed:
no
Conclusions:
There were no changes in clinical appearance, functional observations, body weights, food consumption, clinical laboratory investigations, reproduction, litter observation, macroscopic examination, organ weights and microscopic examination that were considered to be an effect of treatment.
From the results presented in this report a definitive No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for parental and reproduction/developmental toxicity for the test item of 1000 mg/kg/day was established.
Executive summary:

A combined repeated dose toxicity study with reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test with the test item administered by oral gavage in Wistar rats (10/sex/dose) was performed according to OECD TG 422. The dose levels for this study were 0, 50, 200 and 1000 mg/kg/day. Oral dosing of male and fernale Wistar rats (10 per sex and group) with the test item at dose levels of 50, 200 or 1000 mg/kg b.w./day for at least 28 days, revealed no treatment-related findings on parental animals, on fertility, on embryo-foetal development, or on pup development. From the results presented in this report a definitive No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for parental and reproduction/developmental toxicity for the test item of 1000 mg/kg/day was established.

Endpoint:
chronic toxicity: oral
Type of information:
read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
Adequacy of study:
key study
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
read-across source
Species:
rat
Strain:
Sprague-Dawley
Route of administration:
oral: feed
Dose / conc.:
0 ppm
Remarks:
in diet
Dose / conc.:
1 000 ppm
Remarks:
in diet
Dose / conc.:
3 000 ppm
Remarks:
in diet
Dose / conc.:
9 000 ppm
Remarks:
in diet
Positive control:
none
Clinical signs:
no effects observed
Mortality:
no mortality observed
Body weight and weight changes:
no effects observed
Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
no effects observed
Food efficiency:
not examined
Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
no effects observed
Ophthalmological findings:
no effects observed
Haematological findings:
not examined
Clinical biochemistry findings:
not examined
Urinalysis findings:
not examined
Behaviour (functional findings):
not examined
Immunological findings:
not examined
Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
no effects observed
Gross pathological findings:
no effects observed
Neuropathological findings:
not examined
Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
no effects observed
Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
no effects observed
Key result
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
9 000 ppm
Based on:
other: ppm in diet
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
other: no substance related toxicity or carcinogenicity was observed; 9000 mg/kg diet (ppm) correspond to 555.3 mg/kg bw/day and 579.4 mg/kg bw/day in male and female rats, respectively (calculated in the study report on basis of food consumption)
Key result
Critical effects observed:
no
Conclusions:
The toxicity potential of registration substance is assessed using analogue approach. Chronic feeding of Sprague Dawley rats with up to 9000 ppm test item did not cause any adverse effect. The NOAEL in this study was 9000 ppm in diet (corresponding to 555.3 mg/kg bw/da and 579.4 mg/kg bw/day in male and female rats, respectively).
Executive summary:

The toxicity potential of registration substance is assessed using analogue approach.


Sprague Dawley rats (50 per sex per dose) were exposed to 1000, 3000, 9000 ppm test item in diet (corresponding to 62, 186, 555 mg/kg bw/day and 64, 194, 579 mg/kg bw/day in male and female rats, respectively) for 104 weeks. The test item did neither induce toxicity nor tumorigenicity. The NOAEL in this study was 9000 ppm in diet.

Endpoint:
chronic toxicity: oral
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
From JAN 1974 to APR 1976
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
Remarks:
Basic data given, comparable to standards; restrictions: e.g. no data on clinical biochemistry, haematology, urine analysis
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
reference to same study
Qualifier:
equivalent or similar to guideline
Guideline:
other: OECD Guideline 451 (Carcinogenicity Studies)
Deviations:
not applicable
Remarks:
The study was performed to test carcinogenicity of the test item. That's the reason why some details usually requested in a repeated dose toxicity study (e.g. data on clinical biochemistry, haematology) are missing.
GLP compliance:
no
Remarks:
study performed before implementation of GLP
Limit test:
no
Species:
rat
Strain:
Sprague-Dawley
Sex:
male/female
Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
TEST ANIMALS
- Source: S. IVANOVAS GmbH & Co, Med. Versuchstierzucht KG (Kissleg, Germany)
- Age at study initiation: 38 (males) -42 (females) days
- Weight at study initiation: 100 - 108 g
- Housing: in groups of 2 or 3 animals in Macrolon cages (Type III)
- Diet: Altromin 1321 (Altromin, Lage), ad libitum
- Water: tap water, ad libitum
- Acclimation period: no data


ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 24 +/- 0.5
- Humidity (%): 60 +/- 3
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12
Route of administration:
oral: feed
Vehicle:
unchanged (no vehicle)
Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
no
Duration of treatment / exposure:
104 weeks
Frequency of treatment:
daily
Dose / conc.:
0 ppm
Remarks:
in diet
Dose / conc.:
1 000 ppm
Remarks:
in diet
Dose / conc.:
3 000 ppm
Remarks:
in diet
Dose / conc.:
9 000 ppm
Remarks:
in diet
No. of animals per sex per dose:
50
Control animals:
yes, plain diet
Positive control:
none
Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: twice per day


DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: No


BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: weekly


FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study):
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes
- Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: Yes


FOOD EFFICIENCY:
- Body weight gain in kg/food consumption in kg per unit time X 100 calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: No data


WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: daily


OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: once, immediately before sacrifice
- Dose groups that were examined: all animals


HAEMATOLOGY: No


CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: No

URINALYSIS: No


NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: No


OTHER:
at the end of the exposure period the following investigations were performed:
- audiometry (using a simple sound test)
- inspection of denture
- organ weights of 7-8 organs (heart, liver, lungs, spleen, kidney, thymus, brain, testis)
Sacrifice and pathology:
GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes (animals of the control and highest dose group; paraffin sections, Haematoxylin-Eosin staining):
heart, lung, liver (additionally: frozen sections with Sudan staining), kidney, spleen, adrenal, thymus, pituitary, brain, gonads, thyroid, prostate/uterus, seminal vesicle/mammary gland, stomach, duodenum, colon, salivary gland, lymph nodes, eye and optic nerve, urinary bladder, bone marrow, neoplastic lesions, bones
- histopathological investigations of animals of the lower dose groups were performed, if they had died prematurely or were sacrificed in the meantime and revealed macroscopic findings
Statistics:
- variance analysis according to Peto
- Student's t-test
Clinical signs:
no effects observed
Mortality:
no mortality observed
Body weight and weight changes:
no effects observed
Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
no effects observed
Food efficiency:
not examined
Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
no effects observed
Ophthalmological findings:
no effects observed
Haematological findings:
not examined
Clinical biochemistry findings:
not examined
Urinalysis findings:
not examined
Behaviour (functional findings):
not examined
Immunological findings:
not examined
Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
no effects observed
Gross pathological findings:
no effects observed
Neuropathological findings:
not examined
Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
no effects observed
Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
no effects observed
Key result
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
9 000 ppm
Based on:
other: ppm in diet
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
other: no substance related toxicity or carcinogenicity was observed; 9000 mg/kg diet (ppm) correspond to 555.3 mg/kg bw/day and 579.4 mg/kg bw/day in male and female rats, respectively (calculated in the study report on basis of food consumption)
Key result
Critical effects observed:
no

- no effects on behaviour, appearance, faeces, feed and drinking water uptake, eyes, hearing, dentition, mortality, body weight development

- no substance induced macroscopic or histological changes

- no substance related effects on the tumour incidence

- 1000, 3000, 9000 ppm test item in diet correspond to 62, 186, 555 mg/kg bw/day in male and 64, 194, 579 mg/kg bw/day in female rats, respectively

- no 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine was detected in the urine samples (limit of detection: 3 µg/10 ml urine; 0.3 ppm)

Conclusions:
Chronic feeding of Sprague Dawley rats with up to 9000 ppm test item did not cause any adverse effect. The NOAEL in this study was 9000 ppm in diet (corresponding to 555.3 mg/kg bw/da and 579.4 mg/kg bw/day in male and female rats, respectively).
Executive summary:

Sprague Dawley rats (50 per sex per dose) were exposed to 1000, 3000, 9000 ppm test item in diet (corresponding to 62, 186, 555 mg/kg bw/day and 64, 194, 579 mg/kg bw/day in male and female rats, respectively) for 104 weeks. The test item did neither induce toxicity nor tumorigenicity. The NOAEL in this study was 9000 ppm in diet.

Endpoint conclusion
Endpoint conclusion:
no adverse effect observed
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
550 mg/kg bw/day
Study duration:
chronic
Species:
rat
Quality of whole database:
reliable

Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation - systemic effects

Link to relevant study records

Referenceopen allclose all

Endpoint:
short-term repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
Type of information:
read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
Adequacy of study:
supporting study
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
read-across source
Clinical signs:
no effects observed
Mortality:
no mortality observed
Body weight and weight changes:
effects observed, treatment-related
Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
no effects observed
Food efficiency:
no effects observed
Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
no effects observed
Ophthalmological findings:
no effects observed
Haematological findings:
no effects observed
Clinical biochemistry findings:
no effects observed
Urinalysis findings:
not examined
Behaviour (functional findings):
not examined
Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
effects observed, treatment-related
Gross pathological findings:
effects observed, treatment-related
Neuropathological findings:
not examined
Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
effects observed, treatment-related
Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
not examined
Key result
Dose descriptor:
NOAEC
Effect level:
52 mg/m³ air (analytical)
Based on:
test mat.
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
other: histopathologic investigation revealed minimal deposition of test material in the lung, but this was not accompanied by an inflammatory or any other adverse response
Key result
Critical effects observed:
no
Conclusions:
The toxicity potential of registration substance is assessed using analogue approach.
The test item did not elicit relevant toxicological effects after subacute inhalation exposure except for some local effects in the lungs of the treated animals probably due to the particulate matter of the test item and not due to inherent toxicity. Therefore, no NOEC can be derived from this study. Whereas inflammatory effects up to pneumoconiosis occurred in the mid and high concententration groups, the effects observed at the lowest test concentration were only due to the deposition of the test material, but not adverse. Therefore the lowest test concentration can be regarded as NOAEC.
Executive summary:

The toxicity potential of registration substance is assessed using analogue approach.

Endpoint:
short-term repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
supporting study
Study period:
From 01 NOV 1978 to 12 DEC 1978
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
Principles of method if other than guideline:
21-days repeated dose inhalation toxicity study
GLP compliance:
not specified
Limit test:
no
Species:
rat
Strain:
other: RAI f SPF (RA25)
Sex:
male/female
Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
TEST ANIMALS
- Age at study initiation: approximately 7 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: mean body weights males: 172-177g; mean body weights females: 165-171g
- Housing: groups of 5; Macrolon cages type 3
- Diet: pelleted standard diet, Nafag No. 890 (NAFAG, Gossau SG, Switzerland)
- Water: tap water, ad libitum
- Acclimatisation to exposure conditions: 2 days

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 22 +/- 2
- Humidity (%): 55 +/- 10
- Air changes (per hr): 15
Route of administration:
inhalation: aerosol
Type of inhalation exposure:
nose only
Vehicle:
other: unchanged (no vehicle)
Remarks on MMAD:
MMAD / GSD: 70-80% < 7µm in diameter
Details on inhalation exposure:
GENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE / CHAMBER DESCRIPTION
- Method of holding animals in test chamber: in PVC-tubes which were positioned radially around the exposure chamber
- System of generating particulates/aerosols: by injecting three different amounts of the solid test material with the help of a Grafix Exaktomat Injector (Cerutti AG, Bern, Switzerland) into an airstream which was discharged into the exposure chamber
- Temperature, humidity, pressure in air chamber (group means): 23 °C, 50-56%, 2 atm
- Air flow rate: 20 l/min
- Method of particle size determination: gravimetrically with a 4 stage cascade impactor on selectron filters, pore size 0.2 µm and 25 mm diameter



TEST ATMOSPHERE
- Brief description of analytical method used: gravimetrically on selectron filters, pore size 0.2 µm and 50 mm in diameter
- Samples taken from breathing zone: yes
- Frequency: 5 times a day
Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
yes
Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
gravimetrically on selectron filters, pore size 0.2 µm and 50 mm in diameter
Duration of treatment / exposure:
21 days (15 exposure days), 6 hours/day
Frequency of treatment:
5 days per week
Dose / conc.:
0 mg/m³ air (analytical)
Dose / conc.:
52 mg/m³ air (analytical)
Dose / conc.:
151 mg/m³ air (analytical)
Dose / conc.:
401 mg/m³ air (analytical)
No. of animals per sex per dose:
10
Control animals:
yes, sham-exposed
Positive control:
none
Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: twice daily
- Cage side observations were included.

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes


BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: daily, except weekends, during exposure; weekly during recovery


FOOD CONSUMPTION:
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: twice weekly during exposure; weekly during recovery


FOOD EFFICIENCY:
- Body weight gain in kg/food consumption in kg per unit time X 100 calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: Yes


WATER CONSUMPTION: Yes


OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: weekly
- Dose groups that were examined: all dose groups


HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: once at the end of the exposure
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: No
- Animals fasted: Yes
- How many animals: all
- Parameters examined: haemoglobin, methaemoglobin, carboxyhaemoglobin, erythrocytes, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, reticulocytes, inclusion bodies, thrombocytes, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, leucocytes (total count and differential count)


CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: once at the end of the exposure
- Animals fasted: Yes
- How many animals: all
- Parameters examined: glucose, urea, total protein, protein electrophoresis, electrolytes, glutamate oxalacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase


URINALYSIS: No


NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: No


OTHER:
- organ weights: yes (at the end of the exposure and recovery period; brain, heart, liver, kidney,adrenals, thymus, gonades, lung)


Sacrifice and pathology:
GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes
Clinical signs:
no effects observed
Mortality:
no mortality observed
Body weight and weight changes:
effects observed, treatment-related
Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
no effects observed
Food efficiency:
no effects observed
Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
no effects observed
Ophthalmological findings:
no effects observed
Haematological findings:
no effects observed
Clinical biochemistry findings:
no effects observed
Urinalysis findings:
not examined
Behaviour (functional findings):
not examined
Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
effects observed, treatment-related
Gross pathological findings:
effects observed, treatment-related
Neuropathological findings:
not examined
Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
effects observed, treatment-related
Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
not examined
Details on results:
CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY
No death occurred during the exposure and recovery period. No toxic symptoms were observed in the animals of the control and test groups.

BODY WEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN
There was a slight but significant (p>/= 0.01) decrease in the male animals of the highest concentration group at day 21 and females at days 3, 7 and 10. During the recovery period the bodyweight gain was again comparabel to that of the control.

FOOD CONSUMPTION
No significant differences between treated animals and controls.

FOOD EFFICIENCY
No significant differences between treated animals and controls.

WATER CONSUMPTION
No effects.

OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION
No occular changes were observed.

HAEMATOLOGY
The observed haematological findings between treated rats and controls were generally unremarkable.
A slight change with statistical significance (p
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
No significant differences between treated animals and controls.


ORGAN WEIGHTS
Absolute and relative lung weigths (lung to body weight and lung to brain weight) of males and females of the highest dose group were significantly elevated in comparison to the control group at the end of the exposure and at the end of the recovery period. Lung to body weights (but not the absolute lung weights) of males of the mid dose group were also elevated at the end of the exposure period (not measured at the end of the recovery period). The organ weights of the other organs were comparable in the control and treated groups.

GROSS PATHOLOGY
The lungs of all rats from the highest concentration group were slightly enlarged, with yellowish tinge. The lungs of all rats from the intermediate concentration group showed slightly yellowish tinge. The lungs of the lowest concentration group showed no compound related gross anatomical changes. The yellwoish discoloration of lungs was noted also in rats from the highest concentration group which were sacrificed after an additional recovery period of 21 days.

HISTOPATHOLOGY: NON-NEOPLASTIC
The eyes of all animals showed posttraumatic peribulbar lesions which were results of blood collection performed before sacrifice of the animals and were of no toxicologic relevance.
The lungs of all rats from the highest concentration group showed focal accumulation of slighly basophilic material and foamy cells in numerous alveoly. In Sudan stained frozen sections minute yellow-brown particles in the lumen of alveoli, in the cytoplasm of some foamy cells, in the lumen of occasional small bronchi and in the macrophages in the interstitium were seen. There was only minimal focal lymphohistiocytic infiltration in the interstitium.
The lungs of all rats from the intermediate concentration group showed , in the frozen section, moderate focal accumulation of brown-yellow minute particles in the macrophages in the interstitium and in very occasional alveoli. In the lungs of 4/10 male and 4/10 female rats from this group minimal focal accumulation of foamy cells in very occasional alveoli was observed.
The lungs of the rats from the lowest concentration goup showed no accumulation of foamy cells in the alveoli. In the frozen sections however minimal focal accumulation of brown-yellow particles in the macrophages in the interstitium and in very occasional alveoli was seen.
At the end of the recovery period the lungs of all animals from the highest concentration group showed focal accumulation of minute brown-yellow foreign particles in the interstitium. Few minute foreign particles in the alveoli and occasional ones in the intrapulmonal lymphatic tissue were observed as well.



Key result
Dose descriptor:
NOAEC
Effect level:
52 mg/m³ air (analytical)
Based on:
test mat.
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
other: histopathologic investigation revealed minimal deposition of test material in the lung, but this was not accompanied by an inflammatory or any other adverse response
Key result
Critical effects observed:
no

Analysed test item concentrations were:

0 mg/m3

52 +/- 4 mg/m3

151 +/- 9 mg/m3

401 +/- 15 mg/m3

Conclusions:
The test item did not elicit relevant toxicological effects after subacute inhalation exposure except for some local effects in the lungs of the treated animals probably due to the particulate matter of the test item and not due to inherent toxicity. Therefore, no NOEC can be derived from this study. Whereas inflammatory effects up to pneumoconiosis occurred in the mid and high concententration groups, the effects observed at the lowest test concentration were only due to the deposition of the test material, but not adverse. Therefore the lowest test concentration can be regarded as NOAEC.
Executive summary:

Subacute toxicity of the test item was investigated in an 21 days aerosol inhalation study in rats, which were exposed to 0, 52, 151, 401 mg/m3 test item (6 h/d, 5 d/w).

A slight but significant (p < 0.01) decrease in the bodyweight of the male rats an the highest concentration at termination of the exposure period was observed when compared with those of the controls and the other treated animals.

A slight change was found to occur in the differential leucocyte count of male and female rats at the highest exposure level, where a higher percentage of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and a lower percentage of lymphocytes was observed. This change persisted upon cessation of treatment.

The lungs of all rats from the highest concentration group were slightly enlarged and yellowish in colour. The yellowish dis­coloration of the lungs was also noted in rats from the group which was sacrificed after an additional recovery period of

21 days. The lung weights, the lung to bodyweight and lung to brain weight ratios of these animals were significantly increased. The weight increase persisted in rats of this group after anadditional recovery period of 21 days.

Upon histopathological examination the lungs of all rats from the highest concentration group showed focal accumulation of slightly basophilic material and of numerous foamy cells in the alveoli. In frozen sections large amount of minute yellow-brownforeign particles (1 - 3 um) in the lumen of the alveoli, in the cytoplasm of some foamy cells, in the lumen of occasional small bronchi and in the macrophages in the interstitium were observed. There was also slight focal lymphohistiocytic infiltration in the interstitium. Focal pneumoconiosis showing brown-yellow foreign particles (dissolved by the procedure used for tissue embedding) was also observed in the treated rats from the top concentration level after the withdrawal period of 3 weeks. Small accumulation of brown-yellow particles was occasionally found in the intra­pulmonal lymphoid tissue of these animals.

In the rats treated with the intermediate concentration level the lungs showed at autopsy slight yellowish discoloration. Histo­pathology revealed brown-yellow, fat soluble particles in the alveoli and in the interstitium of the lungs. In 8 out of 20 rats from this group focal accumulation of foamy cells in several alveoli was observed as well.

The yellowish discoloration of the lungs was not observed in rats from the lowest concentration group. Neither accumulation of foamy cells in the alveoli, nor interstitial inflammatory infiltration was seen upon histopathology in these animals. Minute brown­yellow fat soluble foreign particles were however found in frozen sections in the interstitium of the lungs and in occasional alveoli.

No other gross or microscopical changes which could be related to the inhalation of the test item were found in the treated animals.

It can be inferred from the observations made during the above study that the "no observable effect level" for rats is below 52 mg/m3of air. The effects observed at the lowest test concentration were only due to the deposition of the test material but did not cause adverse effects like inflammation etc. Therefore, the lowest test concentration can be regarded as "no observable adverse effect level".

Endpoint conclusion
Endpoint conclusion:
no adverse effect observed
Study duration:
subacute
Species:
rat
Quality of whole database:
reliable

Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation - local effects

Link to relevant study records

Referenceopen allclose all

Endpoint:
short-term repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
Type of information:
read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
Adequacy of study:
key study
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
read-across source
Species:
rat
Route of administration:
inhalation: dust
Type of inhalation exposure:
nose only
Dose / conc.:
0 mg/m³ air (nominal)
Dose / conc.:
3 mg/m³ air (nominal)
Dose / conc.:
10 mg/m³ air (nominal)
Dose / conc.:
30 mg/m³ air (nominal)
Clinical signs:
no effects observed
Mortality:
no mortality observed
Body weight and weight changes:
no effects observed
Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
not examined
Food efficiency:
not examined
Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
not examined
Ophthalmological findings:
not examined
Haematological findings:
effects observed, non-treatment-related
Clinical biochemistry findings:
effects observed, non-treatment-related
Urinalysis findings:
not examined
Behaviour (functional findings):
not examined
Immunological findings:
not examined
Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
no effects observed
Gross pathological findings:
no effects observed
Neuropathological findings:
not examined
Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
effects observed, treatment-related
Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
no effects observed
Other effects:
effects observed, treatment-related
Key result
Dose descriptor:
NOAEC
Effect level:
> 30 mg/m³ air
Based on:
test mat.
Sex:
male
Basis for effect level:
body weight and weight gain
clinical biochemistry
clinical signs
dermal irritation
gross pathology
haematology
histopathology: non-neoplastic
mortality
organ weights and organ / body weight ratios
other: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL)
Key result
Critical effects observed:
no
Conclusions:
The toxicity potential of registration substance is assessed using analogue approach.
Inhalation exposure of rats to 30 mg/m³ Pigment Yellow 83 transparent on 5 consecutive days caused increased absolute and relative lymphocyte, neutrophils and monocyte counts in bronchoalveolar lavage. Consistently, minimal infiltration of neutrophils within bronchiolar epithelium was observed. Neutrophil infiltration was also observed at 10 mg/m³. All effects were reversible within 3 weeks exposure-free recovery period. Thus, under current study conditions, the no observed adverse effect concentration (NOAEC) for local effects was 3 mg/m³ for Pigment Yellow 83 transparent. The systemic NOAEC is above 30 mg/m³ (high concentration group). Target organ is the lung.
Endpoint:
short-term repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
2018
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
Qualifier:
equivalent or similar to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 412 (28-Day (Subacute) Inhalation Toxicity Study
Deviations:
yes
Remarks:
reduced exposure period, males only
Qualifier:
equivalent or similar to guideline
Guideline:
EU Method B.8 (Subacute Inhalation Toxicity: 28-Day Study)
Deviations:
yes
Remarks:
reduced exposure period, males only
GLP compliance:
not specified
Remarks:
The study was performed in a GLP certified institute according to standard methods and procedures but no GLP-compliance statement is included.
Limit test:
no
Species:
rat
Strain:
Wistar
Details on species / strain selection:
Crl:WI(Han)
Sex:
male
Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River
- Females (if applicable) nulliparous and non-pregnant: not applicable
- Age at study initiation: ca. 7 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: ca 240 g

- Housing:
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad lib. except during exposure
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad lib. except during exposure
- Acclimation period: 13 d

DETAILS OF FOOD AND WATER QUALITY:
The rats were housed together (up to 5 animals per cage) in Typ 2000P ca. 2065 cm2
(polysulfone cages) supplied by TECNIPLAST, Germany. Dust-free wooden bedding was used
in this study (the present supplier is documented in the raw data). For enrichment wooden
gnawing blocks (Typ NGM E-022), supplied by Abedd® Lab. and Vet. Service GmbH, Vienna,
Austria and Play Tunnel, large (Art. 14153); PLEXX b.v., Elst, Netherlands were added.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 20-24
- Humidity (%): 30-70
- Air changes (per hr): 15
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12

Route of administration:
inhalation: dust
Type of inhalation exposure:
nose only
Vehicle:
clean air
Mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD):
> 0.4 - <= 0.6 µm
Details on inhalation exposure:
The nose-only exposure technique was preferably selected for this dust inhalation study to minimize fur contamination of the animals with the substance, which cannot be avoided during whole-body exposure. Fur contamination may lead to an additional dermal and oral uptake (animals preen as their fur becomes contaminated). Thus an estimation of an nominal dose, taken up by the animals and its correlation to a toxic effect becomes more difficult.
Furthermore, by using the dynamic mode of operation with a low-volume chamber, the equilibrium characteristic of this exposure technique is favorable: t99 (the time to reach 99% of t he final target concentration) is shorter as compared to whole-body chambers with a higher chamber volume.
A positive pressure was maintained inside the exposure systems by adjusting the air flow of the exhaust air system. This ensured that the aerosol in the breathing zones of the animals was not diluted by laboratory air.
In order to accustom the animals to exposure they were treated with supply air under conditions comparable to exposure on two days before start of exposure (pre-exposure period). Then all t est groups were exposed for 6 hours on each workday over a time period suitable to reach 5 exposures.
Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
yes
Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
Study means and standard deviations of test substance concentrations
Test group Target concentration (mg/m³) Measured concentration (mg/m³) Nominal concentration (mg/m³) Effectiveness of generation (%)
Mean SD
0 - - - - -
1 3 3,2 0,4 4,1 78,0
2 10 10,0 0,5 11,1 90,1
3 30 30,1 2,5 36,6 82,2
Duration of treatment / exposure:
6h x 5 days + 3 weeks recovery
Frequency of treatment:
daily
Dose / conc.:
0 mg/m³ air (nominal)
Dose / conc.:
3 mg/m³ air (nominal)
Dose / conc.:
10 mg/m³ air (nominal)
Dose / conc.:
30 mg/m³ air (nominal)
No. of animals per sex per dose:
16 males
Control animals:
yes, concurrent vehicle
Details on study design:
Nine week old male Wistar rats (16 rats per concentration group) were nose only exposed to fresh air (control group) or dust of the test substance at concentrations of 3, 10, and 30 mg/m3 (low, mid, and high concentration) for 6 hours per day and 5 days. Body weight, mortality, and clinical observations were determined during the study. One half of the rats was examined at the end of the exposure period, whereas the other half was examined at the end of a 3 week post-exposure period by determining clinical pathology parameters including bronchoalveolar lavage with clinico-chemical and cytological evaluation of lavage fluid, organ weights and all histopathological changes.
Positive control:
no
Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: daily

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes / No / Not specified
- Time schedule: before, during and after exposure period (3/day)

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: start & end of exposure period, then 2x weekly

FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study):
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Not specified

FOOD EFFICIENCY:
- Body weight gain in kg/food consumption in kg per unit time X 100 calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: Not specified

WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): No

OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: No

HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood:
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: Yes (Isofluran)
- Animals fasted: Yes
- How many animals: all
- Parameters: WBC, RBC, HGB, MCV, HCT, MCHC, PLT, diff. count, Retic.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Parameters: ALAT, ASAT, GGT, ALP, phosphate, Ca, urea, creatinine, Glucose, Bilirubin, Albumin, Triglycerides, Protein, Globuline, Cholesterol,

URINALYSIS: No

BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID (BALF): Yes / No / Not specified
- Time schedule for analysis: end of exposure or end of recovery
- Dose groups that were examined: all
- Number of animals: all
- Parameters: total & diff. cell count; protein, GGT, LDH, alk. Phosphatase, NAG;
Antigens: rat MCP-1, rat CINC-1/IL-8, M-CSF, osteopontin

LUNG BURDEN: No
Sacrifice and pathology:
GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes (see table)
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes (see table)
Clinical signs:
no effects observed
Mortality:
no mortality observed
Body weight and weight changes:
no effects observed
Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
not examined
Food efficiency:
not examined
Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
not examined
Ophthalmological findings:
not examined
Haematological findings:
effects observed, non-treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
At the end of the exposure period, absolute and relative monocyte counts of group 1 were
lower compared to those of the control group. This was also true for absolute monocyte counts
of group 3. However, the changes were not dose-dependent and therefore they were regarded
as incidental and not treatment-related.
After three weeks of recovery, in groups 2 and 3 red blood cell counts were higher compared
to controls. This was the only changed parameter in these animals at this date and therefore,
it was regarded as maybe treatment-related but not adverse
Clinical biochemistry findings:
effects observed, non-treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
At the end of the administration period in groups 1 and 3 cholesterol levels were higher
compared to controls. Cholesterol values were not dose-dependently changed. The cholesterol
mean in group 3 was slightly above the historical control range (cholesterol 1.53-2.17 mmol/L,
PART III, Supplement). However, this was the only changed parameter in these individuals at
this date. Therefore, this alteration was regarded as probably treatment-related but not
adverse.
Urinalysis findings:
not examined
Behaviour (functional findings):
not examined
Immunological findings:
not examined
Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
no effects observed
Gross pathological findings:
no effects observed
Neuropathological findings:
not examined
Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
In the lungs of all treated animals, there was an increase in number of alveolar macrophages, which contained golden-brown particles within their cytoplasm. An increase in number with increasing concentration was observed. In addition, all animals of test group 2 and 3 (10 and 30 mg/m³) revealed a minimal to slight hypertrophy/hyperplasia mainly of the terminal bronchi. One male of test group 2 (10 mg/m³) and all males of test group 3 (30 mg/m³) revealed minimal infiltration of neutrophils within the bronchiolar epithelium which was regarded to be treatment related and adverse. Almost all animals showed the same particles observed in alveolar histiocytes within the bronchus associated lymphoid tissue (BALT). These findings were regarded to be treatmentrelated
but not to be adverse.
Mediastinal and tracheobronchial lymph nodes in all males of test group 3 (30 mg/m³) showed the same particles described for the lungs were observed within histiocytes within the lymph node. This finding was regarded to be treatment-related
Nasal cavity in group 3 animals contained the same golden-brown particles as observed in the lungs on the surface of the nasal mucosa. This was regarded to be treatment-related.
In the trachea of one test group 3 (30 mg/m³) animal minimal golden-brown particles were observed within the submucosa in the region of the carina. This finding was regarded to be treatment-related.

After the recovery period in test group 2 and 3 (10 and 30 mg/m³) still a minimal to slight increase in alveolar histiocytes containing golden-brown particles within their cytoplasm was observed. In test group 1 (3 mg/m³) the number of histiocytes was not increased when compared to control, but still golden-brown particles were present within the cytoplasm. All treated animals revealed the same particles within the bronchus associated lymphoid tissue (BALT). These findings were regarded to be treatment-related but not to be adverse. All other findings occurred either individually or were biologically equally distributed over control and treatment groups. They were considered to be incidental or spontaneous in origin and without any relation to treatment.
Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
no effects observed
Other effects:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL)

Cytology in BAL: At the end of the administration period, absolute and relative lymphocyte, neutrophil and monocyte counts in the BALF were increased in group 3, although this did not lead to an alteration of the total cell counts in BALF. The mentioned relative cell counts were increased in favor of relative macrophages counts in this test group. After the three weeks recovery period, cell counts were back in the range of the controls.

Enzymes and protein in BAL
No treatment-related adverse changes regarding BAL enzyme activities and total protein levels in BAL were observed. After one week of inhalation lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities in group 3 were slightly higher compared to controls, but the changes were minimal (< 2fold) and therefore they were regarded as treatment-related but not adverse. After the recovery period, all enzyme activities were in the control range.

Antigens in BAL
After the administration period in group 3 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1/IL-8) levels were slightly increased.
CINC-1/IL-8 values were already higher in group 2, but the levels of the latter parameter were not dose-dependently changed and therefore, this change was regarded as incidental and not treatment-related.
Key result
Dose descriptor:
NOAEC
Effect level:
> 30 mg/m³ air
Based on:
test mat.
Sex:
male
Basis for effect level:
body weight and weight gain
clinical biochemistry
clinical signs
dermal irritation
gross pathology
haematology
histopathology: non-neoplastic
mortality
organ weights and organ / body weight ratios
other: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL)
Key result
Critical effects observed:
no
Conclusions:
Inhalation exposure of rats to 30 mg/m³ Pigment Yellow 83 transparent on 5 consecutive days caused increased absolute and relative lymphocyte, neutrophils and monocyte counts in bronchoalveolar lavage. Consistently, minimal infiltration of neutrophils within bronchiolar epithelium was observed. Neutrophil infiltration was also observed at 10 mg/m³. All effects were reversible within 3 weeks exposure-free recovery period. Thus, under current study conditions, the no observed adverse effect concentration (NOAEC) for local effects was 3 mg/m³ for Pigment Yellow 83 transparent. The systemic NOAEC is above 30 mg/m³ (high concentration group). Target organ is the lung.
Executive summary:

The purpose of this 5 day-inhalation study with 3 weeks recovery period was to determine the pulmonary toxicity in rats using a short term bioassay including bronchoalveolar lavage with clinico-chemical and cytological evaluation of lavage fluid and pathological examination of the lung. The No Observed Adverse Effect Concentration (NOAEC) after 5 days inhalation exposure to dust of Pigment Yellow 83

transparent was determined. In addition, recovery group animals were examined after an exposure-free period of 3 weeks to detect any reversibility or progression of potential toxic effects.

Nine week old male Wistar rats (16 rats per concentration group) were exposed nose only to fresh air (control group) or dust of the test substance at concentrations of 3, 10, and 30 mg/m³ (low, mid, and high concentration) for 6 hours per day and 5 days.

Body weight, mortality, and clinical observations were determined during the study. One half of the rats was examined at the end of the exposure period, whereas the other half was examined at the end of a 3 week post-exposure period by determining clinical pathology parameters including bronchoalveolar lavage with clinico-chemical and cytological evaluation of lavage fluid, organ weights and all histopathological changes.

During the exposure period the target concentrations were reached. The particle size resulted in MMADs between 0.4 and 0.6 μm with GSDs around 3. The calculated mass fractions of particles below 3 μm aerodynamic size is greater than 90 %. Thus, the aerosols were highly respirable for rats and a very high proportion of the aerosol particles reached the lungs.

Test group 3 (30 mg/m³), main group

• Increased absolute and relative lymphocyte, neutrophil and monocyte cell counts in the BALF

• Increased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) levels in the BALF

• Minimal infiltration of neutrophils within bronchiolar epithelium of all animals in test group.

Test group 2 (10 mg/m³), main group

• Minimal infiltration of neutrophils within bronchiolar epithelium of one animal in test group;

Test group 1 (3 mg/m³), main group

• No treatment-related effects

Recovery group animals: Test group 3 (30 mg/m³), test group 2 (10 mg/m³), test group 1 (3 mg/m³)

• No treatment-related effects

The no observed adverse effect concentration (NOAEC) for local effects was 3 mg/m³ for Pigment Yellow 83 transparent. The systemic NOAEC is above 30 mg/m³ (high concentration group). Target organ is the lung.

Endpoint conclusion
Endpoint conclusion:
no adverse effect observed
Study duration:
subacute
Species:
rat
Quality of whole database:
reliable

Repeated dose toxicity: dermal - systemic effects

Link to relevant study records
Reference
Endpoint:
sub-chronic toxicity: dermal
Data waiving:
study scientifically not necessary / other information available
Justification for data waiving:
a sub-chronic toxicity study (90 days) does not need to be conducted because a reliable chronic toxicity study is available, conducted with an appropriate species and route of administration
Critical effects observed:
not specified
Endpoint conclusion
Endpoint conclusion:
no study available

Repeated dose toxicity: dermal - local effects

Endpoint conclusion
Endpoint conclusion:
no study available

Mode of Action Analysis / Human Relevance Framework

In the absence of any evidence for species specific effects or modes of action the observations reported for animals are regarded as relevant for humans.

Additional information

Repeated dose toxicity of Pigment Yellow 12 and its structural analogues, the Diarylide Yellow Pigments, has intensively been investigated. In a study performed according to OECD Guideline 422 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test) with Pigment Yellow 12 no toxicity was observed up to the highest dose tested (NOAEL: 1000 mg/kg bw/day). Information on chronic toxicity of Diarylide Yellow Pigments of this category is available from carcinogenicity studies performed with Pigment Yellow 12 and Pigment Yellow 83 in rats and mice. Pigment Yellow 83 was fed in concentrations up to 9000 ppm to rats and mice. No substance related toxicity was observed in any study, resulting in a NOAEL for rats of about 600 mg/kg bw/d and for mice of about 2000 mg/kg bw/d (Leuschner, 1978; Laboratorium für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie 1976b, 1977a, b, 1980b).


Carcinogenicity studies with Pigment Yellow 12 were performed in rats and mice which received either up to 5% test item in the diet (NCI, 1978) or up to 9000 ppm in the diet (Leuschner, 1978; Laboratorium für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, 1976a, 1980a). No adverse effects were observed in any study with mice (Leuschner, 1978; Laboratorium für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, 1976a; NCI, 1978). The only observed adverse effect in one of the rat-studies was an increased incidence of basophilic cytoplasm in hepatocytes of treated rats (2.5% or 5% Pigment Yellow 12 in diet; NCI, 1978). The LOAEL in this study was 2.5% Pigment Yellow 12 in diet (corresponding to about 1000 and 1250 mg/kg bw/d in males and females, respectively). In the other carcinogenicity study with rats (Leuschner, 1978; Laboratorium für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie 1980a) no adverse effects occurred up to the highest concentration tested (9000 ppm Pigment Yellow 12 in diet corresponding to 555 and 579 mg/kg bw/d in males and females, respectively).


 


Two studies investigating repeated dose toxicity of structrue analogue Pigment Yellow 13 after subacute inhalation exposure in rats were identified (CIBA, 1979e, f). The test item did not elicit relevant toxicological effects after subacute inhalation exposure except for some local effects in the lungs of the treated animals probably due to the particulate matter of the test item and not due to inherent toxicity. At the highest concentrations tested (>= 400 mg/m3) pneumoconiosis was observed inter alia. The intermediate test concentrations (about 150 mg/m3) resulted in discoloration of the lungs and the focal accumulation of foamy cells in several alveoli in the key but not the supporting study. The only effect observable at the lowest test concentration was minimal deposition of test material in the lung, which was not accompanied by an inflammatory or any other adverse response at low concentrations. NOAEC in these studies were 52 mg/m3 and 157 mg/m3, respectively.


 


Taking into account that structure analogue Pigment Yellow 13 aerosol concentrations of about 400 mg/m3 induced pneumoconiosis in rats this would formally lead to a classification of Diarylide Yellow Pigments according to chapter 3.9 of the Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (specific target organ toxicity – repeated exposure). However, a) as the rat has been shown to be particularly susceptible to particle exposure because of its inability to effectively clear the lungs, which results in a sustained inflammatory process, b) as the exposure conditions in rodent inhalation experiments do not reflect human exposures occurring at the workplace or elsewhere, and c) that lung overload conditions are not relevant for human health it is concluded that these data obtained in rats do not justify classification of Diarylide Yellow Pigments for specific target organ toxicity – repeated exposure.

Justification for classification or non-classification

Based on the available data, Pigment Yellow 12 does not have to be classified for specific target organ toxicity – repeated exposure or repeated dose toxicity according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008.