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EC number: 236-743-4 | CAS number: 13472-45-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2008-10-14 to: 2009-03-13
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Remarks:
- Well documented, scientifically sound study that was conducted in accordance to GLP and OECD guideline 202 with no deviation to the protocol.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material (migrated information):
no data - Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- - Concentrations: 10 mL from each control and treatment at 0 and 48 h and transferred to a culture tube.
- Sampling method: 0.05 mL aliquot of each sample was taken, diluted if necessary with 2% HNO3, capped and shaken to mix and analyzed by ICP MS.
- Sample storage conditions before analysis: Room temperature - Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method: 0.4004 g sodium tungstate dihydrate was dissolved in 2 L aged-blended freshwater. Test concentrations were diluted from this solution.
- Controls: Aged-blended freshwater only.
- Evidence of undissolved material (e.g. precipitate, surface film, etc): None - Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Water flea
- Source: In-house daphnid culture
- Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): <24h
- Feeding during test
- Frequency: Not fed during test
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: None necessary, as culture conditions are the same as test conditions
- Type and amount of food: Suspension of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, supplemented by artificial diet.
- Feeding frequency: Daily
- Health during acclimation (any mortality observed): No mortality in adults at least 48 h prior to testing
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Post exposure observation period:
- None
- Hardness:
- 144 mg/L CaCO3
- Test temperature:
- 19.3-19.5 degrees C
- pH:
- 8.3-8.5 SU
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 7.6-7.9 mg/L (85 to 89% saturation)
- Salinity:
- n/a
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal- 0, 13, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/L
Mean Calculated- < MQL, 11.9, 21.5, 41.5, 90.8, and 163 mg/L - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel:
- Type: closed
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: Glass 250 mL jars, containing 200 mL test solution, covered with a plastic Petri dish
- Aeration: No
- No. of organisms per vessel: 5
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 4
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 4
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: ABC well water mixed with well water demineralized by reverse osmosis, then aged in a tank containing aquaticorganisms. Water was then passed through a sediment filter, a UV sterilizer, and aerated prior to use.
- Metals: B-0.415 mg/L, Ca-83.1 mg/L, Mg- 33.1 mg/L, K-7.93 mg/L, Na-32.2 mg/L; all others below DL.
- Pesticides: Below DL
- Alkalinity: 142 mg/L CaCO3
- Conductivity:347 uS
- Culture medium different from test medium: No
- Intervals of water quality measurement: Daily
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: No
- Photoperiod: 16 hr light, 8hr dark
- Light intensity: 448 lux as measured with a LI-COR Model LI-189 light meter equipped with a photometric sensor.
- The jars were maintained at 20 ± 2 degrees C in a temperature-controlled water bath.
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : Immobility and mortality, 24 hr.
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 2x
- Range finding study
- Test concentrations: 0, 0.10, 1.0, 10, and 100 mg/L
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: Yes - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 163 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- based on mean calculated concentrations of sodium tungstate
- Basis for effect:
- other: immobilization
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 163 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- based on mean calculated concentrations of sodium tungstate
- Basis for effect:
- other: immobilization
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 90.8 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- based on mean calculated concentrations of sodium tungstate
- Basis for effect:
- other: immobilization
- Details on results:
- Biological Results:
After 48 hours of exposure, immobility was 0, 0, 0, 0, 5 and 15% in the163 mg /L, the highest level tested. Immobility was significantly increased at only the highest test concentration level. The 48-hour no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) was determined to be 90.8 mg/L, based on the lack of statistically significant (p=0.05) immobility and sublethal effects at this test substance treatment. - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- All statistical analyses were performed with SAS software. Estimates of LC50 values and their 95% confidence limits were calculated using the probit method and Trimmed Spearman-Karber method. When the p value for Goodness of Fit was >0.05 and there was no other evidence of questionable convergence, the probit method was selected for reporting. When this criterion was not achieved, the Trimmed Spearman-Karber method was selected for reporting. The no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) was determined by using a one-tailed Dunnett’s test.
- Conclusions:
- The 48 hour EC50 value was estimated to be >163 mg/L. The 48-hour no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) was 90.8 mg/L based on the lack of statistically significant (p=0.05) immobility and sublethal effects at this and lower test substance treatments.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- Guideline study with limited documentation on the preparation of test solutions and test conditions provided and analytical confirmation of test solutions not performed.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- : analytical confirmation of test solutions was not performed
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- N/A
- Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Water flea
- Strain: N/A
- Source: Daphtoxkit, MicroBio Tests, Inc
- Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): < 24 h
- Method of breeding: purchased eggs
- Feeding during test
- Food type: powdered Spirulina algae
- Amount: ad libitum
- Frequency: fed 2 hours prior to test initiation, not fed during test. - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Post exposure observation period:
- None
- Hardness:
- No data
- Test temperature:
- No data
- pH:
- No data
- Dissolved oxygen:
- No data
- Salinity:
- No data
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal- Control, 0.09, 0.288, 0.9, 2.88, and 9 g/L
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel:
- Type (delete if not applicable): open
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: Plastic plates with 24-10 mL test wells.
- Aeration: no
- Type of flow-through (e.g. peristaltic or proportional diluter): N/A
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): N/A
- No. of organisms per vessel: 1 per test well, 5 per concentration per plate
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 4
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 5 control animals per plate
- No. of vessels per vehicle control (replicates): N/A
- Biomass loading rate: No data
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: Standard freshwater similar to OECD guideline.
- Total organic carbon: No data
- Particulate matter: No data
- Metals: No data
- Pesticides: No data
- Chlorine: No data
- Alkalinity: No data
- Ca/mg ratio: No data
- Conductivity: No data
- Culture medium different from test medium: No data
- Intervals of water quality measurement: No data
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: No data
- Photoperiod: constant darkness
- Light intensity: N/A
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : Mortality, 24 h
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: approx. 3
- Justification for using less concentrations than requested by guideline: N/A
- Range finding study
- Test concentrations: No data
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: yes - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 1.7 other: g W/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- other: tungsten concentration
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 0.344 other: g W/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- other: tungsten concentration
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CI = 0.244-0.485 g W/L
- Details on results:
- - Behavioural abnormalities: No data
- Observations on body length and weight: No data
- Other biological observations: See Table 1 for mortality data
- Mortality of control: none
- Other adverse effects control: none
- Abnormal responses: No data
- Any observations (e.g. precipitation) that might cause a difference between measured and nominal values: No data
- Effect concentrations exceeding solubility of substance in test medium: No data - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- LC50 values in confidence intervals using the EPA Probit Analysis Program ver 1.5. Other statistical calculations were performed using Statistica 7.0 software.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- The 48 hour LC50 of sodium tungstate to D. magna is 0.344 g W/L, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.244-0.485 g W/L.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- Well documented, scientifically sound study conducated similar to OECD guideline 202 with minor protocol deviations regarding the test solutions, organisms and the range of temperature (lower than what the guideline specified).
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material (migrated information):
no data - Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Details on sampling:
- no data
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- - Stock solutions were made in distilled water.
- Sodium tungstate was dissolved by boiling in a small amount of dilute HCl. - Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Water flea
- Strain: Straus
- Source: Wild caught from a natural pond at Gheru Campus of the Industrial Toxicology Research Center, Lucknow, India
- Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): Not specified
- Feeding during test
- Frequency: Animals were not fed during the bioassay study.
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: Not specified
- Acclimation conditions (same as test or not): Yes
- Type and amount of food: 100 mg/L suspension of dry fish food (Shalimar Fish Food Company, Bombay) and yeast
- Feeding frequency: Not specified
- Health during acclimation (any mortality observed): Not specified
QUARANTINE (wild caught)
- Duration: Not specified
- Health/mortality: Not specified
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Post exposure observation period:
- None
- Hardness:
- 235-260 mg/L as CaCO3
- Test temperature:
- 11.5-14.5 C
- pH:
- 7.2-7.8 SU
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 5.2-6.5 mg/L
- Salinity:
- Not applicable
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Not specified
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel:
- Type: open
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 200 mL beakers, 100 mL test water. The concentrations were given as milligrams per liter of metal ions.
- No. of organisms per vessel: 10 daphnids
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 3
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 3
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: filtered aerated tubewell hard water (hardness- 240 mg/liter as CaCO3)
- Metals: 85-96 mg/L (Mg)
- Chlorine: 5-10 mg/L as chloride
- Alkalinity: 390-415 mg/L as CaCO3
- Culture medium different from test medium: No
- Intervals of water quality measurement: 24h
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable):
- Mortality (presumed dead when there was complete immobilization): 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 8, 14+2, 24, 33+3, and 48 hr.
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: Logarithmic scale (as outlined by APHA et al, 1977), not otherwise specified
- Range finding study
- Test concentrations: Stated as run, no further details
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: Yes - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 89.39 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- As Metal ion
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95 % CI is 78.04-99.51 mg/L
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 98.4 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- As Metal ion
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95 % CI is 68.70-112.60 mg/L
- Details on results:
- - 48-hr EC50 molarity (M): 4.90 x 10^-4
- log M (pM): 3.31 - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- EC50 values and 95% confidence limits were calculated by the moving average-angle method of Harris, 1959. APHA et. al, 1977 was used to calculate pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, hardness, and alkalinity. Negative logarithms of the EC50 values were compared to physicochemical properties of the metal.
Statisitical analysis was performed to find a general correlation, if any, between physiochemical properties and metal ion toxicity. The correlation coefficient (r) between physiochemical properties and EC50 values (pM) was determined by least square procedure (Snedecor and Cochran, 1967). - Conclusions:
- The 48 h EC50 for tungsten metal ions to Daphnia magna is 89.39 mg/L, with 95% confidence limits of 78.04-99.51 mg/L.
Referenceopen allclose all
Table 1. Results of D. magna test with sodium tungstate, alive/dead animals in each group.
|
Control |
0.9 g/L |
0.288 g/L |
0.9 g/L |
2.88 g/L |
9.0 g/L |
||||||
Exposure time |
24 |
48 |
24 |
48 |
24 |
48 |
24 |
48 |
24 |
48 |
24 |
48 |
A |
5/0 |
5/0 |
5/0 |
5/0 |
5/0 |
4/1 |
4/1 |
1/4 |
4/1 |
0/5 |
0/5 |
0/5 |
B |
5/0 |
5/0 |
5/0 |
5/0 |
5/0 |
5/0 |
3/2 |
2/3 |
4/1 |
0/5 |
0/5 |
0/5 |
C |
5/0 |
5/0 |
4/1 |
4/1 |
5/0 |
5/0 |
4/1 |
2/3 |
3/2 |
0/5 |
0/5 |
0/5 |
D |
5/0 |
5/0 |
5/0 |
5/0 |
4/1 |
4/1 |
5/0 |
2/3 |
1/4 |
0/5 |
0/5 |
0/5 |
% Mortality |
0 |
0 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
10 |
15 |
65 |
40 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Description of key information
The 48-hr EC50 for Daphnia magna found in a test conducted according to OECD 202, under GLP standards, and with analytical verification of the test concentrations was >163 mg sodium tungstate/L (>96 mg tungsten/L). This finding was supported by two other tests conducted with similar methodology, which found 48-hr EC50s (reported as concentration of tungsten) of 89.4 and 344 mg tungsten/L. The 48-hr EC50 of >163 mg sodium tungstate is considered to be the most reliable.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water invertebrates
Fresh water invertebrates
- Effect concentration:
- 163 mg/L
Additional information
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