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Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.

The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.

Diss Factsheets

Administrative data

Workers - Hazard via inhalation route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
3 mg/m³
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
Oral
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
30
Dose descriptor starting point:
BMCL10
Value:
102 mg/kg bw/day
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
BMCL10
Value:
90 mg/m³
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

A 90-day repeat dose oral toxicity study on rats was available on sodium tungstate. From this study, a BMDL10 of 102 mg sodium tungstate/kg/day was estimated using the kidney effects (mild to severe regeneration of renal cortical tubules) reported in the study. Because no repeat dose dermal or inhalation studies were available, route-to-route extrapolation from the oral BMDL10 was utilised. No data are available on the bioavailability of the test substance in rats versus humans for the oral route of administration. The default situation, in the absence of information, is to assume the same bioavailability for experimental animals and humans for a particular exposure route.

For route-to-route extrapolation from an oral dose to an inhalation dose the starting point needs to be modified to correct for the breathing volume of the rat and respiratory volume under standard conditions (6.7 m3/person) versus under conditions of light activity for workers (10 m3/person). Based on ECHA’s recommendations, it is assumed that respiratory absorption is equivalent between the animals and humans. Therefore, the inhalation starting dose = oral BMDL10 x 1/(0.38 m3/kg/day) x 6.7m3/10m3.  In addition, ECHA recommends in the absence of route-specific information on the starting route, to include a default factor of 2 (i. e. the absorption percentage for the starting route is half that of the end route) in the case of oral-to-inhalation extrapolation.

Therefore, the inhalation starting dose for the worker population = 102 mg/kg/day x 1/(0.38 m3/kg/day) x 6.7m3/10m3x 0.5 = 90 mg/m3.

AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
A 90-day repeat dose oral toxicity study on rats was available on sodium tungstate. From this study, a BMDL10 of 102 mg sodium tungstate/kg/day was estimated using the kidney effects (mild to severe regeneration of renal cortical tubules) reported in the study. Because no repeat dose dermal or inhalation studies were available, route-to-route extrapolation from the oral BMDL10 was utilised.
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
2
Justification:
The AF for extrapolation from a subchronic toxicity study to a chronic is 2
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
1
Justification:
In the case of the rat, the ECHA-recommended AS factor is 4. However, when the starting point is an inhalation dose, an AS factor is not used
AF for other interspecies differences:
2.5
Justification:
Per ECHA, the interspecies AF should include an allometric scaling (AS) factor plus an additional factor of 2.5. In the case of the rat, the ECHA-recommended AS factor is 4. However, when the starting point is an inhalation dose, an AS factor is not used. Therefore, for the inhalation route, only an interspecies factor of 2.5 is used.
AF for intraspecies differences:
3
Justification:
Eurometaux (2010) recommends an AF of 3 for intraspecies variability in workers, which is based on the ECETOC task force’s analysis of the intraspecies variability of toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic parameters from human data.
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
Justification:
Quality of the data is properly assessed and found to be adequate.
AF for remaining uncertainties:
2
Justification:
Based on the kidney effects severity of the effect reported in the 90 -day oral toxicity study on sodium tungstate, an additional AF of 2 will be used.
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Workers - Hazard via dermal route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
0.85 mg/kg bw/day
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
Oral
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
120
Dose descriptor starting point:
BMDL10
Value:
102 mg/kg bw/day
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
BMDL10
Value:
102 mg/kg bw/day
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

A 90-day repeat dose oral toxicity study on rats was available on sodium tungstate. From this study, a BMDL10 of 102 mg sodium tungstate/kg/day was estimated using the kidney effects (mild to severe regeneration of renal cortical tubules) reported in the study. Because no repeat dose dermal or inhalation studies were available, route-to-route extrapolation from the oral BMDL10 was utilised. No data are available on the bioavailability of the test substance in rats versus humans for the oral route of administration. The default situation, in the absence of information, is to assume the same bioavailability for experimental animals and humans for a particular exposure route.

For route-to-route extrapolation for the dermal route, the absorption differences between the animal and human need to be considered for both the dermal and oral routes. The default situation, in the absence of information, is to assume the same bioavailability for experimental animals and humans for a particular exposure route. In addition, it will be assumed that dermal absorption will not be higher than oral absorption.Therefore, the starting dose for calculation of the dermal DNEL is 102 mg sodium tungstate/kg/day.

AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
A 90-day repeat dose oral toxicity study on rats was available on sodium tungstate. From this study, a BMDL10 of 102 mg sodium tungstate/kg/day was estimated using the kidney effects (mild to severe regeneration of renal cortical tubules) reported in the study. Because no repeat dose dermal or inhalation studies were available, route-to-route extrapolation from the oral BMDL10 was utilised.
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
2
Justification:
The AF for extrapolation from a subchronic toxicity study to a chronic is 2.
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
2.5
Justification:
The AF for interspecies variability includes an allometric scaling (AS) factor plus an additional factor of 2.5..
AF for other interspecies differences:
4
Justification:
In the case of the rat, the ECHA recommended AS factor is 4
AF for intraspecies differences:
3
Justification:
Eurometaux (2010) recommends an AF of 3 for intraspecies variability in workers, which is based on the ECETOC task force’s analysis of the intraspecies variability of toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic parameters from human data. Based on the recommendations of Eurometaux (2010), an intraspecies AF of 3 was used for workers
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
Justification:
Quality of the data is properly assessed and found to be adequate.
AF for remaining uncertainties:
2
Justification:
Based on the severity of the renal adverse effects reported in the 90 -day oral toxicity study on sodium tungstate, an additional AF of 2 will be used.
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified

Workers - Hazard for the eyes

Local effects

Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified

Additional information - workers

The most relevant routes of potential exposure to workers would be the dermal and inhalation routes. Based on the available acute toxicity data for the inhalation and dermal routes, sodium tungstate is not an acute toxicant and therefore, derivation of DNELlong-term will be sufficient to control potential risks associated with short-term exposures. In addition, sodium tungstate was not irritating to either the eyes or skin and was not sensitising to the skin in standard tests. Based on the available data, sodium tungstate does not appear to elicit local toxicity effects. As such, derivation of a DNEL for local effects is not necessary. A 90-day repeat dose oral toxicity study on rats was available on sodium tungstate. From this study, a BMDL10 of 102 mg sodium tungstate/kg/day was estimated using the kidney effects (mild to severe regeneration of renal cortical tubules) reported in the study. Because no repeat dose dermal or inhalation studies were available, route-to-route extrapolation from the oral BMDL10 was utilised. No data are available on the bioavailability of the test substance in rats versus humans for the oral route of administration. The default situation, in the absence of information, is to assume the same bioavailability for experimental animals and humans for a particular exposure route. For route-to-route extrapolation from an oral dose to an inhalation dose the starting point needs to be modified to correct for the breathing volume of the rat and respiratory volume under standard conditions (6.7 m3/person) versus under conditions of light activity for workers (10 m3/person). Based on ECHA’s recommendations, it is assumed that respiratory absorption is equivalent between the animals and humans. Therefore, the inhalation starting dose = oral BMDL10 x 1/(0.38 m3/kg/day) x 6.7m3/10m3. In addition, ECHA recommends in the absence of route-specific information on the starting route, to include a default factor of 2 (i. e. the absorption percentage for the starting route is half that of the end route) in the case of oral-to-inhalation extrapolation. Therefore, the inhalation starting dose for the worker population = 102 mg/kg/day x 1/(0.38 m3/kg/day) x 6.7m3/10m3 x 0.5 = 90 mg/m3. For route-to-route extrapolation for the dermal route, the absorption differences between the animal and human need to be considered for both the dermal and oral routes. The default situation, in the absence of information, is to assume the same bioavailability for experimental animals and humans for a particular exposure route. In addition, it will be assumed that dermal absorption will not be higher than oral absorption. Therefore, the starting dose for calculation of the dermal DNEL is 102 mg sodium tungstate/kg/day. The AF for interspecies variability includes an allometric scaling (AS) factor plus an additional factor of 2.5. In the case of the rat, the ECHA recommended AS factor is 4. So the interspecies AF is equal to 4 x 2.5 = 10. However, for the inhalation route, an AS factor is not used. Therefore, for inhalation, only an interspecies factor of 2.5 is used. Eurometaux (2010) recommends an AF of 3 for intraspecies variability in workers, which is based on the ECETOC task force’s analysis of the intraspecies variability of toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic parameters from human data. Based on the recommendations of Eurometaux (2010), an intraspecies AF of 3 was used for workers.The AF for extrapolation from a subchronic toxicity study to a chronic is 2. Based on the severity of the effect reported in the 90 -day oral toxicity study on sodium tungstate, an additional AF of 2 will be used.

The total AF used to derive the systemic DNELlong-term for the inhalation route for the worker is 30 (2.5 x 3 x 2 x 2)

The total AF used to derive the systemic DNELlong-term for the dermal route for the worker is 120 (10 x 3 x 2 x 2)

Worker DNELlong-term for the inhalation route = 90/30 = 3 mg sodium tungstate/m3 (1.7 mg W/m3)

Worker DNELlong-term for the dermal route = 102/120 = 0.85 mg sodium tungstate/kg/day (0.5 mg W/kg/day)

It should be noted that the inhalation DNELlong-term for the worker of 1.7 mg W/m3 is consistent with the current threshold limit value (TLV) for soluble tungsten substances of 1 mg W/m3

General Population - Hazard via inhalation route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
0.9 mg/m³
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
Oral
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
50
Value:
102 mg/kg bw/day
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
BMCL10
Value:
44 mg/m³
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

A 90-day repeat dose oral toxicity study on rats was available on sodium tungstate. From this study, a BMDL10 was estimated using the kidney effects (mild to severe regeneration of renal cortical tubules) reported in the study. Because no repeat dose dermal or inhalation studies were available, route-to-route extrapolation from the oral BMDL10 was utilized. No data are available on the bioavailability of the test substance in rats versus humans for the oral route of administration. The default situation, in the absence of information, is to assume the same bioavailability for experimental animals and humans for a particular exposure route.

For route-to-route extrapolation from an oral dose to an inhalation dose, the starting point needs to be modified to correct for the breathing volume of the rat.  Based on ECHA’s recommendations, it is assumed that respiratory absorption is equivalent between the animals and humans. Therefore, the inhalation starting dose =oral BMDL10 x 1/(1.15 m3/kg/day). In addition, ECHA recommends in the absence of route-specific information on the starting route, to include a default factor of 2 (i. e. the absorption percentage for the starting route is half that of the end route) in the case of oral-to-inhalation extrapolation.

Therefore, the inhalation starting dose for the general population = 102 mg/kg/day x 1/(1.15 m3/kg/day) x 0.5 = 44 mg/m3

AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
A 90-day repeat dose oral toxicity study on rats was available on sodium tungstate. From this study, a BMDL10 was estimated using the kidney effects (mild to severe regeneration of renal cortical tubules) reported in the study. Because no repeat dose dermal or inhalation studies were available, route-to-route extrapolation from the oral BMDL10 was utilized
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
2
Justification:
The AF for extrapolation from a subchronic toxicity study to a chronic is 2
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
1
Justification:
In the case of the rat, the ECHA-recommended AS factor is 4. However, for the inhalation route, an AS factor is not used.
AF for other interspecies differences:
2.5
Justification:
The AF for interspecies variability includes an allometric scaling (AS) factor plus an additional factor of 2.5.
AF for intraspecies differences:
5
Justification:
Eurometaux (2010) recommends an AF of 5 for intraspecies variability in the general population, which is based on the ECETOC task force’s analysis of the intraspecies variability of toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic parameters from human data. Based on the recommendations of Eurometaux (2010), an intraspecies AF of 5 was used for the general population.
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
Justification:
Quality of the data is properly assessed and found to be adequate.
AF for remaining uncertainties:
2
Justification:
Based on the severity of the effect reported in the 90 -day oral toxicity study on sodium tungstate, an additional AF of 2 will be used
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

General Population - Hazard via dermal route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
0.5 mg/kg bw/day
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
Oral
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
200
Dose descriptor starting point:
BMDL10
Value:
102 mg/kg bw/day
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
BMDL10
Value:
102 mg/kg bw/day
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

A 90-day repeat dose oral toxicity study on rats was available on sodium tungstate. From this study, a BMDL10 was estimated using the kidney effects (mild to severe regeneration of renal cortical tubules) reported in the study. Because no repeat dose dermal or inhalation studies were available, route-to-route extrapolation from the oral BMDL10 was utilized. No data are available on the bioavailability of the test substance in rats versus humans for the oral route of administration. The default situation, in the absence of information, is to assume the same bioavailability for experimental animals and humans for a particular exposure route.

For route-to-route extrapolation for the dermal route, the absorption differences between the animal and human need to be considered for both the dermal and oral routes. The default situation, in the absence of information, is to assume the same bioavailability for experimental animals and humans for a particular exposure route. In addition, it will be assumed that dermal absorption will not be higher than oral absorption.Therefore, the starting dose for calculation of the dermal DNEL is 102 mg sodium tungstate/kg/day.

AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
A 90-day repeat dose oral toxicity study on rats was available on sodium tungstate. From this study, a BMDL10 was estimated using the kidney effects (mild to severe regeneration of renal cortical tubules) reported in the study. Because no repeat dose dermal or inhalation studies were available, route-to-route extrapolation from the oral BMDL10 was utilized
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
2
Justification:
The AF for extrapolation from a subchronic toxicity study to a chronic is 2
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
4
Justification:
In the case of the rat, the ECHA-recommended AS factor is 4
AF for other interspecies differences:
2.5
Justification:
The AF for interspecies variability includes an allometric scaling (AS) of 2.5
AF for intraspecies differences:
5
Justification:
Eurometaux (2010) recommends an AF of 5 for intraspecies variability in the general population, which is based on the ECETOC task force’s analysis of the intraspecies variability of toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic parameters from human data. Based on the recommendations of Eurometaux (2010), an intraspecies AF of 5 was used for the general population
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
Justification:
Quality of the data is properly assessed and found to be adequate.
AF for remaining uncertainties:
2
Justification:
Based on the severity of the kidney adverse effects reported in the 90 -day oral toxicity study on sodium tungstate, an additional AF of 2 will be used
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified

General Population - Hazard via oral route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
0.5 mg/kg bw/day
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
Oral
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
200
Dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
75 mg/kg bw/day
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
BMDL10
Value:
102 mg/kg bw/day
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

A 90-day repeat dose oral toxicity study on rats was available on sodium tungstate. From this study, a BMDL10 was estimated using the kidney effects (mild to severe regeneration of renal cortical tubules) reported in the study. Because no repeat dose dermal or inhalation studies were available, route-to-route extrapolation from the oral BMDL10 was utilized. No data are available on the bioavailability of the test substance in rats versus humans for the oral route of administration. The default situation, in the absence of information, is to assume the same bioavailability for experimental animals and humans for a particular exposure route.

AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
A 90-day repeat dose oral toxicity study on rats was available on sodium tungstate. From this study, a BMDL10 was estimated using the kidney effects (mild to severe regeneration of renal cortical tubules) reported in the study. Because no repeat dose dermal or inhalation studies were available, route-to-route extrapolation from the oral BMDL10 was utilized.
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
2
Justification:
The AF for extrapolation from a subchronic toxicity study to a chronic is 2
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
4
Justification:
In the case of the rat, the ECHA-recommended AS factor is 4
AF for other interspecies differences:
2.5
Justification:
The AF for interspecies variability includes an allometric scaling (AS) factor plus an additional factor of 2.5
AF for intraspecies differences:
5
Justification:
Eurometaux (2010) recommends an AF of 5 for intraspecies variability in the general population, which is based on the ECETOC task force’s analysis of the intraspecies variability of toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic parameters from human data. Based on the recommendations of Eurometaux (2010), an intraspecies AF of 5 was used for the general population.
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
Justification:
Quality of the data is properly assessed and found to be adequate.
AF for remaining uncertainties:
2
Justification:
Based on the severity of the kidney adverse effects reported in the 90 -day oral toxicity study on sodium tungstate, an additional AF of 2 will be used.
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
low hazard (no threshold derived)
DNEL related information

General Population - Hazard for the eyes

Local effects

Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified

Additional information - General Population

The relevant routes of exposure for the general population are the oral, dermal, and inhalation routes. Based on the available acute toxicity data for the inhalation and dermal routes, sodium tungstate is not an acute dermal or inhalation toxicant. Although the acute oral data dictate a category 4 classification under CLP, the DNELlong-term is expected to be sufficient to control potential risks associated with all short-term exposures. In addition, sodium tungstate was not irritating to either the eyes or skin, and was not sensitising to the skin in standard tests. Based on the available data, sodium tungstate does not appear to elicit local toxicity effects. As such, derivation of a DNEL for local effects is not necessary. A 90-day repeat dose oral toxicity study on rats was available on sodium tungstate. From this study, a BMDL10 was estimated using the kidney effects (mild to severe regeneration of renal cortical tubules) reported in the study. Because no repeat dose dermal or inhalation studies were available, route-to-route extrapolation from the oral BMDL10 was utilized. No data are available on the bioavailability of the test substance in rats versus humans for the oral route of administration. The default situation, in the absence of information, is to assume the same bioavailability for experimental animals and humans for a particular exposure route. For route-to-route extrapolation from an oral dose to an inhalation dose, occupational exposure, the starting point needs to be modified to correct for the breathing volume of the rat. Based on ECHA’s recommendations, it is assumed that respiratory absorption is equivalent between the animals and humans. Therefore, the inhalation starting dose = oral BMDL10 x 1/(1.15 m3/kg/day). In addition, ECHA recommends in the absence of route-specific information on the starting route, to include a default factor of 2 (i. e. the absorption percentage for the starting route is half that of the end route) in the case of oral-to-inhalation extrapolation. Therefore, the inhalation starting dose for the general population = 102 mg/kg/day x 1/(1.15 m3/kg/day) x 0.5 = 44 mg/m3 For route-to-route extrapolation for the dermal route, the absorption differences between the animal and human need to be considered for both the dermal and oral routes. The default situation, in the absence of information, is to assume the same bioavailability for experimental animals and humans for a particular exposure route. In addition, it will be assumed that dermal absorption will not be higher than oral absorption. Therefore, the starting dose for calculation of the dermal DNEL is 102 mg sodium tungstate/kg/day. The AF for interspecies variability includes an allometric scaling (AS) factor plus an additional factor of 2.5. In the case of the rat, the ECHA-recommended AS factor is 4. So, the interspecies AF is equal to 4 x 2.5 = 10. However, for the inhalation route, an AS factor is not used. Therefore, for inhalation, only an interspecies factor of 2.5 is used Eurometaux (2010) recommends an AF of 5 for intraspecies variability in the general population, which is based on the ECETOC task force’s analysis of the intraspecies variability of toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic parameters from human data. Based on the recommendations of Eurometaux (2010), an intraspecies AF of 5 was used for the general population. The AF for extrapolation from a subchronic toxicity study to a chronic is 2. Based on the severity of the effect reported in the 90 -day oral toxicity study on sodium tungstate, an additional AF of 2 will be used.

The total AF used to derive the systemic DNELlong-term for the inhalation route for the general population is 50 (2.5 x 5 x 2 x 2) The total AF used to derive the systemic DNELlong-term for the dermal and oral routes for the general population is 200 (10 x 5 x 2 x 2)

General population DNELlong-term for the inhalation route = 44/50 = 0.9 mg sodium tungstate/m3 (0.5 mg W/m3)

General population DNELlong-term for the dermal route = 102/200 = 0.5 mg sodium tungstate/kg/day (0.3 mg W/kg/day)

General population DNELlong-term for the oral route = 102/200 = 0.5 mg sodium tungstate/kg/day (0.3 mg W/kg/day)